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This paper discusses the relevance of using physical situations to introduce the concept of angles at elementary school. We compare the effectiveness of two geometry teaching sequences. In the first one (physical sequence), the pupils learned the angle concept by experimenting on the playground (i.e. mesospace) and then modelling the situation. In the second one (paper-and-pencil sequence), the pupils worked solely in the space of a sheet of paper (i.e. microspace). In both sequences, pupils compared areas of space delineated by an angle between two directions. Pupils in two Grade 3 classes were exposed to one of the two teaching sequences. The unfolding of these sequences was videotaped and analyzed, and the pupils were tested individually, before and after teaching, to measure each sequence's effectiveness. Results showed that both sequences are effective to grasp the angle concept: Most pupils overcame the common erroneous conception of comparing angles' sides' lengths instead of angle openness. The comparison of areas of space delineated by an angle between two infinite directions, which is the two sequences' common core, seems to be the key factor underlying angle conceptualization. This paper ends with a discussion of these results' teaching implications and the merits of each sequence.

Schools are ideal settings to promote adolescent physical activity (PA), yet school-based interventions have shown limited long-term impact. This position paper presents key issues surrounding school-based PA interventions. Collaborative conceptual thinking drawing on multi-author expertise and available evidence advanced our understanding and opinion. Key arguments: 1) the adoption of a systems approach, which maximizes partnership action and leverages policy, is crucial for understanding the complexities of implementing whole-school programs; 2) a reorientation to an assets perspective optimizes existing strengths and resources allowing greater emphasis on the full range of physical, cognitive, emotional and social benefits that PA provides, and 3) a move beyond traditional positivist research designs to advance our knowledge of what works better, for whom and in what context is needed for greater progress We provide suggestions, specifically advocating for systems approaches, as a realistic way to improve how we support PA in schools in the future.

In France, sickle cell disease (SCD) is the most common rare disease and represents the most prevalent genetic disorder, with 19,800 to 32,400 patients diagnosed in 2016 and 1:714 newborns affected in 2019. SCD is caused by a single mutation in the β-globin gene, resulting in the production of abnormal hemoglobin (called HbS), chronic hemolytic anemia, and impaired red blood cell rheology. SCD patients face several severe acute and chronic complications, including stroke, acute chest syndrome (ACS), painful vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC), organ failure, and a high risk of infections. As patients' care pathway remains unclear in France, a roundtable advisory board meeting was organized in the country to provide insights into the management of SCD in alignment with clinical guidelines. The meeting brought together a panel of esteemed key opinion leaders (KOLs) in SCD management, encompassing both clinical practice and research. During the meeting, the KOLs discussed clinical practices and their alignment with French guidelines, identifying areas of concordance and discrepancy. They also addressed disparities in SCD clinical practices across regions and medical centers. The KOLs discussed the prophylactic and therapeutic options currently available for SCD patients in France, with a focus on transfusion therapies, especially automated red blood cell exchange (aRBCX). The results of this advisory board meeting provide a valuable platform for gathering expert perspectives on SCD management, clinical practices, guideline alignment, and the potential for contributions to guideline updates., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Military operations are no longer limited to the application of counterterrorism and counterinsurgency strategies; they are now characterized by hybrid, irregular, and unconventional features. While some authors have indicated the need for medical support to adapt to these new modes of military operations, they have focused mainly on the tactical level of care on the battlefield. As Sun Tzu states, "Strategy without tactics is the slowest route to victory. Tactics without strategy is the noise before defeat," further proposals are still needed on the application of both medical tactics and medical strategies in irregular warfare., Methods: Medical experts from the French Special Operations Forces (SOF) Medical Command have identified specific medical challenges that special operations face in the context of the current transformation of armed confrontations into irregular warfare., Results: This position paper presents original tactical medical proposals for improving medical support in irregular warfare, ranging from the definition of a Primary-Alternate-Contingency-Emergency medical plan to the promotion of telemedical support. Original strategic medical proposals have highlighted the importance of recognizing medical issues in irregular warfare, including the medical actions carried out through and with local partners and the multiple approaches to countering medical threats., Conclusion: The SOF medical community must be closely involved with and facilitate the responses to the shift to irregular warfare. International collaboration and interoperability are more necessary than ever, as they will enable a more effective combination of good medicine with both good tactics and good strategies. These perspectives can also be extended to improve medical care in the conventional armed forces and austere civilian settings., Level of Evidence: Therapeutic/Care Management; Level V., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma.)

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol has been established as a powerful cardiovascular risk factor; its reduction provides a clinical benefit in primary cardiovascular prevention, irrespective of the characteristics of the patients treated. It is useful to tailor low-density lipoprotein cholesterol targets according to the magnitude of cardiovascular risk (low, high or very high) in order to reduce the cardiovascular risk as fully as possible. In order to provide a uniform approach, it is necessary to propose recommendations for good practice, defining strategies for reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. It is also necessary to know their merits, to analyse their practical limits and to propose adaptations, taking into account limitations and national specifics. This position paper aims to analyse the contribution and limits, as well as the adaptation to French practice, of 2019 and 2021 European Society of Cardiology recommendations for the management of lipid variables and cardiovascular prevention., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

With the exception of the renowned Marquis de Lafayette and, to a lesser extent, General Rochambeau and Admiral de Grasse, French soldiers and officers have historically received little attention in the literary of the American War for Independence. This is due to a number of factors, including restricted or closed access to private archival collections in France. This essay will demonstrate that it is possible, under certain conditions, to study personal, unpublished source material of "forgotten" French officers who participated in the American Revolutionary War, thereby providing new opportunities for research into early American history. To demonstrate the historical significance of such materials, this paper will concentrate on the (mainly) unpublished papers of François-Jean de Chastellux (1734-1788), an influential major general who served directly under Rochambeau. The Chastellux family has preserved his private papers for more than 240 years in their Château de Chastellux. This article details the contents of this private archive as well as the history of its creation and preservation. Additionally, the existence of Chastellux's archive raises questions about the possible existence of similar unpublished French archival collections, which may also offer new perspectives on the American Revolutionary War. Furthermore, in the contemporary digital era, families that choose to preserve their records in private archives may now make them digitally accessible to the academic community. This introduces new circumstances and opportunities for the access and translation of previously inaccessible information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses key themes of the 15th biennial conference of the Association for Language Awareness (2020), with a focus on increasing digital engagement in language education. The COVID-19 pandemic occasioned an abrupt transition to emergency remote language teaching and learning (ERLTL) worldwide. The ALA 2020 conference was also affected by this transition; originally planned as a located conference in Geelong, Australia, it was eventually held online, a first in ALA's conference history. The current paper engages with contemporary debates of language teaching and learning in two ways. Firstly, it traces recent discussions by presenting key findings from five papers given at the conference, and secondly, via a scoping review of literature focusing on critical lessons from the pandemic regarding language teaching and learning. The review captures recent research from the Australasian region. Key debates identified in the literature include the needs of teachers and learners during the transition to online learning, and how student engagement was affected. The literatures highlight that both educators and students have been developing new practices in teaching and learning resulting from the shift to online and blended modes, which may continue to shape language education and new pedagogies in the future.

We analyze the role of institutional founding conditions and institutional legacy for universities' self-representation in terms of diversity. Based on 374 universities located in the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, and Poland, we can differentiate between a more idealistic understanding (logic of inclusion and equality) and a more market-oriented understanding (market logic) of diversity. Our findings show that the founding phase has no significant effect on the likelihood of a university focusing on a market-oriented understanding of diversity--however, we observe an imprinting effect with respect to the adoption of a diversity statement in general and an equity-oriented statement. Moreover, our findings show that there is a socialistic heritage for universities in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries that is at work and still influences universities' understandings of diversity today.

France’s reaction to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine was initially conciliatory. However, the current French President’ statements, Macron, gradually changed, suggesting a potential shift in France's stance. The French president recently suggested troops could be sent to Ukraine to fight the Russians, a move that could significantly impact the course of the war. Our paper aims to address this possibility. How feasible would this be from a military perspective? Second, are there any other relevant political actors that will support it? Third, why has Paris changed its position to such a radical stance? We start from the theoretical design of realist constructivism. Postcolonial theories and the concept of locked-in path dependence supported this research. The methods follow the path of historical synthesis, discourse analysis of key political actors, and text analysis of defense white papers. Quantitative military variables are used to understand France’s and the EU’s military-industrial complex capabilities and assess its potential. The collapse of France’s neocolonial empire in Africa and Russia’s growing influence in the region partially explains Macron’s discourse change. This is correlated with the need to follow a more independent European security policy and the worsening military situation in Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper utilises Stephanie Paterson's empathic policy analysis framework as it explores the discursive co nstruction of political leadership. The research focuses on the empathy French President Emmanuel Macron used during his public speech, delivered on October 12, 2023. The study identifies two emotional discourses that shape this representation of empathetic political leadership. The article analyses the assumptions underpinning this representation and the silences (that which has been left unspoken or implied) associated with it, as well as important implications for people's lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the relationship between exile and migration as reflected in a case study of biblical exegesis in modern Jewish thought. I consider the place of the biblical figure of Joseph in an early text by Léon Askenazi (also known as Manitou), a North African kabbalist and French intellectual, and a key spiritual leader of Francophone Jewry in the second half of the twentieth century. The paper begins by locating Askenazi within the mass migration, or "repatriation", of the Algerian Jewish community to metropolitan France. I then examine and analyze the reinterpretation of Joseph in an early and unpublished text by Askenazi. I show how Askenazi's explication departs from a common reading of the Joseph story by recasting it as a positive diasporic narrative with direct contemporary implications. I argue that during Askenazi's early years in Paris, he sought to offer a "Josephic" model for Jewish life in postwar France, a model which also functioned as an alternative to the Zionist ethos of the negation of exile. The paper's conclusion reflects on how Askenazi's ideas may speak to conversations on religion and immigration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Obtaining vascular access is crucial in critically ill patients. The EZ‐IO® device is easy to use and has a high insertion success rate. Therefore, the use of intraosseous vascular access (IOVA) has gradually increased. Aim: We aim to determine how IOVA was integrated into management of vascular access during out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) resuscitation. Methods: Analysing the data from the OHCA French registry for events occurring between 1 January 2013 and 15 March 2021, we studied: demography, circumstances of occurrence and management including vascular access, delays and evolution. The primary outcome was the rate of IOVA implantation. Results: Among the 7156 OHCA included in the registry, we analysed the 3964 (55%) who received cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The vascular access was peripheral in 3122 (79%) cases, intraosseous in 775 (20%) cases and central in 12 (<1%) cases. The use of IOVA has increased linearly (R2 = 0.61) during the 33 successive trimesters studied representing 7% of all vascular access in 2013 and 33% in 2021 (p = 0.001). It was significantly more frequent in traumatic cardiac arrest: 12% versus 5%; p < 0.0001. The first epinephrine bolus occurred significantly later in the IOVA group, at 6 (4–10) versus 5 (3–8) min; p < 0.0001. Survival rate in the IOVA group was significantly lower, at 1% versus 7%; p < 0.0001. Conclusion: The insertion rate of IOVA significantly increased over the studied period, to reach 30% of all vascular access in the management OHCA patients. The place of the intraosseous route in the strategy of venous access during the management of prehospital cardiac arrest has yet to be determined. Summary statement: What is already known about this topic? How the intraosseous vascular access was integrated into the vascular approach during the medical resuscitation of out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest remains unknown What this paper adds? The use of intraosseous access strongly increased (more than 400%) between 2013 and 2021, exceeding 30% of all vascular access in OHCA in 2021.The outcome of OHCA patients treated with intraosseous access was less favourable. The implications of this paper: The use of intraosseous venous access increased despite the lack of evidence supporting this practice.More studies are required to precisely determine the place of the intraosseous route and its impact on the prognosis of cardiac arrest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Changing the food environment is an important public health lever for encouraging sustainable food choices. Targeting the availability of vegetarian main meals served in cafeterias substantially affects food choice, but acceptability has never been assessed. We examined the effects of an availability intervention at a French university cafeteria on students' main meal choices, meal offer satisfaction and liking. Methods: A four-week controlled trial was conducted in a university cafeteria in Dijon, France. During the two-week control period, vegetarian main meals constituted 24% of the offer. In the subsequent two-week intervention period, this proportion increased to 48%, while all the other menu items remained unchanged. Students were not informed of the change. Student choices were tracked using production data, and daily paper ballots were used to assess student satisfaction with the meal offer and liking of the main meal they chose (score range [1;5]). Nutritional quality, environmental impact, and cost of production of meal choices were calculated for each lunchtime. Food waste was measured over 4 lunchtimes during control and intervention periods. An online questionnaire collected student feedback at the end of the study. Results: Doubling availability of vegetarian main meals significantly increased the likelihood of choosing vegetarian options (OR = 2.57, 95% CI = [2.41; 2.74]). Responses of the paper ballots (n = 18,342) indicated slight improvements in meal offer satisfaction from 4.05 ± 0.92 to 4.07 ± 0.93 (p = 0.028) and in liking from 4.09 ± 0.90 to 4.13 ± 0.92 (p < 0.001) during control and intervention periods, respectively. The end-of-study questionnaire (n = 510) revealed that only 6% of students noticed a change the availability of vegetarian main meals. The intervention led to a decrease in the environmental impact of the main meals chosen, a slight decrease in nutritional quality, a slight increase in meal costs and no change in food waste. Conclusions: Doubling availability of vegetarian main meals in a university cafeteria resulted in a twofold increase in their selection, with students reporting being more satisfied and liking the main meals more during the intervention period. These results suggest that serving an equal proportion of vegetarian and nonvegetarian main meals could be considered in French university cafeterias to tackle environmental issues. Trial registration: Study protocol and analysis plan were pre-registered on the Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/pf3x7/). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2018, the French Government announced two strategic documents titled "French Strategy in the Indo-Pacific" (La stratégie de la France dans l'Indopacifique) and the "French Defense Strategy in the Indo-Pacific (La Stratégie de Defense Française en Indo-Pacifique). It mainly contained France's extraterritorial vision of the Indo-Pacific and underlined France as the "genuine Indo-Pacific power." The publication of the strategic document that follows a series of speeches by the French President Macron coincides with the height of the geopolitical contest between China and the United States that defined themselves as the "Indo-Pacific great power" and brought France, previously an outlier in the region and lesser power, as an independent key player within the contest. This situation raised a question on the consideration of France in forming a separate Indo-Pacific narrative and initiative despite its bilateral alliance with the United States and through the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). This paper attempts to shed light on France's strategic concerns, including its independent perspective in defining its transcontinental interest in the Indo-Pacific region, particularly in strategic sectors such as economics, defense and security, and maritime development. Consequently, this paper argues that, by looking into the French foreign policy tradition of maintaining its identity of being part of the West while avoiding a total alignment with the United States on foreign policy issues, French endeavors in the Indo-Pacific are designed to give France more independent foreign policy initiatives in the region. From its perspective, France also tries to avoid any enigmatic situation in the Indo-Pacific that might rise along with the upcoming great power competition between the United States and China--that may impact French national interest -- by trying to balance its relations with both superpowers while also spreading its influence independently to emerging Indo-Pacific countries, most notably India and Indonesia, by leveraging its mature armament industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amidst the global energy crisis in 2022, the Spanish and Portuguese governments introduced a subsidy to natural gas ("the Iberian exception"), attempting to lower the wholesale electricity market prices, with the understanding that gas-fired-combined cycle gas turbines (CCGTs) are price-setting technologies most of the time, directly or indirectly. The subsidy succeeded in lowering the market price but induced several other effects, such as (1) the increase in cleared energy in the Spanish market (mostly produced with gas), (2) the bias in the import/export cross-border position between Spain and France (Spain became a net exporter to France immediately), or (3) the consequent increase in congestion rents, which serve to lightly finance the subsidy, among other effects. This paper provides a framework for clustering the different effects based on the market participation phases: the subsidy, the market bidding, the market results, and surplus and rents. Moreover, this paper builds on the theoretical market models, with and without subsidies, and with and without cross-border exchanges. Based on the real market bids, the subsidies, and the generators' data, we reconstruct the supply and demand curves and simulate the counterfactual market scenarios in order to illustrate and quantify the effects. We highlight the quantification of the theoretical effect of the transfer of rents, from non-fossil to fossil fuel producers, induced by the gas subsidy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the atmosphere, aerosols can originate from numerous sources, leading to the mixing of different particle types. This paper introduces an approach to the partitioning of aerosol mixtures in terms of backscattering coefficients. The method utilizes data collected from the Mie–Raman–fluorescence lidar, with the primary input information being the aerosol backscattering coefficient (β), particle depolarization ratio (δ), and fluorescence capacity (GF). The fluorescence capacity is defined as the ratio of the fluorescence backscattering coefficient to the particle backscattering coefficient at the laser wavelength. By solving a system of equations that model these three properties (β , δ and GF), it is possible to characterize a three-component aerosol mixture. Specifically, the paper assesses the contributions of smoke, urban, and dust aerosols to the overall backscattering coefficient at 532 nm. It is important to note that aerosol properties (δ and GF) may exhibit variations even within a specified aerosol type. To estimate the associated uncertainty, we employ the Monte Carlo technique, which assumes that GF and δ are random values uniformly distributed within predefined intervals. In each Monte Carlo run, a solution is obtained. Rather than relying on a singular solution, an average is computed across the whole set of solutions, and their dispersion serves as a metric for method uncertainty. This methodology was tested using observations conducted at the ATOLL (ATmospheric Observation at liLLe) observatory, Laboratoire d'Optique Atmosphérique, University of Lille, France. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

First Person is a series of interviews with the first authors of a selection of papers published in Journal of Cell Science, helping researchers promote themselves alongside their papers. Anne Rosfelter is first author on 'Reduction of cortical pulling at mitotic entry facilitates aster centration', published in JCS. Anne conducted the research described in this article while a PhD student in Alex McDougall's lab at Laboratoire Biologie du De'veloppement (LBDV), Villefranche-sur-Mer, France. She is now a post-doctoral researcher in the lab of Yu-Chiun Wang at the RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, Japan, investigating the spatial organization of cells and tissue through studying the cytoskeleton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2019, Zolgensma, a gene therapy for patients suffering from Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA), became famous for being 'the most expensive drug ever'. Its high price was justified by 'the value' that the drug will bring to patients and society, illustrating a rationale that has come to be known as value-based pricing. This paper builds on the literature in valuation studies and economic sociology, and on the debates that the case of Zolgensma triggered in France, to provide a conceptual and empirical analysis of a value-based formulation of prices. We argue that formulating prices out of value produces an orientation towards the future which has epistemic and political consequences. We analyse Zolgensma's value-based price as a composite of narratives and calculations that operates as a regulatory tool, a contractual arrangement, and an object of expertise. In these different settings, its distinctive temporality questions the commensurability of estimated benefits and desirable futures, the treatment of uncertainty, and the relevance of past costs and future value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last decades, scholars have increasingly called for the 'deterritorialization' of the notion of citizenship. The realities concerning citizenship have changed with new expressions of transnationalism. However, whereas the main body of research has focused on the transnational aspects of citizenship among migrants in the form of their transnational political practices and dual nationalities, their descendants have received far less attention. This paper examines the political practices of Kurdish migrants' descendants in France and Germany and their narratives of identity and citizenship. We employ migrant descendants' political activism as an empirical entry point to gain insight into the meanings they attach to citizenship. The paper draws from two qualitative datasets collected in France (2015–2017) and Germany (2015–2023) with individuals of Kurdish background, who were born to migrant families arriving from Turkey in the 1980s and 1990s. The findings show that national contexts – both in grandparents'/parents' country of departure and the country of arrival – and the transnational, diasporic and even supranational space (EU) shape migrant descendants' political activism, identity construction and consequently resonate in the meanings they attach to citizenship. This study highlights the need to approach migrants' descendants as transnational citizens in their own right. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper brings to the attention of researchers the morphological changes of metal oxides, which appear as a result of the process of physical solar vapor deposition (SPVD) based on experiments carried out at the CNRS-PROMES laboratory, UPR 8521, belonging to the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS). The SPVD process is an innovative tool who has been developed in 2 kW solar furnaces at Odeillo-Font Romeu, France, to synthesis pure and doped nanoparticles, such as: ZnO, CeO2, ZrO2, BiO2, SiO. A variety of metal oxides nanoparticles have been obtained by focusing solar energy on pellets of commercial powders through the controlled process of vaporization followed by condensation directed on a cooper tube or on nanoporous filter. After the micrograph analysis the change of shape and dimension can be observed depending on the type of oxide and the process parameters. It is noticed the appearance of new morphologies, not found in other synthesis methods. The paper brings new information about morphological and dimensional changes after synthesis by physical process which can be essential for researchers, in the choice of methods for the elaboration of nanomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extreme winter cold temperatures in Europe have huge societal impacts on society. Being able to simulate worst-case scenarios of such events for present and future climates is hence crucial for short and long-term adaptation. In this paper, we are interested in low-probability cold events, whose probability is deemed to decrease with climate change. Large ensembles of simulations allow to better analyse the mechanisms and characteristics of such events, but can require a lot of computational resources. Rather than simulating very large ensembles of normal climate trajectories, rare event algorithms allow sampling the tail of distributions more efficiently. Such algorithms have been applied to simulate extreme heat waves. They have emphasized the role of atmospheric circulation in such extremes. The goal of this study is to evaluate the dynamics of extreme cold spells simulated by a rare event algorithm. We focus first on winter cold temperatures that have occurred in France from 1950 to 2021. We investigate winter mean temperatures in France (December, January, and February) and identify a record-shattering event in 1963. We find that, although the frequency of extreme cold spells decreases with time, their intensity is stationary. We applied a stochastic weather generator approach with importance sampling, to simulate the coldest winters that could occur in a factual and counterfactual climate. We hence simulated ensembles of worst winter cold spells that are consistent with reanalyses. We find that a few simulations reach colder temperatures than the record-shattering event of 1963. The atmospheric circulation that prevails during those events is analyzed and compared to the observed circulation during the record-breaking events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The popularisation of legal knowledge is a critical issue for equal access to law and justice. Legal discourse has been justly criticised for its obscure terminology and convoluted phrasing, which notably led to the Plain Language Movement in English-speaking countries. In Canada, the concept of Plain Language has been applied to French since the 1980s due to the official policy of bilingualism, while the concept has only been recently discussed in France. In this paper, we examine the impact of Plain Language rewriting on legal phraseology in French popularisation contexts. The first aim of our study is to see if plain texts published in France contain more traces of legal phraseology than French Canadian texts. Our second objective is to determine if a 'phraseology of plain language' can be identified across genres and languages. To do this, we compare two corpora of expert-to-expert legal texts written in French—made up, respectively, of legislative texts published in France and judicial texts published by the Supreme Court of Canada—with two corpora of texts that are claimed to have been written in Plain French Language for a non-expert readership—texts that guide laypersons through legal and administrative processes in France and summaries of decisions by the Supreme Court of Canada. Using n-grams, we extract and discuss the patterns that emerge from the corpora. In particular, our analyses rely on the concept of 'lexico–grammatical patterns', defined as the minimal unit of meaningful text made up of recurrent sequences of lexical and grammatical items. We then identify a sample of recurring lexico–grammatical patterns and their discursive functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research project, reported in three parts, focuses on Henry Nock's 'screwless lock', or, as it is called in documents at the time of its manufacture, the 'Duke's Lock', in the most important production variant of this novel and sophisticated design. This is the 5.5in long 'Type 2' Duke's Lock, as fitted to the final design iteration of the Board of Ordnance's Duke of Richmond's Musket (DoRM), namely its rammer-to-the-muzzle (RTM) version. The three papers report the results of the first published systematic assessment of the Duke's Lock's interchangeability. No statement has yet been found in archival material to suggest that the lock is, or was considered to be, interchangeable, or that it has interchangeable components, but the authors of many secondary works think that it was, and therefore we set out to investigate this important matter systematically. This, the first paper, presents the findings of a five-lock component exchange experiment, which permits 20 component interchange tests. Measurements of key dimensions have also been made to assist in understanding the fits at which interchangeability was achieved. The exchange experiments establish that from 50% to 100% of the lock's small components are interchangeable, with two especially surprising results: all cocks exchange on the large centres of the locks (20/20 or 100%), and all sears which can be tested are found to exchange between bents (17/17 or 100%). Tests assessing the complete assembly of all components in the lock thickness direction, omitting problematic individual components, show success rates of 16/20 (80%) and 14/20 (70%). The results of this process are placed in a material context through metallographic analysis of components of a less well-preserved Board of Ordnance 5.5in Duke's Lock by Nock, and, for comparison, on an almost contemporary Board of Ordnance India Pattern Musket lock. The analysis has revealed that many components of the Duke's Lock are made of steel rather than wrought iron, and that, for the centres and some other key components, these steels were selected because their properties suited machine turning, and this reflects Nock's expert use of lathes within a factory that was using steam power by 1795. The analysis is supported by the disassembly and technical examination of some locks, including one that was partially completed, to analyse methods of construction. As regards archival sources, we have built upon Howard Blackmore's seminal paper of 1956 by discovering additional archival data in the Ordnance Bill books, specifically the records of transactions with Nock's executors after his death in 1804, to as late as 1808. This has allowed an improved understanding of the number of locks supplied and the uses to which they were put. The Ordnance Bill Books show that Nock delivered 12,010 Duke's Locks in only 29 months, between 4 July 1793 and 25 November 1795. Together the papers explore how Henry Nock was able to produce the remarkable figure of 12,010 interchangeable locks in 1793–95, five years before the production of 10,000 interchangeable locks was achieved in France by Honoré Blanc, who is widely regarded as the first in this field. Significantly, Nock's work also preceded that of Samuel Bentham, Mark Brunel and Henry Maudslay on the famous machines for making interchangeable components – in wood – for the blocks required for ships' rigging; the three principals began their work on this in 1799. The present three-part study not only firmly establishes Henry Nock's leading position in the field of firearm development but also as one of the pioneers of interchangeable manufacture at scale in engineering more widely, both nationally and internationally. Part 2 uses studies of the marks on a sample of 25 locks to reveal more about the manufacturing system for Duke's Lock and how the people within the system were organised. The final paper, Part 3, discusses the small changes in design and inspection made during and after production that are revealed in the earlier Parts, and also how the design of George Bolton's later patent lock was influenced by Nock's work and the experience of his workmen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One of the fundamental pillars of integrating a palliative approach in nursing home care is increasing professional competencies and institutional capacity. However, conventional training designs have been proven to fall short of supporting this integration. This paper details the results of a practice development intervention that used critical companionship as a learning design to facilitate the integration of a palliative approach in the care of nursing home residents in France. Objectives: This study aimed to explore the perceived outcomes of Padi-Palli critical companionship in supporting the integration of a palliative approach in the care of residents in nursing homes in France. Design: Qualitative multiple case study situated within a constructivist theoretic lens. Methods: This qualitative multiple case study is part of a larger interventional mixed-method study. Nurses with palliative care clinical expertise facilitated experiential learning with nursing home professionals for 10 months spread across three phases. At the end of the intervention, a purposive sampling method was used to select professionals from six nursing homes that participated, including leaders and critical companions. Focus groups and individual interviews were used to collect data between February 2023 and March 2024. Data analysis followed Braun and Clarke's reflexive thematic analysis. Results: Four interrelated themes explained how Padi-Palli critical companionship enhanced the palliative care competencies of professionals, improved nursing home palliative care practices, supported organisational practices for palliative care and facilitated collaborative learning at the bedside. The collaborative and co-creative principles that informed the delivery of the Padi-Palli critical companionship program facilitated a culture shift towards integrating a palliative approach in resident care at individual, team and organisational levels. Conclusion: Critical companionship offers an innovative practice development approach that can support the delivery of timely palliative care for residents in nursing homes. Trial registration: ID-RCB 2020-A01832-37. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Assessing frailty from middle age onward offers valuable insights into predicting healthcare expenditures throughout the life cycle. Objectives: This paper examines the use of physical frailty as an indicator of healthcare demand across all age groups. The originality of this work lies in extending the analysis of frailty indicators beyond the typical focus on individuals under 50 years old to include those in mid-life and older. Methods: For this study, we used a database where frailty was measured in 2012 in a sample of individuals aged 15 to over 90. These individuals were tracked for their healthcare expenditures from 2012 to 2016. Results: Among the sample of 6928 individuals, frailty in 2012 resulted in a statistically significant increase in costs at the 5% level for the population aged 15 to 65. We applied multilevel linear regression models with year fixed effects, controlling for demographic factors, education level, precarity, social dimensions, lifestyle factors (e.g., vegetable consumption), physical activity, emotional well-being, and medical history. A Hausman test was conducted to validate the model choice. For mortality rate analysis, Cox models were used. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that physical frailty provides valuable information for understanding its impact on healthcare expenditure. The effect of frailty on mortality is particularly significant for the elderly population. Moreover, frailty is a predictor of healthcare costs not only in older adults but also across the entire life cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Once part of the French colonial empire, the Sahel region played an important role in France's Africa policy. All French presidents had their specific approach towards the region. Emanuel Macron, with his 2017 speech on the Sorbonne even claimed that the Sahel is not just important for France but the European Union as a whole. But the Europeanisation went hand in hand with serious French commitment too. Since Bamako's invitation France had a significant military presence in the region, which may have transformed over time, but remained in the region. However until 2022 the status quo remained similar, lines of fragmentation became more and more visible. The coup epidemic, and growing Russian influence in the Central Sahel affected French interventions too, leading to a large scale withdrawal from the region. The present paper attempts to capture these changes in the relations between France and the Central Sahel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the association between family formation and the labour market trajectories of immigrants' descendants over the life course. Using rich data from the Trajectories and Origins survey from France, we apply multilevel event history models to analyse the transitions in and out of employment for both men and women by parity. We account for unobserved co-determinants of childbearing and employment by applying a simultaneous-equations modelling. Our analysis shows that women's professional careers are negatively associated with childbirth. There are differences across descendant groups. The female descendants of Turkish immigrants are more likely to exit employment and less likely to re-enter employment following childbirth than women from other groups. The negative impact of childbearing on employment is slightly overestimated among women due to unobserved selection effects. Among men, the descendants of European immigrants are less likely to exit employment after having a child than other descendant groups. The study demonstrates the negative effect of childbearing on women's employment, which is pronounced for some minority groups suggesting the need for further policies to help women reconcile work with family life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This research paper aimed to study the legal structure of top-performing health governance systems and compare them with the Indonesian health social security system to identify the main differences and provide recommendations for Indonesian and other developing countries' health policymakers and administrators. Design/methodology/approach: Using formative research with a conceptual approach and statute approach as method in this study. Data was gathered using the document study technique, which studies various documents, especially legal documents related to health law, linked to legal purpose theories. Moreover, the World Health Organization ranking was considered to choose the two countries (France and Singapore) with a high social health security system for comparative analysis. All data collected has been analyzed using a qualitative and theoretical basis. Content analysis was performed by analyzing the legal documents, and the regulatory framework of all three countries was deeply analyzed to draw conclusions and recommendations. Findings: Indonesia has specific laws to implement a social security system in the health sector. However, the lack of the best medical facilities and infrastructure and weak implementation of existing laws were identified as major reasons behind the poor health security system compared to comparative countries. Also, as a developing nation Indonesian Government face budgetary pressures and huge population challenges to meet required standards. Thus, the financing approaches used by Singapore and France may help developing countries meet these challenges effectively. Therefore, there is a dire need to strengthen the social health security system all over the country with amendments to laws and ensure the implementation of prevailing laws and regulations. Practical implications: Providing understanding related to the social security health system in Indonesia along with a detailed description of the sound social health security system in France and Singapore will further provide an avenue for the researchers to critically analyze this line of study to devise some valuable suggestions further and to draw loopholes in the system. Originality/value: A comparative approach for legal studies in the health sector is rare. So, this research advanced the social security health system-related literature and legal studies on the health sector by using this comparative approach to develop policy insights and future research directions, which will further help the field to grow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of "transit" is an understudied phenomenon in migration studies. Transit is not necessarily a linear and unidirectional temporal movement from origin to destination countries, nor is it a clearly demarcated event in time and space. This article examines the complex dimensions of transit, that is, the geospatial, social, economic, psychological, and relational aspects that both shape and are being shaped by asylum seekers. Drawing on a unique qualitative phenomenological approach, the study utilizes an in-depth case narrative to trace and analyze the transit of Mamadou, a Guinean 26-year-old male asylum seeker in France. The salient themes of the narrative fall into five parts: (1) Triggers of transit; (2) Transit as a survival strategy; (3) The complex legal hurdles of asylum; (4) The politics of discomfort and dispersal; and (5) Acts of resistance. Throughout the narrative, an analytic lens is interwoven as informed by relevant literature. The results highlight how Mamadou's migration trajectory is characterized by various cycles of trauma, while he simultaneously employs survival, livelihood, and resistance strategies to confront and overcome these different forms of trauma. This paper highlights the much-needed call to depoliticize transit through adopting a pragmatic approach to asylum that promotes a virtuous cycle of policies, which contribute to the wellbeing and integration of asylum seekers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates how political challengers articulate new political divides in European political party systems and with what implications for representative democracy. Focusing on the case of France and the discourse and practices of Emmanuel Macron and Marine Le Pen, the paper identifies three strategies these actors have used to articulate a new political division beyond Left and Right: the discursive rejection of traditional Left/Right politics, the combination of elements from across the Left/Right divide and the identification of each other as opposite sides on a new cleavage. Our analysis also suggests that rather than addressing the democratic pathologies associated with the traditional Left/Right party system, this new divide has largely contributed to deepen them. Specifically, the new dichotomy carries risks in terms of representative deficits, electoral demobilisation and the further legitimation of illiberal politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a context of increasing urbanization, with strong soil sealing, and with an increase in extreme weather events, the management of rainwater in urban areas is becoming a major issue. In order to improve water resource management and to prevent urban floods, more and more cities are considering or already implementing water infiltration systems. Infiltration of water is not possible anywhere due to natural and/or anthropic reasons. In this frame, the intrinsic infiltration capacity of the subsurface is one key natural parameter. Global maps are needed to build territorial strategies. In France, a lot of studies are available but a national methodological framework for mapping this index does not exist. In this paper, we analyse various studies carried out in France for such mapping and compare the methods with examples in other countries. Most of the French studies combine a Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) and a Geographic Information System (GIS) spatial analysis. The criteria include geological, hydrogeological and geomorphological parameters. The PHOEBUS method developed on Rennes Metropolis seems the most relevant and replicable one to provide a common framework at French scale. It takes into account 7 criteria, including rock/soil permeability, topographic slope and thickness of the unsaturated zone. The obtained maps may be used as such, modified by integrating sealed surfaces or crossed with other criteria linked to the urban environment (e.g. sealed surfaces, soil pollution, heat islands). They provide a decision support tool for urban planning. In particular, they are useful to improve rainwater management, but also in the elaboration of desealing or renaturation strategies. It seems essential to act in concertation with local stakeholders to identify their needs and the specificities of the territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper gives thought to the exploitation of Niger's natural resources by France, the European Union (EU), and the United States (US), among other countries. The objective of this paper is to deconstruct the exploitation of Niger's uranium, gold, and coal, among other natural resources, and the surge in terrorism. This paper adopts qualitative secondary research as its methodology and resource curse theory as its theoretical framework. The gap that the paper bridges is that most research about the exploitation of Niger's natural resources and the rise in terrorism ignores the involvement of France among other Western countries. Findings that develop from this paper reveal that France has exploited Niger's natural resources since colonisation. Similarly, the EU and the US, among other countries, have been accomplices in the exploitation of Niger's natural resources. Additionally, Western countries, namely France, the EU, and the US, including Britain and Russia, have been involved in supporting administrations or terrorists that advance their interests in Niger, among other issues. Further results show that successive administrations in Niger and those that took control through the coup in July 2023 enjoy the support of the major global powers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines The diary from the border: Ventimiglia, an auto‐ethnographic comic based on intensive fieldwork in the Italian border city of Ventimiglia from September to December 2018. The primary objective of my empirical research was to explore the socio‐spatial effects of France's reintroduction of border controls in the area since 2015, mainly targeting irregular mobilities within the European Union (EU). This study presents the auto‐ethnographic comic by delving into two crucial aspects. Firstly, it illuminates the rationale behind utilising an auto‐ethnographic comic as a research output, shedding light on the creative process involved in its conception. Secondly, it explores its composite narrative plot, encompassing three key elements: 'me' (the researcher's personal experiences extending beyond the fieldwork), 'me in Ventimiglia' (the researcher's encounters during the fieldwork), and 'Ventimiglia itself' (the French‐Italian border regime). By fostering a trans‐disciplinary dialogue encompassing migration issues, comics and life course theory, this paper enriches the geographical debate in three significant ways. It recognises the profound impact of the researcher's life events in shaping both research experiences and outcomes within and beyond the fieldwork. Additionally, it underscores the importance of auto‐ethnographic comics in challenging dominant narratives and visually portraying the multifaceted experiences of migration. Lastly, it contributes to the ongoing discussion on visual methods within geography and advocates for using comics as a compelling tool to disseminate research findings, fostering empathy and a comprehensive understanding of migration experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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To reduce total test time and increase the efficiency of statistical analysis of a life-testing experiment adaptive progressive Type-II censoring scheme has been proposed. This paper addresses the statistical inference of the unknown parameters, reliability, and hazard rate functions of logistic exponential distribution under adaptive progressive Type-II censored samples. Maximum likelihood estimates (MLEs) and maximum product spacing estimates (MPSEs) for the model parameters, reliability, and hazard rate functions can not be obtained explicitly, hence these are derived numerically using the Newton–Raphson method. Bayes estimates for the unknown parameters and reliability and hazard rate functions are computed under squared error loss function (SELF) and linear exponential loss function (LLF). It has been observed that the Bayes estimates are not in explicit forms, hence an approximation method such as Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method is employed. Further, asymptotic confidence intervals (ACIs) and highest posterior density (HPD) credible intervals for the unknown parameters, reliability, and hazard rate functions are constructed. Besides, point and interval Bayesian predictions have been derived for future samples. A Monte Carlo simulation study has been carried out to compare the performance of the proposed estimates. Furthermore, three different optimality criteria have been considered to obtain the optimal censoring plan. Two real-life data sets, one from electronic industry and other one from COVID-19 data set containing the daily death rate from France are re-analyzed to demonstrate the proposed methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses inflation in France since the early 1960s based on a standard conflicting-claims approach. Applying an empirical version of the conflict-inflation framework, we adduce evidence suggesting the theory is sound and can explain variations in inflation over the long run. We provide a method for estimating indicators of workers' and firms' bargaining power as well as their respective distributional aspirations. Based on the literature we identify four periods: the Fordist regime, the Neoliberal regime, and two transitional periods. Our results cast light on institutional regime changes. It is shown that the evolution from the Great Inflation to the Great Moderation was the consequence of a collapse in the bargaining power of workers (and of firms to a lesser extent); but the narrowing of the aspirations' gap because of workers' renouncement was also significant. This analysis allows us to highlight differences between the stagflation observed during the 1970s and the inflationary surge in the post-pandemic period (2021–2023). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Russian invasion of Ukraine and the recognition of the rising challenge from China have resulted in a closer alignment of American, British and French strategic interests. This policy paper explores how the strategic relationship between the United States, the United Kingdom and France has evolved amid this changed threat environment. The Russia–Ukraine war exposed the limitations of France's policy of 'strategic autonomy' and reasserted the importance of an American role in European security. The war has re-focused attention upon the Lancaster House framework in which the UK and France have the potential to enhance their contribution to European defence. The UK still regards its 'special relationship' with the US as being of critical importance to its foreign policy. But the UK's diminishing military power makes it a less valuable ally to the US whose attention is increasingly upon the Indo-Pacific region. The paper argues that the alignment between the three countries has been closer over the Russian war in Ukraine compared to attitudes towards China, where tensions between France and the 'Anglo-Saxons' persist. France has been unwilling to adopt the American approach towards China and has stuck to its vision of a multipolar world. The AUKUS deal arranged between the US, UK and Australia had the effect of alienating France. The policy paper contends that the temporary alignment between US, UK and French interests will erode as long-standing conflicts of interest re-emerge. In particular, the unpredictability of US leadership will damage the trilateral relationship if Donald Trump regains the presidency in November 2024. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the design of a model predictive control (MPC) for the Calais canal, located in the north of France for satisfactory management of the system. To estimate the unknown inputs/outputs arising from the uncontrolled pumps, a digital twin (DT) in the framework of a Matlab- SIC2 is used to reproduce the dynamics of the canal, and the real database corresponding to a period of three days is employed to evaluate the control strategy. The canal is characterized by two operating modes due to high and low tides. As a consequence of this, time-varying constraints on the use of gates must be considered, which leads to the design of two multiobjective control problems, one for the high tide and another for the low tide. Furthermore, a moving horizon estimation (MHE) strategy is used to provide the MPC with unmeasured states. The simulation results show that the different objectives are met satisfactorily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analysis of the impact of the indoor classroom environment on students' learning efficiency. The research is based on a classroom smart monitoring and a questionnaire about the students' assessment of the comfort conditions and learning efficiency. Multisensor devices are used to measure the indoor temperature, relative humidity, and CO2 concentration at the students' desks. Data analysis concerned an investigation of the spatial and temporal variation of the comfort parameters and their correlation with students' assessment of comfort conditions and learning efficiency. The results show a significant spatial variation in the indoor comfort conditions, particularly for temperature and CO2 concentration. The indoor temperature could exceed by up to 5 °C, the temperature threshold limits value in France's public buildings. At the beginning of the class, the learning efficiency correlates well with the students' assessment of comfort conditions. At the end of the class, the results show a weak correlation with both recorded comfort parameters and the students' assessment of the indoor conditions. The results indicate a decrease in learning efficiency during the class. However, students do not mainly attribute this decrease to the degradation in indoor conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presented a national register for esophageal atresia (EA) started in January 2008. We report our experience about the conception of this database and its coordination. Data management and data quality are also detailed. In 2023, more than 2,500 patients with EA are included. Prevalence of EA in France was calculated at 1.8/10,000 live birth. Main clinical results are listed with scientific publications issued directly from the register. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dam removal has become one of the most widespread tools for river restoration; however, these projects can be conflictual. Our aim in this paper is to question the disconnection between the ecological project and the territorial project and to evaluate its role in the emergence of conflicts. Conceptually, we draw on a hydrosocial territory perspective to link the sociopolitical and economic context to the production of a new materiality sustained by power relationships. We focus on the removal of two large dams on the Sélune River in Normandy, France, which has fueled a conflict that has lasted for a decade. By combining multiple data sources (semi-directive interviews, focus group, archives), we highlight five successive and overlapping phases since the dams' construction at the beginning of the 20th century. Each of these periods are characterized by the (dis)empowerment of certain stakeholders, the evolution of the material environment, and the fluctuation of the hydrosocial territory scales. The case of the Sélune highlights the importance of including long-term historical perspectives in the concept of hydrosocial territory, i.e. thinking about hydrosocial heritages. Hydrosocial heritages constitute a new way to approach non-human actors by taking the historical and contemporary relationships between humans and non-humans into account. It also helps situate the dynamics of a conflict in a deeper historical process, revealing how past dynamics shape contemporary situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parameter estimation of photovoltaic (PV) solar cells and module models pays attention to researchers owing to their importance in practical considerations. The single diode model (SDM) circuit with five unknown parameters is widely used to model PV solar cells and modules. In this paper, a novel approach called alternate optimization (AO) algorithm based on a discrete search is proposed to estimate the SDM parameters. The proposed algorithm provides efficient and robust performance, considering a limited set of discrete values and increasing the convergence speed. Two practical case studies with actual measurements are considered to assess the proposed AO algorithm: the RTC France solar cell and monocrystalline PV modules with different irradiations and temperatures. The numerical findings underscore the superior performance of the proposed AO algorithm across various metrics. Notably, it achieves an exceptional Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 7.7426 × 10−04 for the RTC France PV cell and approximately 1 × 10−03 RMSE for monocrystalline PV modules. Additionally, the algorithm exhibits unparalleled speed, showcasing the fastest convergence with an elapsed time of 1.66 × 10−05—markedly 4.45 times quicker than the fastest method documented in the literature for SDM parameter estimation. Furthermore, the proposed AO algorithm stands out for its efficiency, requiring a maximum of five iterations for parameter estimation, a substantial improvement compared to the more than 10 iterations typically needed by algorithms in the existing literature. Its robustness is also commendable, as evidenced by the stability of final RMSE values across a variety of experiments, distinguishing it from less robust algorithms found in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While a rich literature investigates how and why NPOs use social media, research on why they differ in their social media adoption (SMA) is limited. In this paper we examine how NPOs' interorganizational partner portfolio characteristics can enable or constrain their adoption of social media, including blogs and videos, conventional social media (Facebook, Twitter...) and crowd-based platforms (crowdfunding and petitions). Based on a survey distributed to a sample of environmental NPOs in France, results indicate that NPOs having open networks, whose partners are physically distant, and that have more cross-sectoral partners have higher SMA. Network portfolio management can thus make up for a shortage of financial resources to invest in social media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares the effects of two different health taxes on soda consumption and the body mass index (BMI) of school children in Europe. Hungary imposed a comprehensive tax on several unhealthy products in 2011. In contrast, France introduced a tax on sodas with sugar or artificial sweeteners, in 2012. To evaluate these taxation designs, I use a flexible semi-parametric difference-in-differences (DID) approach. The results suggest a counter-intuitive increase in soda consumption caused by the tax in Hungary. The effect of the soda tax on soda consumption in France is insignificant. The BMI is not affected by any tax. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Veterinarians are a pivotal force in addressing animal health and welfare surveillance, with a critical role in improving public health security and increasing the profits of livestock farmers. Yet, the veterinary profession is adversely affected by personnel shortages, particularly in rural areas. Since the health of people, animals and their shared environment are interconnected in a One Health perspective, a set of policies are required to ensure public health by attraction and retention of veterinarians in rural areas. In France, a tutored internship programme, financially subsiding students and mentors to execute a training period in remote rural areas, was promoted to better integrate and retain veterinary students ending their veterinary training. This paper aims to evaluate how veterinarians' tutored internships influences students' choices for rural practice, using three different statistical methods derived from causal inference theory. Using survey data for the period 2016–2020, we show that: (i) the average effect of the tutored internship on veterinarians' work in food animal sector is not significant; and that (ii) the tutored internship leads veterinarians with a low share of work in the food animal sector to have a rural practise after they graduated between 13 and 20% greater than those who did not participate in the tutored internship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]