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Vaccines have proven effective in the treatment and prevention of numerous diseases. However, traditional attenuated and inactivated vaccines suffer from certain drawbacks such as complex preparation, limited efficacy, potential risks and others. These limitations restrict their widespread use, especially in the face of an increasingly diverse range of diseases. With the ongoing advancements in genetic engineering vaccines, DNA vaccines have emerged as a highly promising approach in the treatment of both genetic diseases and acquired diseases. While several DNA vaccines have demonstrated substantial success in animal models of diseases, certain challenges need to be addressed before application in human subjects. The primary obstacle lies in the absence of an optimal delivery system, which significantly hampers the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines. We conduct a comprehensive analysis of the current status and limitations of DNA vaccines by focusing on both viral and non-viral DNA delivery systems, as they play crucial roles in the exploration of novel DNA vaccines. We provide an evaluation of their strengths and weaknesses based on our critical assessment. Additionally, the review summarizes the most recent advancements and breakthroughs in pre-clinical and clinical studies, highlighting the need for further clinical trials in this rapidly evolving field.

• This study delves into thermal analysis of a non-integer-ordered wet porous fin, moving at a constant speed U , with a hybrid nanofluid of diverse-shaped nanoparticles. • Applying Adomian decomposition and Sumudu transform in the analytical method addressed the fractional-ordered wet porous fin problem with a hybrid nanofluid and diverse nanoparticle shapes. • The reliability of Adomian decomposition and Sumudu transformation results is affirmed by validating them through comparisons with numerical simulations and prior publications. • The analysis reveals that the highest heat flux occurs in the scenario where nanoparticles with spherical-platelet shapes are combined. • The fin exhibits maximum efficiency with spherical-platelet nanoparticles, surpassing the performance of spherical-cylindrical and spherical-spherical shapes. This research paper investigates the thermal examination of a non-integer-ordered mobile fin situation with a hybrid nanofluid flowing past it at an unceasing speed U. The combination approach is utilized to evaluate the physical and thermal characteristics of the hybrid nanofluid, excluding the thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity. This governing equation is transformed into a dimensionless form and the Adomian Decomposition Sumudu Transform method is employed to solve the conundrum of a moving fin immersed in a hybrid nanofluid. The reliability of this research has been confirmed by verifying the results through a comparison with numerical simulations. The influence of diverse factors on the thermal overview for varying noninteger values alpha is analyzed and presented in graphical representations. Moreover, the analysis reveals that the highest heat flux occurs in the scenario where nanoparticles with spherical-platelet shapes are combined. This is succeeded by the spherical-cylindrical combination, and finally, the spherical-spherical pairing, in terms of heat flux magnitude. Here, we discovered that the temperature at the fin tip decreases by 11.19141 % for s-s shaped nanoparticles, 10.45649 % for s-c shaped nanoparticles and 10.21162 % for s-p shaped nanoparticles as the wet parameter (m 2) increases by a factor of 400, and also when the radiation parameter is increased by 400 %, the temperature of the fin tip drops by 13.11313 % for s-s shape nanoparticles, 11.97076 for s-c shape nanoparticles and 11.653899 % for s-p shape nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract:The present research looked for ways to develop shielded nanoparticles (NPs)-drug transporters made of chitosan (CS) to enhance the bioavailability of Edoxaban tosylate monohydrate (ETM) for oral administration by examining the correlation among design aspects and data from experiments using response surface methodology. ETM-loaded CS nanoparticles (ETM-CS-NPs) were developed using the ionic gelation of CS with tripolyphosphate (TPP). Utilizing Zeta-sizer and scanning electron microscopy, the ETM-CS-NPs were evaluated for particle size (PS), zeta potential (ZP), surface morphology, polydispersity index (PDI), entrapment efficiency (EE), and drug loading (DL). Drug and polymer interactions in NPs were assessed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The response surface approach and Design-Expert software optimized the ETM-CS-NPs. Using response surface methodology, the effects of independent variables such as the amount of CS, the amount of TPP, and the amount of glacial acetic acid on PS, PDI, and ZP were analyzed. The optimal combination of PS (354.8 nm), PDI (0.509), ZP (43.7 + mV), % EE (70.3 ± 1.3), and % DL (9.1 ± 0.4) has been identified for the optimized ETM-CS-NPs. ETM-CS-NPs' anticoagulant activity was evaluated using activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombin time (PT), and thrombin time (TT) assays. In conclusion, a practical and consistent method has been established, and its application has been proven in vitro, indicating its utility for future studies of the biological distribution of ETM-CS-NPs in vivo for specific antithrombotic treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]