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Ca 2 + is a ubiquitous signaling mechanism across different cell types. In T-cells, it is associated with cytokine production and immune function. Benson et al. have shown the coexistence of competing Ca 2 + oscillations during antigen stimulation of T-cell receptors, depending on the presence of extracellular Ca 2 + influx through the Ca 2 + release-activated Ca 2 + channel (Benson in J Biol Chem 29:105310, 2023). In this paper, we construct a mathematical model consisting of five ordinary differential equations and analyze the relationship between the competing oscillatory mechanisms.. We perform bifurcation analysis on two versions of our model, corresponding to the two oscillatory types, to find the defining characteristics of these two families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP) is a systemic skeletal disorder associated with disturbances in bone metabolism caused by estrogen deficiency during menopause. Major histocompatibility complex class II molecules (MHC-II), central to the protein presentation pathway, are regulated by estrogen and can participate in the adaptive immune response mediated by T and B lymphocytes and promote T cell-derived inflammatory factors, which ultimately promote osteoclast-mediated bone formation and bone resorption in the skeleton. In this paper, to better understand the possible role of MHC-II in postmenopausal osteoporosis, we review estrogen, MHC-II, and lymphocytes, and their potential mechanisms in the differentiation process and functional activity of osteoclasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]