Search

A high‐Z metal‐quercetin complex‐based material is developed by combining Hf, Ta, and Eu with quercetin (Qu) from a flavonoid series to apply to radiation protection materials. To demonstrate radiation energy absorbance, we utilize a polymer blend composed of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a matrix. This eco‐friendly film can be easily prepared by simply mixing it with the M‐Qu complex and the CMC‐PVP polymer blend. The possibility of radiation energy absorbance by the M‐Qu complex is confirmed through an analysis of the X‐ray energy absorption dose change rate. In addition, the radiation resistance characteristics of each film sample are measured using high‐energy electron‐beam irradiation. The results show that the Ta‐containing Qu complex has a high capability for UV energy downshift, X‐ray radiation absorption, and stability against electron‐beam radiation. This indicates that the material in question has the potential to serve as a superior radiation protection material for broad‐spectrum radiation energy. Also, it could effectively offer remarkable stability making it a compelling option for radiation‐resistant applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glass is a versatile material with diverse structures and technological applications depending on composition and attributes. In the present study, the optical, physical, and radiation-interaction-response parameters of 70B2O3: 10Na2O: 15PbO: (5-x)Tb2O3: xBi2O3, with x = 2, 3, 4, 1nd 5 mol% glasses prepared using the melt-and-rapidly cool method were assessed and studied. The mass attenuation coefficients ( μ / ρ ) were evaluated for 0.2, 0.662, and 1.25 MeV photons with the aid of XCOM. The density of the glass system increased from 3.61 g/cm3 to 3.70 g/cm3 as the molar ratio of Bi2O3 relative to Tb2O3 increased from 0.67 to 5. Also, the molar volume of the glasses increased from 29.958 cm3/mol to 35.973 cm3/mol for the same molar ratio increase. The refractive index of the BNPBTx glasses increased from about 2.22 to 2.5. The molar refractivity and polarizability increased with Bi2O3 content within the range of 16.98–20.69 cm3/mol and 6,74 × 10–24–8.21 × 10–24 cm3, respectively. Other estimated optical parameters showed variations in contrast to glass chemical content. The μ / ρ vary within the range 0.0566–0.4720 for BNPBT1; 0.0568–0.4898 for BNPBT2; 0.0570–0.5074 for BNPBT3; and 0.0572–0.5246 cm2/g for BNPBT4. The increase in the Bi2O3/Tb2O3 concentration ratio improved the gamma photon and neutron interaction prowess of BNPBT glasses. The investigated glasses showed better radiation shielding abilities compared to existing shielding glasses. They are thus recommended for radiation control and optical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the continuous development of medical technology, the application of optical sensors in the medical field is gradually increasing. However, in some special surgeries, prolonged exposure of patients to radiation may have adverse effects on their health, so a new type of protective surgical support is needed to reduce the damage caused by radiation to patients and medical staff. By conducting research on the application of existing optical sensors in the medical field and considering the radiation exposure during radiation surgery, a new type of protective surgical support plate has been designed. In clinical experiments, this article uses 1 upper baffle, 3 upper baffle, 1 hand support protective plate, and 2 hand support protective plates to observe and compare the peripheral dose equivalent rates of the head, chest, abdomen, lower limbs, and feet at the first and second surgical positions, and analyze the radiation protection effects of the four types of protective hand support plates. The experimental results indicate that the new protective surgical support plate can effectively reduce the radiation exposure of patients during radiation surgery. The monitoring data of optical sensors shows that the radiation exposure level of patients using new pallets is significantly lower than that of patients using traditional pallets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The risk of brain exposure to ionizing radiation increases gradually due to the extensive application of nuclear technology in medical, industrial, and aerospace fields. Radiation-induced brain injury (RBI) is highly likely to cause a wide range of neurological complications, including schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease (AD), depression. Ginkgolide B (GB) is one of the effective active components extracted from ginkgo biloba leaves, exerts protective effects on CNS, which is involved in the regulation of the Hippo signaling pathway. MST1, as one of the core kinases of the Hippo pathway, participated in regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. However, it remains unclear whether GB attenuates radiation brain injury (RBI) and whether the radioprotective effect of GB refers to MST1 signaling. Hence, our study aimed to explore the radiation protection effect and the potential mechanism of GB. C57BL/6 mice were stimulated with an X-ray (20 Gy) to establish an RBI model. Then, morris water maze test (MWM) and step-down passive avoidance test (SDPAT) were used to assess the learning and memory function of mice. The open field test (OFT), tail suspension test (TST), and forced swimming test (FST) were used to assess changes in locomotor activity and hopelessness. Besides, X-ray-stimulated SH-SY5Y cells were used to verify the radioprotective effect of GB. Immunofluorescence double staining, Dihydroethidium (DHE), western blot, and flow cytometry were used to explore the role of DCC/MST1 signaling in RBI. In this study, X-ray-treated mice exhibited cognitive impairment and depression-like behavior, which was ameliorated by GB treatment. GB also reduced the ROS production and the number of TUNEL-positive cells in the hippocampus. Moreover, GB increased the protein levels of p-AKT and Bcl2, while decreased the protein levels of MST1, p-p38, p-JNK, cleaved-caspase-3 and Bax both in vivo and in vitro. Additionally, exogenous Netrin-1 alleviated X-ray-induced ROS production and apoptosis, whereas knockout of Netrin-1 receptor DCC abolished the protective effect of GB. Oxidative stress and MST1-mediated neuronal apoptosis participated in radiation-induced cognitive impairment and depression-like behaviors, and modulation of DCC by GB was an effective intervention against RBI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the fifth-generation (5G) network is introduced in the millimetre-wave (mmWave) spectrum, and the widespread deployment of 5G standalone (SA) is approaching, it becomes essential to establish scientifically grounded exposure limits in the mmWave frequency band. To achieve this, conducting experiments at specific frequencies is crucial for obtaining reliable evidence of potential biological impacts. However, there is a literature gap where experimental research either does not utilise the mmWave high band (e.g., the 26 Gigahertz (GHz) band) or most studies mainly rely on computational approaches. Moreover, some experimental studies do not establish reproducible test environment and exposure systems. Addressing these gaps is vital for a comprehensive exploration of the biological implications associated with mmWave exposure. This study was designed to develop and implement a mmWave exposure system operating at 26 GHz. The step-by-step design and development of the system are explained. This specialised system was designed and implemented within an anechoic chamber to minimise external electromagnetic (EM) interference, creating a controlled and reproducible environment for experiments involving high-frequency EM fields. The exposure system features a 1 cm radiation spot size, enabling highly localised exposure for various biological studies. This configuration facilitates numerous dosimetry studies related to mmWave frequencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TRIPOLI-4® is a general-purpose Monte Carlo radiation transport code developed by the Service d'Études des Réacteurs et de Mathématiques Appliquées at CEA-Saclay. It uses continuous-energy nuclear data to simulate neutron, photon, electron, and positron transport in fields like radiation shielding, reactor physics, and nuclear criticality safety. To study radiation protection dosimetry in human tissues and organs, male and female adult computational phantoms from the Medical Internal Radiation Dose–Oak Ridge National Laboratory phantoms family and the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) publication 110 were recently modeled and calculated using the geometry options of TRIPOLI-4. To easily use the ICRP 110 voxel-based phantoms in different exposure scenarios, a newly developed phantom option is available in TRIPOLI-4 and its display tool T4G. This new phantom option is helpful for modeling one or more phantoms and for improving calculation performance in real irradiation environments. The 2020 published pediatric computational reference phantoms are accessible from ICRP publication 143. Male and female pediatric phantoms are also verified with the new T4G tool and TRIPOLI-4 code. This paper reports on recent works using TRIPOLI-4 on adult and pediatric computational phantoms. The modeling methods of stylized and voxel-based phantoms, the graphic displays of modeled phantoms with T4G, and the verification procedures for single-phantom and two-phantom application cases are presented. Validation for external and internal dosimetry calculations has been performed. Calculation results on organ dose S values for nuclear medicine applications are presented for single female and single male voxel phantoms using 131I and 177Lu radiation sources. Effective dose calculations for two-phantom cases using 99mTc and 18F sources are compared with traditional H*(10) calculations from nuclear medicine patient to patient caregiver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy confers the highest radiation to the urologist's hands compared to other urologic procedures. This study compares radiation exposure to the surgeon's hand and patient's body when utilizing three different techniques for needle insertion during renal access. Simulated percutaneous renal access was performed using a cadaveric patient and separate cadaveric forearm representing the surgeon's hand. Three different needle-holding techniques were compared: conventional glove (control), a radiation-attenuating glove, and a novel needle holder. Five 300-s fluoroscopy trials were performed per treatment arm. The primary outcome was radiation dose (mSv) to the surgeon's hand. The secondary outcome was radiation dose to the patient. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's B post-hoc tests were performed with p < 0.05 considered significant. Compared to the control (3.92 mSv), both the radiation-attenuating glove (2.48 mSv) and the needle holder (1.37 mSv) reduced hand radiation exposure (p < 0.001). The needle holder reduced hand radiation compared to the radiation-attenuating glove (p < 0.001). The radiation-attenuating glove resulted in greater radiation produced by the C-arm compared to the needle holder (83.49 vs 69.22 mGy; p = 0.019). Patient radiation exposure was significantly higher with the radiation-attenuating glove compared to the needle holder (8.43 vs 7.03 mSv; p = 0.027). Though radiation-attenuating gloves decreased hand radiation dose by 37%, this came at the price of a 3% increase in patient exposure. In contrast, the needle holder reduced exposure to both the surgeon's hand by 65% and the patient by 14%. Thus, a well-designed low-density needle holder could optimize radiation safety for both surgeon and patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cranial CT scans are associated with radiation exposure to the eye lens, which is a particularly radiosensitive organ. Children are more vulnerable to radiation than adults. Therefore, it is essential to use the available dose reduction techniques to minimize radiation exposure. According to the European Consensus on patient contact shielding by the IRCP from 2021, shielding is not recommended in most body areas anymore. This study aims to evaluate whether bismuth shielding as well as its combination with other dose-saving technologies could still be useful. Methods: Cranial CT scans of a pediatric anthropomorphic phantom were performed on two up-to-date MDCT scanners. Eye lens dose measurements were performed using thermoluminescent dosimeters. Furthermore, the impact of BS and of the additional placement of standoff foam between the patient and BS on image quality was also assessed. Results: Bismuth shielding showed a significant lens dose reduction in both CT scanners (GE: 41.50 ± 4.04%, p < 0.001; Siemens: 29.75 ± 6.55%, p = 0.00). When combined with AEC, the dose was lowered even more (GE: 60.75 ± 3.30%, p < 0.001; Siemens: 41.25 ± 8.02%, p = 0.00). The highest eye dose reduction was achieved using BS + AEC + OBTCM (GE: 71.25 ± 2.98%, p < 0.001; Siemens: 58.75 ± 5.85%, p < 0.001). BS caused increased image noise in the orbital region, which could be mitigated by foam placement. Eye shielding had no effect on the image noise in the cranium. Conclusions: The use of BS in cranial CT can lead to a significant dose reduction, which can be further enhanced by its combination with other modern dose reduction methods. BS causes increase in image noise in the orbital region but not in the cranium. The additional use of standoff foam reduces image noise in the orbital region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • β-Ca 2 SiO 4 :Nd3+ phosphors were synthesized using agro-waste products. • TDPL investigations reveal outstanding thermal stability, with the emission intensity remaining at 92.7 % even at 423 K. • Thermoluminescence (TL) glow curves derived from samples exposed to beta radiation displayed three discernible peaks at temperatures of 95 °C, 147 °C and 194 °C. • TL experiments furnish empirical evidence affirming the potential suitability of β-Ca 2 SiO 4 :5Nd3+ as a phosphor for dosimetry applications. A series of Nd3+ doped β-Ca 2 SiO 4 (β-CSO:Nd3+) phosphors are synthesized using the solid-state reaction method, employing agricultural waste from egg shells and bamboo leaves as the source materials. XRD analysis confirmed the monoclinic structure of the resulting phosphors. The photoluminescence (PL) emission spectra display the distinct emission peaks associated with Nd3+ ions. Optimization of the Nd3+ ions concentration is carried out, revealing that 5 mol % yielded the highest intensity (β-CSO:5Nd3+). Further increases in concentration led to a reduction in emission intensity attributed to concentration quenching (CQ). The phosphors excitation spectra are characterized by a wide range, spanning from 450 to 900 nm. When excited at 581 nm, the phosphor emitted strong infrared light at 1053 nm, attributed to transitions of Nd3+ ions, specifically 4F 3/2 → 4I 9/2 , 4F 3/2 → 4I 11/2 , and 4F 3/2 → 4I 13/2. The near-infrared (NIR) down conversion emissions exhibited by the material suggest exciting prospects for leveraging the synthesized phosphors in the development of photonic devices engineered to emit within the NIR spectrum. The investigation of temperature-dependent photoluminescence (TDPL) within the range of 303–483 K revealed that emissions at elevated temperatures are significantly more intense compared to those observed at room temperature. TDPL investigations reveal outstanding thermal stability, with the emission intensity remaining at 92.7 % even at 423 K. Moreover, the phosphor demonstrates promising potential for temperature sensing applications, supported by its absolute sensitivity of 1.4 × 10−3 K−1 and relative sensitivity value of 0.14 % K−1. The Thermoluminescence (TL) glow curves derived from samples exposed to beta radiation displayed three discernible peaks at temperatures of 95 °C, 147 °C, and 194 °C. Moreover, the signal intensity exhibited a proportional augmentation corresponding to the escalation in irradiation dose, spanning from 1.58 to 100.86 Gy. The observed repeatability and fading signal trends in TL experiments furnish empirical evidence affirming the potential suitability of β-CSO:5Nd3+ as a phosphor for dosimetry applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effects of La 2 O 3 on the mechanical, thermal, and physical characteristics and the ability of bismuth germinate glass with different compositions to protect against radiation. The glasses included ZnO, Na 2 O, Bi 2 O 3 , GeO 2 , and different concentrations of La 2 O 3 (between 0 and 20 mol%). The glass density substantially increased from 3428 kg/m³ to 4412 kg/m³ as the concentration of La 2 O 3 increased. This observation underscores the considerable influence of La 2 O 3 on densification, which can be attributed to its higher coordination number and molecular weight. In addition, bridging oxygen atoms reduced the molar volume from 60.2 to 57.8 × 10−6 m3. This decrease suggests the synthesis of oxygen atoms, which increase the glass transition temperature from 536 to 573 K, improving the glass's thermal properties under investigation. As the amount of La 2 O 3 increased, the ultrasonic velocity measurements indicated an increase in longitudinal and shear velocities from 3192 to 3611 m/s and 1884–2185 m/s, respectively. Longitudinal and shear ultrasonic velocity measurements can be utilized to determine the elastic moduli, Poisson's ratio, and Debye temperature. Correlations between these results and theoretical models highlighted the strengthening effect of La 2 O 3 on the glass structure. Another important study area was radiation shielding efficiency, which showed that higher La 2 O 3 content improved photon blocking. The study showed the potential of La 2 O 3 -enriched glasses in applications needing radiation protection by looking at the effective atomic number and neutron shielding. Overall, adding La 2 O 3 strengthens the characteristics of bismuth-germinate glasses, increasing their suitability for certain applications in radiation-exposed areas. • La2O3-doped bismuth-germanate glasses synthesized. • Improved mechanical and shielding properties. • Empirical and theoretical validations were conducted. • Outperforms heavy-weight concrete in shielding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using cadmium-modified iron lead borate glasses with formula 30 B 2 O 3 – 40 PbO – 10 Na 2 O – (20 -x) Fe 2 O 3 – x CdO where x ranges from 0 to 20 mol%, this work aims to investigate the structural, physical, elastic, and radiation-shielding properties of practical economic radiation shields. The X-ray diffraction patterns confirm the amorphous nature of the samples. The results of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) demonstrate the formation of robust B–O–Cd linkages and diborocadmium ([B 2 CdO 8 ]2−) structures, as well as the conversion from [BO 3 ] to [BO 4 ] structural units with increased CdO and the presence of PbO and Na 2 O as modifiers. The CdO function also plays a dual role as a former and as a modifier. The FTIR analysis showed that the material's elasticity and the CdO oxide concentration were directly correlated, suggesting that the glass system becomes stiffer as the CdO concentration increases. The study explores the effectiveness of radiation shielding and demonstrates that CdO-rich samples have higher effective atomic numbers and attenuation qualities. • CdO enhances glass structure, elasticity, and protection. • 20% CdO: Ideal for gamma radiation protection. • CdO-enhanced glasses excel in shielding assessments. • Research benefits: extensive utilization in the field of radiation safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The value of dental radiographs to oral health care decision making must be balanced with radiation safety to minimize patient exposure and occupational risk of oral health care providers. This review summarizes recommendations and regulatory guidance regarding dental radiography and cone-beam computed tomography. An expert panel presents recommendations on radiation safety, appropriate imaging practices, and reducing radiation exposure. A systematic search run in Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews identified relevant topical systematic reviews, organizational guidelines, and regulatory reviews published in the peer-reviewed literature since 2010. A supplemental search of the gray literature (eg, technical reports, standards, and regulations) identified topical nonindexed publications. Inclusion criteria required relevance to primary oral health care (ie, general or pediatric dentistry). A total of 95 articles, guidance documents, and regulations met the inclusion criteria. Resources were characterized as applicable to all modalities, operator and occupational protection, dose reduction and optimization, and quality assurance and control. Understanding factors affecting imaging safety and applying fundamental principles of radiation protection consistent with federal, state, and local requirements are essential for limiting patient ionizing radiation exposure, in conjunction with implementing optimal imaging procedures to support prudent use of dental radiographs and cone-beam computed tomographic imaging. The regulatory guidance and best practice recommendations summarized in this article should be followed by dentists and other oral health care providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an effort to clarify the nature of causal evidence regarding the potential impacts of RFR on biological systems, this paper relies on a well-established framework for considering causation expanded from that of Bradford Hill, that combines experimental and epidemiological evidence on carcinogenesis of RFR. The Precautionary Principle, while not perfect, has been the effective lodestone for establishing public policy to guard the safety of the general public from potentially harmful materials, practices or technologies. Yet, when considering the exposure of the public to anthropogenic electromagnetic fields, especially those arising from mobile communications and their infrastructure, it seems to be ignored. The current exposure standards recommended by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) consider only thermal effects (tissue heating) as potentially harmful. However, there is mounting evidence of non-thermal effects of exposure to electromagnetic radiation in biological systems and human populations. We review the latest literature on in vitro and in vivo studies, on clinical studies on electromagnetic hypersensitivity, as well as the epidemiological evidence for cancer due to the action of mobile based radiation exposure. We question whether the current regulatory atmosphere truly serves the public good when considered in terms of the Precautionary Principle and the principles for deducing causation established by Bradford Hill. We conclude that there is substantial scientific evidence that RFR causes cancer, endocrinological, neurological and other adverse health effects. In light of this evidence the primary mission of public bodies, such as the FCC to protect public health has not been fulfilled. Rather, we find that industry convenience is being prioritized and thereby subjecting the public to avoidable risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiation exposure poses a significant threat to cellular integrity by inducing DNA damage through the generation of free radicals and reactive oxygen species. Ascorbic acid, particularly its derivative Palmitoyl Ascorbic Acid 2-Glucoside (PA2G), has demonstrated remarkable radioprotective properties. While previous research focused on its pre-irradiation application, this study explores the post-irradiation radiomitigation potential of PA2G. Our findings reveal that post-irradiation treatment with PA2G enhances cell survival and accelerates DNA repair processes, particularly the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) repair pathway. Notably, PA2G treatment reduces the frequency of lethal chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei formation, indicating its ability to enhance the repair of complex DNA lesions. Furthermore, PA2G is shown to play a role in potentially lethal damage repair (PLDR). These radioprotective effects are specific to NHEJ and ATM pathways, as cells deficient in these mechanisms do not benefit from PA2G treatment. This study highlights PA2G as a versatile radioprotector, both pre- and post-irradiation, with significant potential for applications in radiation therapy and protection, offering new insights into its mechanism of action. Further research is required to elucidate the precise molecular mechanisms underlying PA2G's radiomitigation effects and its potential clinical applications. • Palmitoyl Ascorbic acid glucoside can protect cells from radiation induced cell death in a post-irradiation treatment manner. • Palmitoyl Ascorbic acid glucoside accelerates DNA repair kinetics after irradiation. • Palmitoyl Ascorbic acid glucoside treatment is similar to potentially lethal damage repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]