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Hemostasis of deep irregular wounds is a severe problem in clinical practice. The development of rapid-acting hemostatic agents for deep and irregular wound is urgently needed. Here, sodium alginate/carboxycellulose/polydopamine (SA/CNF/PDA) microspheres was prepared by reverse emulsification and crosslinking with Ca 2+ , and SA/CNF/PDA composite hemostatic microspheres with porous structure were obtained by freeze-drying. SA/CNF/PDA composite hemostatic microspheres exhibited excellent porosity and water absorption which could rapidly absorb blood on the wound surface. Moreover, SA/CNF/PDA composite microspheres demonstrated remarkable hemostatic capabilities both in vitro and in vivo. It exhibited strong hemostatic performance in models of mouse tail-break and liver damage. Especially in liver injury model, it was completely hemostatic in 95 s, and blood loss (19.3 mg). The hemostatic efficacy of the SA/CNF/PDA composite microspheres was amplified through the stimulation of both exogenous and endogenous coagulation pathways. Therefore, SA/CNF/PDA composite hemostatic microspheres are suitable for rapid hemostasis of deep irregular wounds which are potential rapid hemostatic material for surgical application., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest We declare that we have no financial and personal relationships with other people or organizations that can influence our work, there is no professional or other personal interest of any nature or kind in any product, service and/or company that could be construed as influencing the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Uncontrollable bleeding caused by severe trauma is life-threatening. Therefore, it is of great significance to develop hemostatic materials that meet the rapid hemostasis of wounds. In this study, a water-triggered shape memory carboxylated cellulose nanofiber/sodium alginate/montmorillonite (CNSAMMTCa) composite hemostatic sponge was prepared, which can promote coagulation by concentrating the blood and activating intrinsic pathway. The anisotropic three-dimensional porous structure formed by directional freeze-drying technology improved the performance of composite sponges which showed good prospects in rapid hemostasis. The results showed that CNSAMMTCa composite sponge had good porous structure, water absorption ability, cytocompatibility and blood cell aggregation capacity. Simultaneously, we confirmed that CNSA3MMT2Ca has best coagulation performance in the mouse censored bleeding model and liver rupture bleeding model. Therefore, CNSAMMTCa composite hemostatic sponge is a safe and efficient rapid hemostatic material which is expected to become an alternative material for clinical hemostatic materials., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)