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From 1916 onwards, the Military Service Appeal Tribunals gave men in Britain a mechanism to appeal their conscription into the army. Though tribunals across the country heard appeals from tens of thousands of men, the work of the tribunals is now largely forgotten; an officially sanctioned process which began with the destruction of all the tribunal documents in 1921. Using the recently discovered papers for the North Riding County Appeal Tribunal, I have identified a concentration of Conscientious Objectors on the North Yorkshire Moors and specifically along the ironstone mining area of the coast. The high rate of conscientious objection in these areas is suggestive of an anti-war community, but I argue these men appealing at the North Riding Tribunal cannot always be seen as being anti-war. These communities supported the war effort but put limits upon that support. This paper builds upon Cyril Pearce's ideas around communities accepting of resistance to the First World War, which could be found across Britain, but challenges what these communities and Conscientious Objectors were resisting. If similar patterns can be identified in other parts of the country, this would nuance the narrative of conscientious objection away from men not wanting to fight to men not wanting to be in the army and accepting other forms of war work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is experiencing a surge in electricity demand, with power generation increasing 4 times in 25 years from 1990 to 2014. Despite the abundant primary renewable energy sources, the country has overlooked them in the past in national energy policies. However, in recent years, renewable energy has become a part of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia's energy conservation policy due to climate changes, technological progress, economies of scale, and increased competitiveness in supply chains. The Saudi government has created the King Abdullah City for Atomic and Renewable Energy (KACARE) to develop national strategies for effectively utilizing renewable and nuclear energy. This paper reviews the current state of the art of the renewable energy technologies available on the market and evaluates the installation of renewable energy plants near Saudi Arabia's East Coast for a new town, focusing on technical rather than economic aspects. The paper provides a wide review of the possible technical solutions to exploit the producibility of different renewable sources, considering the challenging climate conditions typical of desert areas. The analysis of a real case study shows a high availability of wind and solar irradiance that allow a net energy production of 354 and 129 GWh, respectively. In addition, the comparison between a typical ground-mounted photovoltaic (PV) system and an emerging floating PV reveals that for the same installed power, occupied area, and environmental conditions, the latter has a 4% greater performance ratio due to the cooling effect of water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The collapse of the I-95 overpass in Philadelphia on June 11, 2023, due to a tanker-induced fire, caused significant traffic disruptions to an important transportation system on the East Coast of the United States. The increasing frequency of similar bridge fire events over the last few years has ignited a debate to re-visit the fire performance of bridges and to account for fire hazards in bridge structures. From this lens, this paper employs the established methodology of fire-based importance factors to assess the vulnerability of the I-95 overpass and then examines the causes and mechanisms for its collapse. To complement this methodology, the paper also presents mitigation strategies, if included, that could have mitigated the collapse of this overpass. More specifically, a finite element model is applied to trace the response of an I-95 girder section under combined effects of thermal and mechanical loading, considering three representative fire scenarios: standard, hydrocarbon, and design fire. Results from numerical simulations show that the bridge experienced rapid temperature rise as in the case of a hydrocarbon fire, leading to the failure of steel girders within 15 min of fire exposure. The developed model was also applied to evaluate strategies that could have minimized the collapse of the overpass under similar fire incidents: composite action and fire insulation. Both alternatives contributed to increasing the fire resistance of the steel girder, with the latter option proving to be significantly more effective. Overall, the increasing frequency of bridge fire incidents in recent years demostrates the need to integrate fire hazards into the design of critical infrastructure, particularly critical bridges, to enhance their resiliency under possible fire scenarios. • Vulnerability of bridges for fire induced collapse is highlighted. • The causes and failure modes in the fire induced collapse of I-95 bridge is analyzed. • The strategies that could have minimized the collapse of I-95 bridge is discussed. • An approach for enhancing resiliency of bridges against fire hazard is laid out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes survey data of U.S. East Coast homeowners to characterize accuracy and determinants of homeowner flood risk (mis)perceptions. Using an array of instruments, we assess subjective risk perceptions and compare them with objective risk estimates. Reduced-form regressions suggest flood experience, worry, and flood zone classification influence relative perceptions of risk. Common probability weighting functions do not fit the divergence in risk perceptions, suggesting that the source of the probability distortions is most likely due to misperceiving the true risk rather than a widespread behavioral heuristic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sea‐level change threatens the U.S. East Coast. Thus, it is important to understand the underlying causes, including ocean dynamics. Most past studies emphasized links between coastal sea level and local atmospheric variability or large‐scale circulation and climate, but possible relationships with local ocean currents over the shelf and slope remain largely unexplored. Here we use 7 years of in situ velocity and sea‐level data to quantify the relationship between northeastern U.S. coastal sea level and variable Shelfbreak Jet transport south of Nantucket Island. At timescales of 1–15 days, southern New England coastal sea level and transport vary in anti‐phase, with magnitude‐squared coherences of ∼0.5 and admittance amplitudes of ∼0.3 m Sv−1. These results are consistent with a dominant geostrophic balance between along‐shelf transport and coastal sea level, corroborating a hypothesis made decades ago that was not tested due to the lack of transport data. Plain Language Summary: Sea‐level rise is an imminent threat to coastal communities worldwide, including the U.S. East Coast. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the processes driving regional sea‐level change. While past studies documented how coastal sea level may be influenced by large‐scale ocean circulation, less attention has been paid to the role of more local currents over the shelf and slope. Here we explore the relationship between coastal sea level along the northeastern U.S. and the Shelfbreak Jet, a current that flows along the shelfbreak from the Labrador Sea to Cape Hatteras (North Carolina). From 7 years of in situ data of both current velocities and water levels, we see that as coastal sea level rises, Shelfbreak Jet transport increases westward (and vice versa) on timescales of days to weeks. Our results lay the groundwork for understanding relationships between coastal sea level and local ocean dynamics elsewhere. Key Points: Daily Shelfbreak Jet transports and Southern New England coastal sea levels are anti‐correlated during 2014–2022The observed relationship between these two variables is consistent with geostrophic balanceFor this region, coastal sea levels are more sensitive to local ocean dynamics than to large‐scale circulation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Offshore wind turbines have rapidly scaled up in recent years, with plans to construct turbines up to 22 MW in the next decade. However, the operations and maintenance (O&M) requirements for these 'next‐generation turbines' remain largely unknown. In this study, the total O&M costs are calculated, using a bench‐marked O&M model, for a hypothetical 10 MW turbine scenario using two drive train configurations, based on known failure rates of smaller turbines. The O&M costs of the 10 MW turbines are compared with those of existing 3 MW turbines in two case studies: a North Sea wind farm and an East Coast US wind farm. Overall, direct drive 10 MW turbines performed better depending on the site's climate conditions. The study indicated that the two‐stage drive train configuration may be more suitable for the US site than the North Sea, depending on the turbine's failure rate. The US site benefited from increased availability due to more favourable weather windows, resulting in lower lost revenue for the two‐stage configuration despite high transport costs. The study found that the failure rate of 10 MW offshore wind turbines in the North Sea with a two‐stage gearbox can increase by as much as 30% compared to the 3 MW failure rates without increasing direct O&M costs. These findings are crucial for the offshore wind energy industry, particularly for OEMs, developers and maintenance providers, as they provide insights into the required reliability for next generation turbines to reduce O&M costs compared to existing 3 MW turbines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The climate risk to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) is often multifaceted, and interaction among the various driving factors remains ambiguous. Examining these interrelationships improves the understanding of industry's vulnerable areas and focuses on better cyclone disaster management. The present research aims to analyze the relationship between determinants of SME risk and tropical cyclones using the partial least squares structural equation model (PLS-SEM). The study examined the responses from 315 SMEs from Visakhapatnam on the East Coast of India. The results indicate that buildings and infrastructure (0.7) have a direct and cascading impact on SMEs risk, followed by employees and workers (0.4), process and production (0.34), and hazard likelihood (0.12), all at the significance of p < 0.01. The mediating role of coping strategies (CS) and SME characteristics is also significant. The goodness of fit of 0.82 indicates substantial explanatory power with a substantial predictive power of 0.59. Our findings suggest that PLS-SEM effectively prioritizes the components of SME risk. The SEM framework allows analyzing risk and vulnerability assessment by integrating data from various sectors, formats, scales, and a complex interrelationship among the determinants to help develop policies to cope with climatic hazards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics are tangible particles of less than 0.2 inches in diameter that are ubiquitously distributed in the biosphere and accumulate in water bodies. During the east-coast hot summers (23–29 °C) of 2021 and 2022, June through September, we captured copious amounts of the jellyfish Chrysaora chesapeakei, a predominant species found in the Patuxent River of the Chesapeake Bay in Maryland on the United States East Coast. We determined that their gelatinous bodies trapped many microplastics through fluorescent microscopy studies using Rhodamine B staining and Raman Spectroscopy. The chemical nature of the microplastics was detected using gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy headspace (SPME-GC-MS) and solvent extraction (GC-MS) methods through a professional commercial materials evaluation laboratory. Numerous plastic-affiliated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from diverse chemical origins and their functional groups (alkanes, alkenes, acids, aldehydes, ketones, ethers, esters, and alcohols) along with other non-microplastic volatile organic compounds were observed. Our findings corroborate data in the available scientific literature, distinguishing our finding's suitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document provides a review of four books on the topic of gentrification from an East Coast perspective. The books offer unique perspectives on the phenomenon of gentrification, focusing primarily on cities along the eastern seaboard. The authors discuss the history and practical application of rehabilitating urban land and buildings, acknowledging the displacement of low-income and minority families while emphasizing the importance of improving urban real estate to prevent decline in property values, crime, and loss of community control. The books explore the origins of gentrification, grassroots movements, and government policies on displacement, with case studies of specific neighborhoods. The review acknowledges the limitations of the books and highlights the need for further exploration of the role of financial institutions and the impact on marginalized communities. [Extracted from the article]

This paper presents a novel approach for solving the shallow-water transport equation using a physics-informed neural network (PINN) combined with characteristic-based split (CBS). Simulation of the tide in East Coast of China is performed to verify the applicability of the present method in a practical problem. Furthermore, we propose a boundary condition that accounts for the second-order partial derivative term, which is more appropriate for solving the diffusion equation with open domains than the commonly used assumption of zero boundary values. Our numerical results demonstrate that this boundary condition leads to improved convergence of the network. In addition, we introduce a parameter estimation method that requires information from the field at only two different times, yet yields accurate parameter estimates. We observe that excessive participation of variables in gradient backpropagation can lead to neural networks getting trapped in local optima. We use PINN combined with CBS method to solve 3-D incompressible flow. As the number of variables involved in gradient backpropagation increases, the accuracy of the solution decreases, which can partially support our viewpoint. The source codes for the numerical examples in this work are available at https://github.com/double110/PINN-cbs-.git. • We introduce a rapid version of PINN and solve 3-d incompressible flow. • We introduce a boundary condition in open domains to enhance accuracy and stability. • We develop a PINN-CBS method for parameter estimation. • Reduce the number of variables participating in backpropagation can improve accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emergency hyperbaric oxygen treatment capability is limited in the United States, and there is little documentation of calls received by centers available 24 hours a day, seven days a week, 365 days a year. Our study aimed to calculate the number of calls received for urgent hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2). We logged calls from two HBO2 chambers on the East Coast of the United States that serve a densely populated region in 2021. The total number of emergency calls was 187 at the University of Maryland (UMD) and 127 at the University of Pennsylvania (UPenn). There were calls on 180/365 (46%) days during the study period at UMD and 239/365 (63%) days at UPenn. The most common indication was carbon monoxide toxicity. The peak month of calls was March. Emergency HBO2 calls are common, and more centers must accept emergency cases. Data from geographically diverse centers would add generalizability to these results and capture more diving-related emergencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Female Genital Schistosomiasis (FGS) causes intravaginal lesions and symptoms that could be mistaken for sexually transmitted diseases or cancer. In adults, FGS lesions [grainy sandy patches (GSP), homogenous yellow patches (HYP), abnormal blood vessels and rubbery papules] are refractory to treatment. The effect of treatment has never been explored in young women; it is unclear if gynaecological investigation will be possible in this young age group (16–23 years). We explored the predictors for accepting anti-schistosomal treatment and/or gynaecological reinvestigation in young women, and the effects of anti-schistosomal mass-treatment (praziquantel) on the clinical manifestations of FGS at an adolescent age. Method: The study was conducted between 2011 and 2013 in randomly selected, rural, high schools in Ilembe, uThungulu and Ugu Districts, KwaZulu-Natal Province, East Coast of South Africa. At baseline, gynaecological investigations were conducted in female learners in grades 8 to 12, aged 16–23 years (n = 2293). Mass-treatment was offered in the low-transmission season between May and August (a few in September, n = 48), in accordance with WHO recommendations. Reinvestigation was offered after a median of 9 months (range 5–14 months). Univariate, multivariable and logistic regression analysis were used to measure the association between variables. Results: Prevalence: Of the 2293 learners who came for baseline gynaecological investigations, 1045 (46%) had FGS lesions and/or schistosomiasis, 209/1045 (20%) had GSP; 208/1045 (20%) HYP; 772/1045 (74%) had abnormal blood vessels; and 404/1045 (39%) were urine positive. Overall participation rate for mass treatment and gynaecological investigation: Only 26% (587/2293) learners participated in the mass treatment and 17% (401/2293) participated in the follow up gynaecological reinvestigations. Loss to follow-up among those with FGS: More than 70% of learners with FGS lesions at baseline were lost to follow-up for gynaecological investigations: 156/209 (75%) GSP; 154/208 (74%) HYP; 539/722 (75%) abnormal blood vessels; 238/404 (59%) urine positive. The grade 12 pupil had left school and did not participate in the reinvestigations (n = 375; 16%). Follow-up findings: Amongst those with lesions who came for both treatment and reinvestigation, 12/19 still had GSP, 8/28 had HYP, and 54/90 had abnormal blood vessels. Only 3/55 remained positive for S. haematobium ova. Factors influencing treatment and follow-up gynaecological investigation: HIV, current water contact, water contact as a toddler and urinary schistosomiasis influenced participation in mass treatment. Grainy sandy patches, abnormal blood vessels, HYP, previous pregnancy, current water contact, water contact as a toddler and father present in the family were strongly associated with coming back for follow-up gynaecological investigation. Challenges in sample size for follow-up analysis of the effect of treatment: The low mass treatment uptake and loss to follow up among those who had baseline FGS reduced the chances of a larger sample size at follow up investigation. However, multivariable analysis showed that treatment had effect on the abnormal blood vessels (adjusted odds ratio = 2.1, 95% CI 1.1–3.9 and p 0.018). Conclusion: Compliance to treatment and gynaecological reinvestigation was very low. There is need to embark on large scale awareness and advocacy in schools and communities before implementing mass-treatment and investigation studies. Despite challenges in sample size and significant loss to follow-up, limiting the ability to fully understand the treatment's effect, multivariable analysis demonstrated a significant treatment effect on abnormal blood vessels. Author summary: Female genital schistosomiasis (FGS) is a neglected tropical disease and it affects many women and young girls in schistosomiasis endemic areas. A lot of research is still needed to understand the characteristics of FGS, its prevention, as well as the timing for treatment. As a result of the limited information, some women who suffer from FGS end up being misdiagnosed with diseases such as human papilloma virus or other sexually transmitted diseases. The study highlights issues that need to be taken into considerations when providing treatment or conducting mass treatment for schistosomiasis and FGS or planning gynaecological investigations to inform FGS control programmes. In this study of adolescent girls and young women of KwaZulu-Natal Province of South Africa, we sought to explore the factors that influence participation in mass treatment and gynaecological investigation, and investigating the effect of praziquantel treatment on FGS. Factors that influenced participation in mass treatment included HIV, current water contact, water contact as a toddler and urinary schistosomiasis. Factors that influenced participation in follow up gynaecological investigation included grainy sandy patches, abnormal blood vessels, homogenous yellow patches, previous pregnancy, current water contact, water contact as a toddler and father present in the family. There was low uptake and loss to follow up for mass treatment, and this contributed to small sample size for follow up gynaecological investigations to understand the effect of treatment. However, multivariable analysis showed that treatment had effect on the abnormal blood vessels and not on grainy sandy patches and homogenous yellow patches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several clustering approaches are evaluated for 1–9-day forecasts using a multimodel ensemble that includes the GEFS, ECMWF, and Canadian ensembles. Six clustering algorithms and three clustering spaces are evaluated using mean sea level pressure (MSLP) and 12-h accumulated precipitation (APCP) for cool-season extratropical cyclones across the Northeast United States. Using the MSLP cluster membership to obtain the APCP clusters is also evaluated, along with applying clustering determined at one lead time to cluster forecasts at a different lead time. Five scenarios from each clustering algorithm are evaluated using displacement and intensity/amount errors from the scenario nearest to the MSLP and 12-h APCP analyses in the NCEP GFS and ERA5, respectively. Most clustering strategies yield similar improvements over the full ensemble mean and are similar in probabilistic skill except that 1) intensity displacement space gives lower MSLP displacement and intensity errors; and 2) Euclidean space and agglomerative hierarchical clustering, when using either full or average linkage, struggle to produce reasonably sized clusters. Applying clusters derived from MSLP to 12-h APCP forecasts is not as skillful as clustering by 12-h APCP directly, especially if several members contain little precipitation. Use of the same cluster membership for one lead time to cluster the forecast at another lead time is less skillful than clustering independently at each forecast lead time. Finally, the number of members within each cluster does not necessarily correspond with the best forecast, especially at the longer lead times, when the probability of the smallest cluster being the best scenario was usually underestimated. Significance Statement: Numerical weather prediction ensembles are widely used, but more postprocessing tools are necessary to help forecasters interpret and communicate the possible outcomes. This study evaluates various clustering approaches, combining a large number of model forecasts with similar attributes together into a small number of scenarios. The 1–9-day forecasts of both sea level pressure and 12-h precipitation are used to evaluate the clustering approaches for a large number of U.S. East Coast winter cyclones, which is an important forecast problem for this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global sea level rise (SLR) has emerged as a pressing concern because of its impacts, especially increased vulnerability of coastal urban areas flooding. This study addresses the pressing concern of SLR and flood vulnerability in the East Coast of North Sumatra (ECNS) and Medan City. We employ a data-driven approach integrating multicriteria analysis, analytical hierarchy process (AHP)-based weighting, and spatial modeling within a geographic information system framework. The analysis considers crucial factors such as slope, land use, soil type, SLR, and land deformation. The study expands the existing framework by incorporating SLR and land subsidence, acknowledging their significant roles in exacerbating flood vulnerability. Future flood-intensity scenarios are simulated based on SLR projections. Data for spatial analysis primarily originated from multisensor satellite imagery, secondary sources from published literature, and field surveys. We validated the consistency of the variable weightings assigned for vulnerability analysis using a consistency ratio threshold (<0.1). Finally, the established flood vulnerability model was validated by comparing its predictions with recorded flood events in the ECNS and Medan City. The ECNS and Medan City areas were classified as very high and highly vulnerable to flooding, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present new chronologies that inform the timing and tempo of shell ring and shell mound construction on the South Atlantic Bight. Our project combines recently acquired dates with legacy radiocarbon dates from over 25 rings and mounds to provide a higher-resolution chronology regarding the occupation and formation of this larger landscape of the earliest fishing villages along the East Coast of the United States. We resolve the ordering and timing of occupation of these rings and mounds through Bayesian statistical modeling. These new models historicize and contextualize these shell rings in ways previously impossible. Specifically, our new chronologies of these villages indicate that the earliest villages were established prior to the invention of pottery. The early period of village establishment evidences isolated village rings, whereas later periods seem to have more villages, but these appear to have been relocated to other areas and/or islands over time. Shell mounds are fewer in number, are spread throughout the time period, and may represent special purpose sites compared to shell-rings. Once villages spread, they quickly adopted new technologies (i.e., pottery) and created new institutions and practiced village relocation, which allowed this way of life to persist for more than a thousand years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a 1/12° regional model of the Northwest Atlantic Ocean (MOM6-NWA12), we downscale an ensemble of retrospective seasonal forecasts from a 1° global forecast model. To evaluate whether downscaling improved the forecast skill for surface temperature and salinity and bottom temperature, the global and downscaled forecasts are compared with each other and with a reference forecast of persistence using anomaly correlation. Both sets of forecasts are also evaluated on the basis of mean bias and ensemble spread. We find that downscaling significantly improved the forecast skill for monthly sea surface temperature anomalies in the Northeast U.S. Large Marine Ecosystem, a region that global models have historically struggled to predict skillfully. The downscaled SST predictions for this region were also more skillful than the persistence baseline across most initialization months and lead times. Although some of the SST prediction skill in this region stems from the recent, rapid warming trend, prediction skill above persistence is generally maintained after removing the contribution of the trend, and patterns of skill suggestive of predictable processes are also preserved. While downscaling mainly improved SST skill in the Northeast U.S. region, it improved bottom temperature and sea surface salinity skill across many of the marine ecosystems along the North American East Coast. Downscaling generally reduced the mean surface salinity biases found in the global model, particularly in regions with sharp salinity gradients (the Northern Gulf of Mexico and the Northeast U.S.). In some cases, however, downscaling amplified the surface and bottom temperature biases found in the global predictions. We discuss several processes that are better resolved in the regional model and contribute to the improved skill, including the autumn re-emergence of temperature anomalies and advection of water masses by coastal currents. Overall, the results show that a downscaled, high resolution model can produce improved seasonal forecast skill by representing fine-scale processes that drive predictability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Certain benthic polychaetes, such as species within the genus Namalycastis, are employed in the diet of gravid shrimps in aquaculture due to their amino acids and highly unsaturated fatty acid content, enhancing the quality of gravid shrimp. Despite its importance in the rapidly developing shrimp culture industry, the population parameters of this economically valuable species are unknown. Therefore, the present study examines the population parameters of Namalycastis fauveli to assess its occurrence, growth, recruitment, exploitation level, and stock status in Bangladesh. Monthly samplings of N. fauveli and environmental variables were collected from five sites of the Cox's Bazar coast using a square-shaped mud corer with a 0.093 m2 (or 1.0 ft2) mouth opening from August 2020 to July 2021 to measure or estimate. Within the 8.0–30.0 cm depth range of the intertidal zone, polychaete samples were collected from the sediment. The results showed negative allometric growth (b < 3), but there was a significant L–W relationship (p < 0.05, r2 = 0.43 to 0.94). The estimated L∝, K, and ϕ were 22.05 cm, 0.99 year−1, and 2.69, respectively, while total mortality (Z) was 4.56 year−1. It was calculated that the fishing mortality and capture probability proportionally increased with the total length at a certain age. Recruitment mostly occurred in October and March, and temperature had a greater impact than salinity. The evaluated exploitation level (E = 0.57) indicated that the stock was overexploited. Thus, the above results provide some valuable information for shrimp farmers and stakeholders, as well as for policymakers in the move towards restoration, species conservation, and efficient management of N. fauveli natural stocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate variability affects sea levels as certain climate modes can accelerate or decelerate the rising sea level trend, but subseasonal variability of coastal sea levels is underexplored. This study is the first to investigate how remote tropical forcing from the MJO and ENSO impact subseasonal U.S. coastal sea level variability. Here, composite analyses using tide gauge data from six coastal regions along the U.S. East and West Coasts reveal influences on sea level anomalies from both the MJO and ENSO. Tropical MJO deep convection forces a signal that results in U.S. coastal sea level anomalies that vary based on MJO phase. Further, ENSO is shown to modulate both the MJO sea level response and background state of the teleconnections. The sea level anomalies can be significantly enhanced or weakened by the MJO-associated anomaly along the East Coast due to constructive or destructive interference with the ENSO-associated anomaly, respectively. The West Coast anomaly is found to be dominated by ENSO. We examine physical mechanisms by which MJO and ENSO teleconnections impact coastal sea levels and find consistent relationships between low-level winds and sea level pressure that are spatially varying drivers of the variability. Two case studies reveal how MJO and ENSO teleconnection interference played a role in notable coastal flooding events. Much of the focus on sea level rise concerns the long-term trend associated with anthropogenic warming, but on shorter time scales, we find subseasonal climate variability has the potential to exacerbate the regional coastal flooding impacts. Significance Statement: Coastal flooding due to sea level rise is increasingly threatening communities, but natural fluctuations of coastal sea levels can exacerbate the human-caused sea level rise trend. This study assesses the role of tropical influences on coastal subseasonal (2 weeks–3 months) sea level heights. Further, we explore the mechanisms responsible, particularly for constructive interference of signals contributing to coastal flooding events. Subseasonal signals amplify or suppress the lower-frequency signals, resulting in higher or lower sea level heights than those expected from known climate modes (e.g., ENSO). Low-level onshore winds and reduced sea level pressure connected to the tropical phenomena are shown to be indicators of increased U.S. coastal sea levels, and vice versa. Two case studies reveal how MJO and ENSO teleconnection interference played a role in notable coastal flooding events. Much of the focus on sea level rise concerns the long-term trend associated with anthropogenic warming, but on shorter time scales, we find subseasonal climate variability has the potential to exacerbate the regional coastal flooding impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are extremely warm ocean temperature events that significantly affect marine environments, but their effects on the coastal carbonate system are still uncertain. In this study, we systematically quantify MHWs' impacts on air‐sea carbon dioxide (CO2) flux anomalies (FCO2′) in the Mid‐Atlantic Bight (MAB) and South Atlantic Bight (SAB) from 1992 to 2020. During the longest MHW in both regions, oceanic CO2 uptake capabilities substantially decreased, primarily due to significant increases in the seawater partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2sea). For all cases, MHWs played a more significant role in driving pCO2sea changes in the MAB than the SAB, where non‐thermal drivers dominated pCO2sea variability. In the MAB, weakened wind speeds related to wintertime atmospheric perturbations increase ocean temperatures and pCO2sea, further reducing CO2 uptake during winter MHWs. This work is the first to connect extreme temperatures to coastal air‐sea CO2 fluxes. The reduction in CO2 absorption noted during MHWs in this study has important implications for coastal regions to act as continued sinks for excess CO2 emissions in the atmosphere. Plain Language Summary: The transfer of carbon dioxide (CO2) between the atmosphere and ocean is sensitive to sea surface temperature (SST) changes because warmer SSTs increase the sea surface partial pressure of CO2 and reduce the ocean's ability to absorb CO2 from the atmosphere. It is, therefore, conceivable that marine heatwaves (MHWs), which are extremely warm ocean temperature events, could modify how carbon moves between the ocean and the atmosphere. This study provides the first attempt to evaluate the impacts of MHWs on the air‐sea CO2 flux (FCO2) anomalies along the US East Coast, encompassing the Mid‐Atlantic Bight (MAB) and South Atlantic Bight (SAB) during 1992–2020. Both regions experienced reduced CO2 absorption in response to the longest MHWs in each region. These extreme temperatures had a larger impact on CO2 absorption in the MAB compared to the SAB, where non‐temperature factors were more influential. The coastal ocean plays an important role in helping to mitigate human‐induced climate change by absorbing excess CO2 from the atmosphere. As such, the demonstrated reduced absorption of the ocean associated with MHWs in this study, which might also apply to other coastal locations, has vital implications for the efficiency of the ocean in offsetting global warming impacts. Key Points: Marine heatwaves (MHWs) primarily generated positive sea surface pCO2 (pCO2sea) anomalies in the Mid‐Atlantic Bight (MAB) and South Atlantic Bight (SAB) but had a larger impact on air‐sea CO2 flux anomalies in the MABReduced wind speeds amplified MHW contributions during CO2 sink months and counteracted them during CO2 source monthsIn the MAB, wintertime atmospheric perturbations related to zonal shifts in the jet stream produce slower wind speeds which aid in generating air‐sea heat flux type MHW events that ultimately reduce oceanic CO2 uptake [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we discuss an autobiographical writing assignment that we call an "automathography" which can be used in different types of mathematics and mathematics education courses, and by extension, in other disciplines as well. This assignment can enhance student-instructor interactions, develop student communication skills, and provide outlets for student creativity by leveraging the lived experiences of students. We have deployed the assignment in different kinds of classes (general education [service] courses and major-only seminars) at different kinds of institutions (a private, open-admission, large university on the East Coast and a private, highly selective, small liberal arts college on the West Coast). We argue that the automathography can be used in both lower- and upper-level courses as a way of encouraging others to develop similar assignments and gain the benefits to instructors and their students associated with the use of a powerful pedagogical tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contributions of local and remote forcings to the interannual sea level anomalies (SLAs) along the U.S. East Coast (USEC) during the satellite altimetry era from 1993 to 2019 are quantified with analytical models assisted by statistical methods. The local forcings from alongshore wind stress, sea level pressure via inverted barometer (IB) effect, and river discharges together explain 47%, 60.4%, and 66.8% of coastal sea level variance in the South Atlantic Bight (SAB), Mid-Atlantic Bight (MAB), and Gulf of Maine (GOM), respectively, with river discharges having the minimum contribution. Over a longer period of 1960–2019, the contribution of local forcings reduces significantly, with the IB effect having the minimum contribution. The remote forcings associated with open-ocean signals from the east and from the northern boundary at the Scotian coast together with the Gulf Stream (GS) variability explain 45.7%, 28.5%, and 37.7% of coastal sea level variance in the SAB, MAB, and GOM, respectively, playing a role comparable to that of local forcings in the SAB. The open-ocean sea level signals from 35° to 38°N strongly influence coastal SLAs in the SAB. The coastal SLAs in the SAB are also affected by the upstream GS strength (28°–36°N) and basin-scale wind stress curl anomaly, which is linked to the meridional shift in the downstream GS (74°–68°W). Remote forcings from the subpolar North Atlantic and wind stress curl from the Grand Banks to the Scotian coast influence coastal SLAs in the GOM and MAB via the northern boundary of the USEC at the Scotian coast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]