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The North Pacific distribution of coastal aleocharines has been explained as the result of either dispersal or vicariance. The rove beetle genus Psammostiba is a marine littoral group that occurs on the Pacific coasts of the Northern Hemisphere. We performed phylogenetic analysis of Psammostiba using molecular characters (4685 bp) to investigate their biogeographic patterns. The data were analysed using parsimony, Bayesian and maximum likelihood methods. Model‐based analyses showed the same pattern of Psammostiba species relationships, but parsimony analysis yielded different species relationships for the unresolved clade of Psammostiba. According to the reconstruction of the ancestral areas, both vicariance (two events) and dispersal (one event) have played roles in shaping its current distribution. Biogeographical analyses suggest that the common ancestor of Psammostiba occurred widely along the Pacific coasts of the Northern Hemisphere and underwent vicariance events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kapraunia is a genus recently segregated from Polysiphonia sensu lato, with only four species so far known. However, no species have been found on the South Atlantic coast. Recent collections in southwestern Brazil revealed specimens morphologically similar to Kapraunia spp. To investigate the identity of these specimens, we carried out a morphological and molecular study based on COI-5P and rbcL sequences. Phylogenetic analysis placed our samples within the genus Kapraunia as a new species with full support, described here as Kapraunia silviae sp. nov. K. silviae is recognizable by a combination of characters such as attachment by a basal disc and a prostrate system, branches developing laterally to the trichoblasts, 5–6 pericentral cells, rarely 4. The species differs from K. pentamera by the attachment form, segment proportions and tetrasporangial dimensions, and from K. schneideri by the number of pericentral cells, branch development and tetrasporangial arrangement. Re-examination of herbarium samples from Brazil in older collections also revealed misidentifications of K. silviae as “Carradoriella denudata”. This new species seems to be restricted to the Brazilian coast, being found only on the northern coast of São Paulo state. Our results reinforce the need for revision of Polysiphonia s.l. species on the Brazilian coast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aegla is a genus of freshwater anomuran crabs encompassing 94 described species occurring in meridional South America. Brazil harbours the greatest diversity of species, mainly in its southern region, which becomes a priority area for Aegla conservation due to high species richness and phylogenetic diversity, elevated endemism and threats to the Atlantic Forest. Here, we assessed Aegla richness and distribution in this priority area and tested the hypothesis of crypticism in the region's species. Sampling sites were distributed inside and in the surroundings of five protected areas, covering the major distribution range of several species described for southern Brazil. We applied three species delimitation methods to COI mitochondrial gene data, coupled with phylogenetic and morphological analyses. By integrating species delimitation based on the COI data and traditional taxonomy, we uncovered a high proportion of hidden diversity among Aegla in our study area and identified ten known species besides impressive 17 new putative species. Of these, eight are possible new taxonomic units that do not conform to any known species, and nine are divided into three cryptic groups: Aegla jarai complex, Aegla franciscana complex and Aegla camargoi complex. Most of these species have a narrow spatial distribution, making them highly vulnerable to habitat degradation. Despite the real richness of the genus still being largely unknown, the high diversity revealed here makes our study area the richest known region regarding the number of Aegla species within its distribution, making this area even more worthy for conservation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we focus on the identification of novel fungal peroxygenase gene belonging to the peroxidase-peroxygenase superfamily. We applied a metagenomic approach on soil samples from primeval forest and appropriate bioinformatics tools for analysis of obtained genomic DNA sequence. Peroxidases are ubiquitous metalloenzymes that are able to reduce reactive peroxides, mainly hydrogen peroxide, into water, whereas several substrates can be concomitantly oxidized during their catalytic reaction. Our purpose was to collect unique peroxygenase sequence data originating from a preserved biotope for a robust phylogenetic reconstruction of a particular gene family coding for highly versatile heme-thiolate peroxidases that has peculiar yet undiscovered representatives among ectomycorrhizal fungi. We identified unique DNA sequence, 812 bp long, from ectomycorrhizal Suillus species coding for a heme-thiolate peroxidase with 1 typical intron that appears distinctive for Carpathian forests. After translation in corresponding protein sequence 251 amino acids long we could identify typical signatures of this peroxygenase. On the proximal side of heme we found the conserved P-C-P triad responsible for efficient ligation of heme iron thus influencing the reactivity of this peroxidase. On the distal side we recognized the E-H-D-X-S-L motif for interaction with a stabilizing magnesium ion. Maximum likelihood reconstruction of protein phylogeny revealed with a high bootstrap support the presence of a monophyletic HTP4 clade originating in numerous Suillus representatives. Together with sister clades of edible Boletus and poisonous Paxillus containing diverse peroxygenases these newly discovered heme catalyst can be considered for application of oxyfunctionalization of organic molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integrated approach of molecular phylogenetic and morphological analyses has revolutionized the systematics and our understanding of the evolutionary relationships of marine taxa. One such group is the hexacorallian order Zoantharia Rafinesque, 1815. The monotypic genus Thoracactis Gravier, 1918 has been little investigated since its placement within the order Zoantharia more than 100 years ago. Here, we examined museum specimens collected from the Cape Verde Islands (eastern Atlantic) and newly collected specimens from Brazil (southwestern Atlantic), using a combined molecular and morphological approach. Our results conclusively show Thoracactis to be referable to the family Parazoanthidae. Morphological data show that Thoracactis topsenti Gravier, 1918, the type species of this monotypic genus, has a cyclically transitional arrangement of its sphincter muscle, and this arrangement has previously been reported from the Parazoanthidae. Thoracactis can be distinguished from other hexasterophoran glass-sponge-associated genera (Churabana Kise, Montenegro & Reimer, 2022, Parachurabana Kise, 2023, and Vitrumanthus Kise, Montenegro & Reimer, 2022) by a combination of morphological, ecological and molecular phylogenetic data. In addition, molecular phylogenetic analyses clearly indicate that Thoracactis topsenti is placed within Parazoanthidae. These results are yet another demonstration of the utility of comprehensive combined approaches. From now, research attention should focus on the revision of remaining taxonomic questions within the family Epizoanthidae, with the goal of a comprehensively revised suborder Macrocnemina within reach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biotic exchanges between Taiwan and Mainland China have shaped the biodiversity and ecosystems of both regions. Exchanges from Mainland China to Taiwan have received more attention, mainly studied in terrestrial vertebrates, while the reverse direction and invertebrates have largely been overlooked. Here, we explore the dispersal events between these two regions based on the moths of three species groups of Obeidia, including Taiwan taxa and its relatives from mainland. We conducted mixed methods and analysis, including reconstructing a phylogenetic tree, estimating associated divergence times and inferring ancestral areas and source regions, to explore the phylogeographical structure and genetic pattern of three groups based on eight genes. Our results revealed a structure of three clades and every clade included at least one Taiwanese taxa and its closest relatives of mainland of China, and also served Taiwan as an important source region of two mainland taxa. Our study revealed various origin pattern and dispersal models on the basis of three species groups of Obeidia. Bi‐directional biotic exchange via a land bridge were found: four Taiwanese taxa originated from mainland, and two of them migrated back to mainland. Both eastern Himalayas and south China are important origin areas for Taiwan biota, and the dominant source region may need multiple insect cases to confirm. Our study also provided evidences for disjunct distribution from the perspective of insecta molecular phylogeny. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural history collections worldwide house billions of specimens, representing one of the most globally important biobanks. In recent years, the advent of next‐generation sequencing has significantly reduced the challenges of obtaining considerable genetic information from historical museum specimens. Crickets in the Australian tribe Eurepini Robillard are a good example of a taxon in which such museomic data have particularly strong potential to advance systematic knowledge, because comprehensive sampling requires decades of work over a very wide area. The tribe currently comprises 64 described species in five genera. Previous studies conflict in the generic relationships inferred for this tribe, all of which are poorly resolved, being based on limited data and sampling. In addition, there has so far been no systematic research for this tribe with extensive taxon sampling, and therefore, the consequence for genus boundaries remains to be investigated. To investigate phylogenetic relationships within Eurepini, we first applied the genome skimming approach to obtain molecular data from a comprehensive sample of Eurepini museum specimens. Of the 69 specimens sampled representing 61 described species, mainly including holotype specimens, we obtained 50 complete and 11 partially complete mitogenomes. Three nuclear genes (H3, 18S, and 28S) were also partially recovered for nearly all of these specimens. Phylogenetic analyses performed with mitogenomes plus three nuclear genes using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference generated well‐supported and highly congruent topologies. Eurepini was strongly recovered monophyletic with eight well‐defined groups. These groups are used to revise the systematics of the tribe based on a combination of molecular phylogenetics and morphology. The phylogenetic results support the current definition of three genera (Eurepa Walker, Arilpa Otte & Alexander and Eurepella Otte & Alexander), lead us to redefine three genera (Salmanites Chopard, Napieria Baehr and Piestodactylus Saussure), and define and describe two new genera: Miripella Robillard, Tan & Su gen.nov. and Arrakis Robillard, Tan & Su gen.nov. Our results reinforce the importance of natural history collections as a repository for information on biodiversity and genetics, and provide the first comprehensive and robust phylogenetic framework for future systematic and evolutionary studies of Eurepini. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Baikal amphipods are one of the most unique freshwater species flocks of over 350 morphological species and subspecies playing multiple ecological roles in this ancient lake. However, molecular phylogeny studies accumulate evidence that this number is underestimated. Previously, we showed that an abundant littoral species Eulimnogammarus verrucosus comprised at least three genetic lineages: southern (S), western (W), and eastern (E), inhabiting corresponding parts of Baikal shore. The Angara River is the only outflow of the lake and is inhabited by amphipods originating from Baikal, which were previously analysed only morphologically. The river has parts with strong current or closed bays as opposed to sea‐like conditions of Lake Baikal, which raises the question of which species were able to adapt here. Here we studied the phylogeny of E. verrucosus from the Angara River, which could be reached by two lineages, S and W. We analysed 17 sites from 0.6 to 650 km from the outflow. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and 18S rRNA analysis showed that the sites closest to Baikal were inhabited by the S and W lineages sympatrically. The other sites were inhabited by the S lineage at both banks and also by the novel A (Angara) lineage. The A lineage was the first to split up from the last common ancestor of all E. verrucosus. Our data confirm the importance of considering cryptic diversity in ecological monitoring, and in order to simplify the identification of the genetic lineage, we developed a web‐app speCOIdent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Varroa mites, notorious for parasitizing honeybees, are generally classified as Varroidae. Their extremely modified morphologies and behaviors have led to debates regarding their phylogenetic position and classification as an independent family. In this study, two different datasets were employed to reconstruct the phylogenies of Varroa mites and related Laelapidae species: (1) 9257 bp from the whole 13 mitochondrial protein-coding genes of 24 taxa, (2) 3158 bp from 113 taxa using Sanger sequencing of four nuclear loci. Both mitochondrial and nuclear analyses consistently place Varroa mites within the Laelapidae. Here we propose to place Varroa mites in the subfamily Varroinae stat. nov., which represents a highly morphologically adapted group within the Laelapidae. Ancestral state reconstructions reveal that bee-associated lifestyles evolved independently at least three times within Laelapidae, with most phoretic traits originating from free-living ancestors. Our revised classification and evolutionary analyses will provide new insight into understanding the Varroa mites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evolution of novelty is a central theme in evolutionary biology, yet studying the origins of traits with an apparently discontinuous origin remains a major challenge. Venom systems are a well-suited model for the study of this phenomenon because they capture several aspects of novelty across multiple levels of biological complexity. However, while there is some knowledge on the evolution of individual toxins, not much is known about the evolution of venom systems as a whole. One way of shedding light on the evolution of new traits is to investigate less specialised serial homologues, i.e. repeated traits in an organism that share a developmental origin. This approach can be particularly informative in animals with repetitive body segments, such as centipedes. Results: Here, we investigate morphological and biochemical aspects of the defensive telopodal glandular organs borne on the posterior legs of venomous stone centipedes (Lithobiomorpha), using a multimethod approach, including behavioural observations, comparative morphology, proteomics, comparative transcriptomics and molecular phylogenetics. We show that the anterior venom system and posterior telopodal defence system are functionally convergent serial homologues, where one (telopodal defence) represents a model for the putative early evolutionary state of the other (venom). Venom glands and telopodal glandular organs appear to have evolved from the same type of epidermal gland (four-cell recto-canal type) and while the telopodal defensive secretion shares a great degree of compositional overlap with centipede venoms in general, these similarities arose predominantly through convergent recruitment of distantly related toxin-like components. Both systems are composed of elements predisposed to functional innovation across levels of biological complexity that range from proteins to glands, demonstrating clear parallels between molecular and morphological traits in the properties that facilitate the evolution of novelty. Conclusions: The evolution of the lithobiomorph telopodal defence system provides indirect empirical support for the plausibility of the hypothesised evolutionary origin of the centipede venom system, which occurred through functional innovation and gradual specialisation of existing epidermal glands. Our results thus exemplify how continuous transformation and functional innovation can drive the apparent discontinuous emergence of novelties on higher levels of biological complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the most comprehensive molecular phylogeny of scuttle flies (Diptera: Phoridae) to date based on seven genetic loci—four protein‐coding genes: arginine kinase (AK), carbamoylphosphate synthase 2 domain of CAD (rudimentary; CAD2), cytochrome oxidase I (CO1), NADH1 dehydrogenase (ND1) and three ribosomal DNAs: 12S, 18S and 28S. Our analyses include 122 species including nine outgroup taxa and 113 phorids (representing 61 genera). Phylogenetic relationships based on the approximately 5.3 kb of sequence data were inferred by maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. Results are broadly congruent with recent morphological phylogenies of the group, with some significant exceptions. Our data support the monophyletic Sciadocerinae as sister to the remainder of the family. However, we found Ctenopleuriphora Liu to be sister to Phorinae with low support, and subfamilies Chonocephalinae and Termitoxeniinae are placed deep within Phorinae, and their monophyly is not consistently recovered. Our dating analyses indicate a lower Cretaceous origin of Phoridae at 120.8 Ma (125.4–111.2 Ma). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tagiadini and Celaenorrhinini, two closely related groups of skippers in the subfamily Pyrginae, are mainly distributed across the Oriental, Palaearctic and African regions. While some efforts have been made to explore the phylogenetic relationships within Tagiadini and Celaenorrhinini, several unresolved issues still persist. In this study, we sequenced 13 complete mitochondrial genomes from Tagiadini and Celaenorrhinini. Additionally, we extracted nuclear genes CAD, EF‐1α, IDH, MDH, RPS5 and Wingless from the public database. Through comparative analysis, we gained insights into the structure of these newly sequenced mitogenomes. Furthermore, we constructed a comprehensive phylogenetic tree for Tagiadini and Celaenorrhinini, integrating the newly obtained mitochondrial genomes and nuclear genes with previously published mitogenomes and data from the sequence read archive (SRA). The total length of the mitochondrial genomes of the 13 skipper species ranged from 15,228 bp (Seseria sambara indosinica) to 15,431 bp (Pseudocoladenia festa). The newly sequenced genomes featured the standard set of 13 protein‐coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), 2 ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs) and a non‐coding A + T‐rich region implicated in replication initiation. The phylogenetic analysis encompassing all mitochondrial and nuclear gene data consistently upheld the monophyly of genera within the tribes Tagiadini and Celaenorrhinini. Most of the intergeneric relationships identified in our study agreed with recent genomic discoveries, showing enhanced nodal support values in some cases. Lastly, we estimated the divergence of the Tagiadini + Celaenorrhinini branch at approximately 44.06 million years ago (Ma) during the middle Eocene epoch. The crown ages of Tagiadini and Celaenorrhinini were estimated at approximately 41.69 Ma and 38.49 Ma, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beauveria bassiana (Bal.-Criv.) is an important entomopathogenic fungus being used for the management of various agricultural pests worldwide. However, all strains of B. bassiana may not be effective against whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, or other pests, and strains show diversity in their growth, sporulation, virulence features, and overall bioefficacy. Thus, to select the most effective strain, a comprehensive way needs to be devised. We studied the diversity among the 102 strains of B. bassiana isolated from 19 insect species based on their physiological features, virulence, and molecular phylogeny, to identify promising ones for the management of B. tabaci. Strains showed diversity in mycelial growth, conidial production, and their virulence against B. tabaci nymphs. The highest nymphal mortality (2nd and 3rd instar) was recorded with MTCC-4511 (95.1%), MTCC-6289 (93.8%), and MTCC-4565 (89.9%) at a concentration of 1 × 106 conidia ml−1 under polyhouse conditions. The highest bioefficacy index (BI) was in MTCC-4511 (78.3%), MTCC-4565 (68.2%), and MTCC-4543 (62.1%). MTCC-4511, MTCC-4565, and MTCC-4543 clustered with positive loading of eigenvalues for the first two principal components and the cluster analysis also corresponded well with PCA (principal component analysis) (nymphal mortality and BI). The molecular phylogeny could not draw any distinct relationship between physiological features, the virulence of B. bassiana strains with the host and location. The BI, PCA, and square Euclidean distance cluster were found the most useful tools for selecting potential entomopathogenic strains. The selected strains could be utilized for the management of the B. tabaci nymphal population in the field through the development of effective formulations. Key points: • 102 B. bassiana strains showed diversity in growth and virulence against B. tabaci. • Bioefficacy index, PCA, and SED group are efficient tools for selecting potential strains. • MTCC-4511, 4565, and 4543 chosen as the most virulent strains to kill whitefly nymphs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Brazilian Atlantic Forest, one the five main biodiversity hotspots in the world, still houses many organisms that are rare and unknown to science, mostly concentrated in mountain ranges. Herein, we describe a rare new species of Cambeva from the Rio Tietê drainage at the Serra da Mantiqueira, exhibiting a caudal fin color pattern comprising a light-yellowish–white bar posteriorly edged by a black pigmented area. A similar color pattern was described for C. castroi, C. diabola, and C. melanoptera, also endemic to the Rio Paraná basin, and considered evidence of close relationships among these three species. However, other morphological characteristics highly suggest that the new species is not closely related to C. castroi, C. diabola, and C. melanoptera). Herein, we perform a molecular phylogenetic analysis using two mitochondrial genes and one nuclear gene, including all species with that bicolored caudal pattern. The analysis strongly supports the new species as a member of the alpha-clade, and therefore as distantly related to those three species belonging to the beta-clade, indicating that this color pattern has homoplastically arisen in Cambeva. The data reported here reinforce the urgent need for field studies to better understand the different evolutionary patterns found in the genus, since an intense process of environmental degradation is in course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

So far, Rubrioxytricha guamensis Kumar et al. 2018 is known only from the type locality, namely Guam, USA. Recently, another isolate was recorded from a freshwater habitat in China that is 3500 km from the type locality. Its morphology and molecular phylogeny were investigated using live observation, protargol staining and ribosomal gene sequencing methods. The morphology of the present isolate of R. guamensis corresponds well with that of the type population despite a broad range of morphometric data in the Chinese population. Conspecificity of the two populations is supported by 99.9% 18S rRNA gene sequence similarity. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that these two populations of R. guamensis group together and cluster within the genus. The present study contributes to understanding the wide distribution of the species and helps to circumscribe the species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mermithid parasitoids are well known to infect spiders; however, their impact on hosts and their taxonomic identity are still poorly analyzed. We present the first record of a mermithid nematode infection in the spider genera Piratula (Lycosidae) and Coelotes (Agelenidae), and in the species Alopecosa pulverulenta and Pardosa paludicola (Lycosidae). We describe the maldevelopment of the spiders' female genitalia induced by the parasitoid and summarize data on the impact of nematode parasitoids on spider development and behaviour. Phylogenetic analysis, based on the 18S rDNA, showed that spider parasitoidism arose independently in different branches of the phylogenetic tree of the family Mermithidae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mesothelae, or primitively segmented trapdoor spiders, form the most basal clade among living spiders. In Southeast Asia, Liphistius is the only genus recognized in the extant family Liphistiidae. Liphistius taxonomy and species identification are based largely on characters of the genitalia; however, the female genitalia show high intraspecific variation, males are rarely collected, and the phylogenetic relationships among the 69 described Liphistius species are unresolved. Here, we focused on the Liphistius of Thailand, including 37 described and numerous undescribed species in four species groups. We generated sequences from five loci (COI , 16S, H3 , 28S, and ITS2) for 162 specimens from 52 sites in Thailand and Myanmar to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships, infer historical biogeography, and delimit species. The five-locus data set resolved nearly all species and species group relationships and was mostly congruent with morphology-based classifications. Ancestral area reconstruction suggested that Liphistius originated in Sibumasu (Siam–Burma–Malaysia–Sumatra) and diversified into several species groups, four (birmanicus , bristowei , linang , and trang) of which are found in Thailand. Speciation within Liphistius occurred in the area corresponding to their current distribution. All delimitation methods tested (ASAP, GMYC, PTP, STACEY and BFD) delimited specimens from discrete locations as separate species; variation in the number of species proposed (ranging from 53 to 72) stemmed from variation in delimitation of sympatric cryptic species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lepidonotopodinae is a subfamily of Polynoidae endemic to deep-sea chemosynthetic ecosystems around the world. Nevertheless, their species composition and phylogeny have only been systematically studied in hydrothermal vents of the Eastern and Western Pacific. Here, we morphologically and genetically examined worms in Lepidonotopodinae from vents across three Indian Ocean ridges, revealing two new Branchinotogluma species (B. jiaolongae sp. nov. and B. kaireiensis sp. nov.) and two new Levensteiniella species (L. pettiboneae sp. nov. and L. longqiensis sp. nov.). Primary morphological characters distinguishing them from other congeners include the number and arrangement of both pharyngeal papillae and ventral papillae. The reconstructed molecular phylogeny of Lepidonotopodinae supports a monophyletic Levensteiniella , with the two new Indian Ocean species recovered as sisters. As revealed in previous studies, a paraphyletic Branchinotogluma was also found, with the three Indian Ocean species separated into distinct clades with sister-relationships to species from the Mid-Atlantic, Alarcon Rise, and Manus Basin, respectively. This indicates three separate historical invasions to Indian Ocean vents. Our findings increase the number of Indian Ocean Lepidonotopodinae worms to seven, now the most diverse annelid group there, and help to elucidate the biodiversity, distribution, and biogeography of this subfamily in the Indian Ocean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Soriculus is currently recognized as monotypic, containing only one species, Soriculus nigrescens , which is distributed mainly in the Himalayas and the southern Hengduan Mountains. The taxonomy of Soriculus is ambiguous due to insufficient taxonomic sampling. We conducted extensive surveys of Soriculus across the Himalayas and Hengduan Mountains. We sequenced two mitochondrial and three nuclear genes, and the complete mitochondrial genomes of several selected specimens to infer the phylogenetic relationships of Soriculus and also analysed their morphological and morphometric variations. Our results indicate monophyly of Soriculus , and the diversity of the genus is greatly underestimated. We described two new species, Soriculus nivatus sp. nov. and Soriculus medogensis sp. nov. , and elevated S. minor as a distinct species. Additionally, we found another putative new species of Soriculus in Medog County; however, we did not formally describe it because only one specimen was collected. Divergence time estimates suggest that the global cooling and desiccating events around the Miocene/Pliocene and Pliocene/Pleistocene boundaries and the Pleistocene climatic oscillations may have played major roles in the diversification of Soriculus. Our results highlight the overlooked diversity of small mammals in the eastern Himalayas, which warrants further surveys and taxonomic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We used entire mitochondrial (mt) genome sequences (14.5–15 kbp) to resolve the phylogeny of the four main lineages of the Haematobothrion ticks: Alloceraea, Archaeocroton, Bothriocroton and Haemaphysalis. In our phylogenetic trees, Alloceraea was the sister to Archaeocroton sphenodonti, a tick of an archetypal reptile, the tuatara, from New Zealand, to the exclusion of the rest of the species of Haemaphysalis. The mt genomes of all four of the Alloceraea species that have been sequenced so far had a substantial insert, 132–312 bp, between the tRNA‐Glu (E) gene and the nad1 gene in their mt genomes. This insert was not found in any of the other eight subgenera of Haemaphysalis. The mt genomes of 13 species of Haemaphysalis from NCBI GenBank were added to the most recent data set on Haemaphysalis and its close relatives to help resolve the phylogeny of Haemaphysalis, including five new subgenera of Haemaphysalis not previously considered by other authors: Allophysalis (structurally primitive), Aboimisalis (structurally primitive), Herpetobia (structurally intermediate), Ornithophysalis (structurally advanced) and Segalia (structurally advanced). We elevated Alloceraea Schulze, 1919 to the status of genus because Alloceraea Schulze, 1919 is phylogenetically distinct from the other subgenera of Haemaphysalis. Moreover, we propose that the subgenus Allophysalis is the sister to the rest of the Haemaphysalis (14 subgenera) and that the 'structurally primitive' subgenera Hoogstraal and Kim comprise early diverging lineages. Our matrices of the pairwise genetic difference (percent) of mt genomes and partial 16S rRNA sequences indicated that the mt genome sequence of Al. kitaokai (gb# OM368280) may not be Al. kitaokai Hoogstraal, 1969 but rather another species of Alloceraea. In a similar way, the mt genome sequence of H. (Herpetobia) nepalensis Hoogstraal, 1962 (gb# NC_064124) was only 2% genetically different to that of H. (Allophysalis) tibetensis Hoogstraal, 1965 (gb# OM368293): this indicates to us that they are the same species. Alloceraea cretacea may be better placed in a genus other than Alloceraea Schulze, 1919. Reptiles may have been the host to the most recent common ancestor of Archaeocroton and Alloceraea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies of Hirudinea species infesting elasmobranchs are scarce and scattered worldwide and they are inexistent off the Tunisian waters. In this work, we aimed to assess the occurrence of these parasites on two ray species in the Gulf of Tunis (Tunisia). Between 2017 and 2021, 254 fish specimens belonging to two Torpedinidae species (marbled electric ray, Torpedo marmorata Risso, 1810, and common torpedo, Torpedo torpedo (Linnaeus, 1758)) were examined for leech infestation. Morphological and molecular characterizations based on 18S rDNA and cytochrome c oxidase (COI) sequences allowed us to identify two leech species: Pontobdella muricata (Linnaeus, 1758) and a new Branchellion Savigny, 1822 species Branchellion tunisensis sp. n. This new species (B. tunisensis) exhibited distinctive traits unlike other Branchellion, including a transparent body marred with dark green along the abdomen and neck, long trachelosome (about 1/3 of the length of the body), distinctive two eye spots, the presence of a pair of lateral branchiae per somite except for the last 2 somites and cup-shaped posterior sucker. Molecular analysis of the 18S rDNA and COI gene fragments shows more than 10% divergence of B. tunisensis from other Branchellion spp. and high identity score of P. muricata with other sequenced isolates. This work allowed us to report the presence of P. muricata for the first time off the Tunisian coasts and to identify a new marine leech species parasitizing electric rays in the Gulf of Tunis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Henricia is known to have intraspecific morphological variations, making species identification difficult. Therefore, molecular phylogeny analysis based on genetic characteristics is valuable for species identification. We present complete mitochondrial genomic sequences of Henricia longispina aleutica, H. reniossa, and H. sanguinolenta for the first time in this study. This study will make a significant contribution to our understanding of Henricia species and its relationships within the class Asteroidea. Lengths of mitochondrial genomes of the three species are 16,217, 16,223, and 16,194 bp, respectively, with a circular form. These genomes contained 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, and a D-loop. The gene order and direction aligned with other asteroid species. Phylogenetic relationship analysis showed that our Henricia species were in a monophyletic clade with other Henricia species and in a large clade with species (Echinaster brasiliensis) from the same family. These findings provide valuable insight into understanding the phylogenetic relationships of species in the genus Henricia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stalk rot disease is a major constraint in maize production and till date reported to be caused by two to three species of phytopathogenic fungi but, in our present study, we disclose the first report of stalk rot is caused by complex species of phytopathogens, which belongs to five different genera. Therefore, to substantiate these findings, a total of 105 diseased samples of maize were collected from 21 different locations in six different geographical locations of India from which 48 isolates were used for the research study. Morphological features such as pigmentation, colony color, type of mycelium and pattern of mycelium was examined using macro and microscopic methods. A total of 11 different spp. of pathogens belonging to the five different genera: Fusarium verticillioides (56.25%), F. equiseti (14.5%), F. andiyazi (6.25%), F. solani (2.08%), F. proliferatum (2.08%), F. incarnatum (2.08%), Lasidioplodia theobrame (6.25%), Exserohilum rostrtum (4.16%), Nigrospora spp. (4.16%). and Schizophyllum commune (2.08%) were identified by different housekeeping genes (ITS, TEF-1α, RPB2 and Actin). Fusarium verticillioides, F. equiseti and F. andiyazi were major pathogens involved in stalk rot. This is the first report on F. proliferatum, F. solani, F. incarnatum, Lasidioplodia theobrame, Exserohilum rostrtum, Nigrospora spp. and Schizophyllum commune causing stalk rot of maize and their distribution in the different states of India. Studies on population dynamics of PFSR will enhance the understanding of pathogen behavior, virulence, or its association with different pathogens across India, which will facilitate the development of resistant maize genotypes against the PFSR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the complete mitogenomes of Sympis rufibasis, Lacera noctilio, Oxyodes scrobiculata, Mocis undata, and Artena dotata were newly sequenced to bring up-to-date the database using the next-generation sequencing methods. The gene order of all sequenced mitogenomes was identical consisting of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs), and a non-coding A+T-rich region, which were common to other Lepidopteran insects. All protein-coding genes (PCGs) initiated with a canonical ATN codon and ended with TAN or an incomplete stop codon, single T. The A+T-rich region of S. rufibasis, L. noctilio, O. scrobiculata, M. undata, and A. dotata are 406 bp, 462 bp, 372 bp, 410 bp, and 406 bp long, respectively, containing number of characteristics that are distinctive to Noctuoidea moths. We analyzed concatenated amino acid sequences of protein-coding genes not including rRNAs, using Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference methods. The phylogenetic analyses indicated that the tribe relationships within Erebinae were reconstructed as (Sypnini+((Erebini 1+Poaphilini 1)+((Euclidiini+Catocalini+(Hypopyrini+Erebini 2))+((Hulodini+(Poaphilini 2+Ophiusini))))). Phylogenetic analyses supported and confirmed the monophyly of the subfamilies' relationships as follows: (Hypeninae+Lymantriinae)+((Scoliopterginae+((Calpinae+Erebinae)+((Herminiinae+Aganainae)+Arctiinae)))) within Erebidae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The monogeneric family Calomyscidae includes the brush-tailed mice, genus Calomyscus , which have a Palearctic distribution ranging from the Hindu Kush Mountains in western Pakistan to the eastern Mediterranean region. Zagros Mountains—stretching from northwest to south of Iran—was assumed for long as the range of a single species, Calomyscus bailwardi ; however, recent studies revealed considerable heterogeneities among the geographical populations presumably referring to the persistence of undescribed diversity. One such group from the western Zagros Mountains has recently been recognized as C. behzadi Akbarirad, Dezhman, Aliabadian, Siahsarvie, Shafaeipour, and Mirshamsi, 2021. Using molecular, morphometric, geometric morphometric, and karyotypic data, we examine the divergence of 2 additional groups from western Iran and name these as new species. The first of these species is distributed in the northern Zagros and western Alborz Mountains in northwestern Iran was recovered as the sister species to C. urartensis from the South Caucuses. The second species from a single locality in the central Zagros Mountains was clustered closely with C. grandis from the western Alborz Mountains. Morphologic analyses, karyological features, and genetic distances disentangled these 2 new species from their sister species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study of evolutionary relationships in the subfamily Rubioideae (Rubiaceae), we take advantage of the off-target proportion of reads generated via previous target capture sequencing projects based on nuclear genomic data to build a plastome phylogeny and investigate cytonuclear discordance. The assembly of off-target reads resulted in a comprehensive plastome dataset and robust inference of phylogenetic relationships, where most intratribal and intertribal relationships are resolved with strong support. While the phylogenetic results were mostly in agreement with previous studies based on plastome data, novel relationships in the plastid perspective were also detected. For example, our analyses of plastome data provide strong support for the SCOUT clade and its sister relationship to the remaining members of the subfamily, which differs from previous results based on plastid data but agrees with recent results based on nuclear genomic data. However, several instances of highly supported cytonuclear discordance were identified across the Rubioideae phylogeny. Coalescent simulation analysis indicates that while ILS could, by itself, explain the majority of the discordant relationships, plastome introgression may be the better explanation in some cases. Our study further indicates that plastomes across the Rubioideae are, with few exceptions, highly conserved and mainly conform to the structure, gene content, and gene order present in the majority of the flowering plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional methods of phylogenetic reconstruction and species delimitation may be impeded by frequent hybridization among lineages. In this study, we conducted phylogenetic and clustering analyses of ddRAD genomic data on the entire genus Salamandra, which includes six species and over 25 subspecies of terrestrial salamanders. We expanded previous datasets to include missing subspecies and incorporated new samples, with an emphasis on secondary contact zones. Results obtained from a full dataset of 392 individuals (356,874 bp; 24,192 SNPs) were compared with those obtained after excluding substantially admixed individuals (n = 95; 835,467 bp; 51,557 SNPs) to explore the consequences of introgression on phylogenetic inference and taxonomic arrangement of subspecies. We found conflicting phylogenetic placements for taxa represented by many admixed individuals (identified by clustering ancestries). In contrast, a time-calibrated tree constructed without hybrids largely agrees with previous phylogenetic hypotheses. Within S. atra, we found paraphyly of S. atra atra, suggesting an additional candidate subspecies. Within S. infraimmaculata, two lineages are assignable to known subspecies and we additionally identified a third, deeply diverged lineage sampled near the Turkish/Syrian border. In S. algira, we found limited admixture between the subspecies S. a. tingitana and S. a. splendens despite their geographic proximity. Finally, within S. salamandra, we detected significant levels of hybridization between subspecies, which blurred their phylogenetic relationships, although the removal of admixed samples in subset analyses clarified the situation in most cases. Monophyly was recovered for subspecies that were previously found paraphyletic, including S. s. salamandra, S. s. gallaica, and S. s. fastuosa. Salamandra s. "alfredschmidti" was confirmed to be a junior synonym of S. s. bernardezi. Previously disputed subspecies, like S. s. "molleri" and S. s. "hispanica", correspond to separated lineages but are affected by admixture with other lineages. Further newly identified candidate subspecies in S. salamandra included a southern lineage within S. s. wer-neri and a western lineage within S. s. bernardezi. Finally, we re-evaluate the status of recognized subspecies in Salamandra, based on evidence from multiple delimitation criteria. Given that the evolutionary history could not be resolved for all subspecies, we highlight taxa within Salamandra that warrant further molecular examination and taxonomic revision, notably within the S. s. gallaica/"molleri"/bejarae complex. This study illustrates the impact of hybridization in phylogenetic analyses and its downstream effects in the identification of conservation units and their naming in the Linnean classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In this study, we sequenced two mitochondrial genomes of Dendrocerus (Hymenoptera: Megaspilidae) to analyze the mitochondrial genomic features of Dendrocerus and provide new molecular data for phylogenetic studies of Evaniomorpha. The phylogenetic results revealed that Evaniomorpha is not a monophyletic group, which is also supported by the PBD (Pairwise breakpoint distances) values. Additionally, Ceraphronoidea is a monophyletic group and is a sister to Aulacidae + Gasteruptiidae. Furthermore, specific primers MegaF/MegaR were designed for Megaspilidae based on the "conserved regions" of COX1 sequences. They exhibited a good amplification efficiency of 60% for the genus Dendrocerus. This study provides new molecular data for phylogenetic studies of Evaniomorpha, further offering the possibility of solving a controversial problem in the phylogeny of Evaniomorpha and providing a solution to the problem of difficult amplification of the COX1 gene in Ceraphronoidea. In Hymenoptera, the monophyly of Evaniomorpha has been the focus of debate among different scholars. In this study, we sequenced two mitochondrial genomes of Dendrocerus (Hymenoptera: Megaspilidae) to analyze the mitochondrial genomic features of Dendrocerus and provide new molecular data for phylogenetic studies of Evaniomorpha. The mitogenome sizes of D. bellus and D. anisodontus were 15,445 bp and 15,373 bp, respectively, with the trnG of D. bellus missing. The nucleotide composition was significantly biased toward adenine and thymine, with A + T contents of 81.2% (D. bellus) and 82.4% (D. anisodontus). Using Ceraphron sp. (Ceraphronidae) as reference, the Ka/Ks values of NAD4L and NAD6 in D. anisodontus were both greater than one, indicating that non-synonymous mutations are favored by Darwinian selection, which is rare in other hymenopteran species. Compared with Ceraphon sp. gene order, nine operations were identified in D. anisodontus, including four reversals, four TDRLs (tandem duplication random losses) and one transposition, or four reversals and five TDRLs. Phylogenetic analysis of 40 mitochondrial genomes showed that Evaniomorpha was not a monophyletic group, which was also supported by the PBD values. Ceraphronoidea is a monophyletic group and is a sister to Aulacidae + Gasteruptiidae. Based on the conserved region of the newly sequenced mitochondrial genomes, a pair of specific primers MegaF/MegaR was designed for sequencing the COX1 genes in Megaspilidae and a 60% rate of success was achieved in the genus Dendrocerus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lions (Panthera leo) play a crucial ecological role in shaping and maintaining fragile ecosystems within Africa. Conservation efforts should focus on genetic variability within wild populations when considering reintroduction attempts. We studied two groups of lions from two conservation sites located in Zambia and Zimbabwe to determine their genetic make-up, information that is usually unknown to the sites. In this study, we analysed 17 specimens for cytb and seven microsatellite markers to ascertain family relationships and genetic diversity previously obtained by observational studies. We then produced a standardised haplogroup phylogeny using all available entire mitogenomes, as well as calculating a revised molecular clock. The modern lion lineage diverged ~151 kya and was divided into two subspecies, both containing three distinct haplogroups. We confirm that Panthera leo persica is not a subspecies, but rather a haplogroup of the northern P.l. leo that exited Africa at least ~31 kya. The progenitor to all lions existed ~1.2 Mya, possibly in SE Africa, and later exited Africa and split into the two cave lion lineages ~175 kya. Species demography is correlated to major climactic events. We now have a detailed phylogeny of lion evolution and an idea of their conservation status given the threat of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Location Materials and Methods Results Main Conclusions Here, we discovered areas of endemism (AoE) for land planarians (Geoplaninae) and tested the influence of the past climate in the formation of AoEs in the southeastern AF in Brazil.Southeastern Atlantic Forest, Brazil.We used 1888 records of 371 species in Endemicity Analysis and Geographic Interpolation of Endemism to uncover AoEs. We also carried out a species distribution modelling (SDM) of three genera to see the suitability regions where they were distributed during Mid‐Pliocene, Last Interglacial Maximum, Last Glacial Maximum and present time. Finally, we inferred a molecular phylogeny of Geoplaninae aiming to estimate divergence times of the taxa to test the relative influence of more recent climatic fluctuations in the speciations.We delimited 15 robust AoEs. SDM corroborates past climate altered some genera distribution. However, results of the phylogenetic analysis resulted in time estimation older than Pleistocene climatic fluctuations for more recent speciations. These endemic patterns could be explained through processes of reduction and expansion of suitability areas but in older times as generally reported in the literature. Geological events that formed mountains, sedimentary basins and major rivers are integrated with climate to explain high endemism and diversification.Planarians have shown to be an optimal model for fine‐scale studies of AoE and diversification in AF. Pleistocene climatic fluctuations seem to have not been responsible for their diversification, but older climatic changes with geological events seem to have influenced their speciations and the present‐day high levels of endemism. In the future, robust phylogenies with more comprehensive sampling integrated with palaeoecological models will help to understand the diversification of the AF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several microbial genomes lack textbook-defined essential genes. If an essential gene is absent from a genome, then an evolutionarily independent gene of unknown function complements its function. Here, we identified frequent nonhomologous replacement of an essential component of DNA replication initiation, a replicative helicase loader gene, in Vibrionaceae. Our analysis of Vibrionaceae genomes revealed two genes with unknown function, named vdhL1 and vdhL2, that were substantially enriched in genomes without the known helicase-loader genes. These genes showed no sequence similarities to genes with known function but encoded proteins structurally similar with a viral helicase loader. Analyses of genomic syntenies and coevolution with helicase genes suggested that vdhL1/2 encodes a helicase loader. The in vitro assay showed that Vibrio harveyi VdhL1 and Vibrio ezurae VdhL2 promote the helicase activity of DnaB. Furthermore, molecular phylogenetics suggested that vdhL1/2 were derived from phages and replaced an intrinsic helicase loader gene of Vibrionaceae over 20 times. This high replacement frequency implies the host's advantage in acquiring a viral helicase loader gene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1895 and 2001, rust fungi affecting Licania trees (Chrysobalanchaceae) in Brazil were described as Uredo licaniae by Hennings in the state of Goiás and as Phakopsora tomentosae by Ferreira et al. in the state of Amazonas, respectively. Recently, a Licania rust fungus collected close to the Amazonian type location sharing symptoms with the former two species was subjected to morphological examinations and molecular phylogenetic analyses using 28S nuc rDNA (ITS2-28S) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit III (CO3) gene sequences. Since the original type specimen of Ph. tomentosae is considered lost, we carefully reviewed the type description and questioned the identity of the telium, which justified the description of the fungus as a Phakopsora species. Furthermore, the additional revision of the type material described by Hennings revealed that Ph. tomentosae is a synonym of U. licaniae. Based on the morphological examinations, disease symptoms, and shared hosts, we concluded that the newly collected material is conspecific with U. licaniae. However, the phylogenetic analyses rejected allocation in Phakopsora and instead assigned the Licania rust fungus in a sister relationship with Austropuccinia psidii (Sphaerophragmiaceae), the causal agent of the globally invasive myrtle rust pathogen. We therefore favored a recombination of U. licaniae (syn. Ph. tomentosae) into Austropuccinia and proposed the new name Austropuccina licaniae for the second species now identified for this genus. The fungus shares conspicuous symptoms with A. psidii, causing often severe infections of growing leaves and shoots that lead to leaf necrosis, leaf shedding, and eventually to the dieback of entire shoots. In view of the very similar symptoms of its aggressively invasive sister species, we briefly discuss the current state of knowledge about A. licaniae and the potential risks, and the opportunity of its identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species of the polyclad genus Prosthiostomum is described from the intertidal zone of the South China Sea, Huidong, China, based on morphological and molecular analyses. Prosthiostomum huidongense sp. nov. is characterized by i) few marginal eyes scattered between the marginal band and the cerebral eyes; ii) sucker located at two-thirds of the body length, being removed from the female gonopore by twice the distance between the male and female gonopores; iii) shallow male atrium with slightly ruffled inner wall, positioned approximately perpendicular to the body wall. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on 28S rDNA sequence showed that the new species was nested in a clade composed of Prosthiostomum species. The uncorrected p-distance of COI between P. huidongense sp. nov. and other Prosthiostomum species ranged from 20.3 to 24.3%, and the high genetic divergence further supports P. huidongense as a new species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Centipedes of the genus Scolopocryptops Newport, 1844 are blind species mostly described from the New World and East Asia. In this study, a Japanese species, S. quadristriatus (Verhoeff, 1934), which is characterised by four longitudinal keels on the tergites, is re-described, based on the likely holotype preserved in the Zoologische Staatssammlung München and specimens newly collected from near the type locality. In addition, S. longisetosus sp. nov., a new species that bears tergal keels like S. quadristriatus, is described from the Ryukyu Islands in Japan and Taiwan. Although the presence of four keels on tergites is unique to these two species, phylogenetic analyses using nuclear and mitochondrial markers showed that S. longisetosus sp. nov. is not sister to S. quadristriatus. The obtained phylogeny indicates that the tergal longitudinal keels evolved in parallel within Scolopocryptops or that the presence of keels represents a plesiomorphic character of the clade containing these species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tachysurus wuyueensis, new species, is described from the Qiantang-Jiang Basin, situated in Suichang County, Zhejiang Province and Xiuning County, Anhui Province, southeast China. The coastal basin drains into the East China Sea. The new species belongs to the T. pratti-T. truncatus group within the genus Tachysurus defined by having a smooth anterior margin of the pectoral-fin spine, short maxillary barbels not extending beyond the base of the pectoral-fin spine, short dorsal spine not exceeding two thirds of head length and an emarginated caudal fin. This new species is distinct from all other species of this group, Tachysurus pratti (Gunther, 1892), T. truncatus (Regan 1913), T. gracilis (Li, Chen & Chan, 2005) and T. brachyrhabdion (Cheng, Ishihara & Zhang, 2008), in having a shorter prepelvic body (length 40.0–46.4% of SL vs. 45.8–54.8%). It further differs from T. pratti, T. truncatus and T. gracilis in having more vertebrae (45–47 vs. 37–44) and more anal fin rays (21–25 vs. 14–20), from T. brachyrhabdion in having a more slender body (depth 10.1–13.5% of HL vs. 13.1–17.6%). Molecular phylogeny, based on the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt. b) gene confirms the validity of T. wuyueensis and the T. pratti-T. truncatus group. Furthermore, this study addresses the diagnostic traits distinguishing the T. pratti-T. truncatus group from the T. tenuis-T. crassilabris group which have historically been treated as a single species group due to morphological similarities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calicioids form a research field that has encompassed ascomycetous fungi with stalked ascomata similar to those of the lichen genus Calicium. Early generic circumscriptions of calicioid lichens and fungi were mainly based on morphological and secondary chemistry information. After the introduction of molecular data, taxonomy in the group has been reconsidered. Here, based on a broad geographical sampling, Coniocybe Ach. was revised using molecular and morphological features. Three loci (ITS, LSU and rpb1) were compared to infer its phylogenetic position, and a total of 52 new sequences (14 ITS, 24 LSU and 14 rpb1) were produced. Apart from its type C. furfuracea, Coniocybe was revised and emended to also include C. brachypoda and C. confusa. In addition, a new species, Coniocybe eufuracea, was described, and a key to the species of Coniocybe was provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have shown that boletes are abundant and diverse in China, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. In the present study, morphological, ecological, host relationship, and a four-locus (28S, tef1, rpb1, and rpb2) molecular phylogenetic analyses were used to study the family Boletaceae in subtropical and tropical China. Four new bluing species are described from three genera, viz. Boletellus verruculosus (Chinese name疣柄条孢牛肝菌), Xerocomellus tenuis (Chinese name细柄红绒盖牛肝菌), Xer. brunneus (Chinese name褐盖红绒盖牛肝菌), and Xerocomus zhangii (Chinese name张氏绒盖牛肝菌). Moreover, the genus Nigroboletus is treated as a synonym of Xerocomellus, and a new combination, namely Xer. roseonigrescens (Chinese name玫瑰红绒盖牛肝菌), is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Mitochondrial genomes have become a powerful tool for studying molecular genetics and phylogeny of mollusks. In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome of Mactra grandis was characterized for the first time. The newly sequenced mitochondrial genome fits the typical composition pattern of mollusks with 37 functional genes. Among the Mactridae species with reported mitochondrial genomes, Mactra grandis has the closest relationship with Mactra cygnus. The gene arrangement, genetic distance, and selective pressure of protein-coding genes among Mactra species were also analyzed. This study provides a molecular basis for taxonomy and germplasm research on Mactridae species. Mitochondrial genomes are playing an increasingly important role in molluscan taxonomy, germplasm, and evolution studies. The first complete mitochondrial genome of the commercial big brown mactra clam, Mactra grandis, was characterized using Illumina next-generation sequencing in this study. The 17,289 bp circular genome has a typical gene organization of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 rRNAs, and 22 tRNAs, with an obvious (A + T)-bias of 64.54%. All PCGs exhibited a homogeneous bias in nucleotide composition with a (A + T)-bias, a positive GC skew, and a negative AT skew. Results of phylogenetic analysis showed that Mactra grandis was most closely related to Mactra cygnus. The functional gene arrangement of the two species was identical but different from other Mactra species. The congeneric relationships among Mactra species were demonstrated by genetic distance analysis. Additionally, the selective pressure analysis suggested that cox1 was highly efficient for discriminating closely related species in genus Mactra, while nad2 was the most appropriate marker for population genetic analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims The staghorn fern genus Platycerium is one of the most commonly grown ornamental ferns, and it evolved to occupy a typical pantropical intercontinental disjunction. However, species-level relationships in the genus have not been well resolved, and the spatiotemporal evolutionary history of the genus also needs to be explored. Methods Plastomes of all the 18 Platycerium species were newly sequenced. Using plastome data, we reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships among Polypodiaceae members with a focus on Platycerium species, and further conducted molecular dating and biogeographical analyses of the genus. Key Results The present analyses yielded a robustly supported phylogenetic hypothesis of Platycerium. Molecular dating results showed that Platycerium split from its sister genus Hovenkampia ~35.2 million years ago (Ma) near the Eocene–Oligocene boundary and began to diverge ~26.3 Ma during the late Oligocene, while multiple speciation events within Platycerium occurred during the middle to late Miocene. Biogeographical analysis suggested that Platycerium originated in tropical Africa and then dispersed eastward to southeast Asia–Australasia and westward to neotropical areas. Conclusions Our analyses using a plastid phylogenomic approach improved our understanding of the species-level relationships within Platycerium. The global climate changes of both the Late Oligocene Warming and the cooling following the mid-Miocene Climate Optimum may have promoted the speciation of Platycerium , and transoceanic long-distance dispersal is the most plausible explanation for the pantropical distribution of the genus today. Our study investigating the biogeographical history of Platycerium provides a case study not only for the formation of the pantropical intercontinental disjunction of this fern genus but also the 'out of Africa' origin of plant lineages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tree genus Dimorphandra (Fabaceae), which contains 26 species divided into three subgenera, was studied using DNA sequence data from six chloroplast genome regions (cpDNA) and the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS). The analyses, which included Bayesian phylogenies and haplotype networks, ancestral area reconstructions, and ecological niche modeling, allowed for exploring the evolutionary history of Dimorphandra. Within the subgenus Phaneropsia, the cpDNA sequence data were more closely-related to species from the genus Mora, while the ITS sequence data displayed a closer phylogenetic relationship with the subgenus Pocillum. This incongruence may be due to incomplete lineage sorting associated with ancient polymorphisms. The Amazonian Dimophandra lineages were highly polymorphic and divergent, while those from the Cerrado and the Atlantic Forest had low levels of polymorphisms. The Amazon likely gave rise to the Dimophandra lineage that produced the Cerrado species, while a Cerrado lineage likely gave rise to the Atlantic Forest species. Habitat shifts were identified as a key factor in shaping the late evolutionary history of Dimorphandra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The classification of species in the genus Pterocyclus has been a topic of concern, as they were initially considered members of Pleurospermum (Apiaceae) in the Flora of China. However, the intergeneric and infrageneric classifications of Pterocyclus and its allies, such as Hymenidium and Pleurospermum, have been controversial. To address these issues, we performed phylogenetic analyses using one nuclear marker (nrITS) from 167 accessions, including 137 species (including five species of Pterocyclus), and 105 plastid genes from 82 accessions representing 82 species (including five species of Pterocyclus) of Apiaceae. We used both maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches to deduce phylogenetic relationships of Pterocyclus and its allies. Furthermore, we conducted morphometric analyses that specifically targeted the mericarp morphology, and compared the structural differences in their plastid genomes. Based on these findings, we suggest the following revisions to the classification of Pterocyclus and its allies: (i) Pterocyclus should encompass five species (Pterocyclus angelicoides, Pterocyclus forrestii, Pterocyclus rotundatus, Pterocyclus tibeticus, and Pterocyclus wolffianus), all of which are all monophyletic and placed in the Komarovieae; (ii) Pterocyclus rivulorum shows both phylogenetic and mericarp morphological similarities to Hymenidium apiolens and Hymenidium dentatum, which belongs to the Hymenidium Clade, thus we provisionally transfer it to Hymenidium; (iii) Pleurospermum longicarpum is considered conspecific with Pterocyclus angelicoides based on morphological descriptions in the Flora Xizangica; (iv) we describe and illustrate Pterocyclus tibeticus as a new species; and (v) Pterocyclus wolffianus should be recognized as a valid species and not considered a synonym of Pterocyclus forrestii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We reported the social parasitism behavior between Vespula structor and Vl. flaviceps for the first time. These two Vespula species are both popular edible wasps in southwest China. Such a nest with these two mixed Vespula species in their natural state was found in the field, and observations both in situ and in doors were performed. Workers of the two Vespula species have distinct different looking but possess similar antennal sensilla. Mitochondrial DNA analysis proved these two Vespula were indeed two different species, with genetic difference of 14%. The queen observed in the nest belongs to Vl. structor which was supported both from morphology and DNA. The larvae collected during nest dissecting could not be distinguished which species they belong to, but DNA analysis proved that they were all Vl. structor individuals. Combined the behavior observation with the DNA data, we concluded that it was the queen of Vl. structor encroached on the nest of Vl. flaviceps, killed the queen of Vl. flaviceps, enslaved the workers in the nest, laid its own eggs, and gradually established the population of Vl. structor. Phylogenetic analysis based on complete mitochondrial genomes showed that they are close, and the Vl. structors was the more ancient species in evolution. In this case of wasp parasitism, the relatively ancient species Vl. structors parasitized the younger species Vl. flaviceps, suggesting that the social parasites (Vl. structor) were not evolved from their host (Vl. flaviceps), which rejected the Emery's rule in its strict sense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The study presents the new species Scymnus (Pullus) cardi sp. nov. and provides its mitochondrial genome. We describe the distinguishing features of S. (P.) cardi when compared with related species and discuss its habitat and feeding preferences. Additionally, based on the mitochondrial genomic dataset, the phylogeny of Coccinellidae is analyzed. The results confirm the position of the new species, which is nested within the genus Scymnus, and recovered subfamilies as monophyletic groups (such as Coccinellinae and Microweiseinae). These findings contribute to the understanding of Coccinellidae evolution and highlight the need for further taxonomic and genetic studies within the family. In this study, a new species of the subgenus Pullus belonging to the Scymnus genus from Pakistan, Scymnus (Pullus) cardi sp. nov., was described and illustrated, with information on its distribution, host plants, and prey. Additionally, the completed mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of the new species using high-throughput sequencing technology was obtained. The genome contains the typical 37 genes (13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNAs, and 22 transfer RNAs) and a non-coding control region, and is arranged in the same order as that of the putative ancestor of beetles. The AT content of the mitogenome is approximately 85.1%, with AT skew and GC skew of 0.05 and −0.43, respectively. The calculated values of relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) determine that the codon UUA (L) has the highest frequency. Furthermore, we explored the phylogenetic relationship among 59 representatives of the Coccinellidae using Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methods, the results of which strongly support the monophyly of Coccinellinae. The phylogenetic results positioned Scymnus (Pullus) cardi in a well-supported clade with Scymnus (Pullus) loewii and Scymnus (Pullus) rubricaudus within the genus Scymnus and the tribe Scymnini. The mitochondrial sequence of S. (P.) cardi will contribute to the mitochondrial genome database and provide helpful information for the identification and phylogeny of Coccinellidae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Simple Summary: The genus Rhagastis Rothschild & Jordan, 1903 (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae, Macroglossinae, Macroglossini) currently comprises sixteen species, ten of which are found in China; however, complex and confusing taxonomic issues have existed for a long time. We performed an analysis based on a 658-bp region of the COI mitochondrial gene (DNA barcode) and morphological characteristics such as the wing pattern and genital structure of the albomarginatus group, the castor group, the olivacea group and other species, demonstrating that subspecies of Rhagastis albomarginatus and R. castor should be treated as good species, i.e., Rhagastis dichroae stat. nov., R. everetti stat. nov., R. aurifera stat. rev., R. chinensis stat. nov., R. formosana stat. nov., and R. jordani stat. rev. Here, the taxonomy of the genus Rhagastis Rothschild & Jordan, 1903 (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae, Macroglossinae, Macroglossini) from China is revised based on differences in wing morphology, male and female genitalia, and the phylogenetic relationship of the DNA barcodes. Subspecies of Rhagastis albomarginatus (Rothschild, 1894) and R. castor (Walker, 1856) are treated as "good" species, namely Rhagastis dichroae Mell, 1922 stat. nov.; R. everetti Rothschild & Jordan, 1903 stat. nov.; R. aurifera (Butler, 1875) stat. rev.; R. chinensis Mell, 1922 stat. nov.; R. formosana Clark, 1925 stat. nov.; and R. jordani Oberthür, 1904 stat. rev. The distribution maps, biological notes, and ecological records of the genus Rhagastis Rothschild & Jordan, 1903 from China are given, and a species inventory of genus Rhagastis in the world is also included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The interspecific limits within the Charipinae subfamily are still not clear, although many improvements have been made to the taxonomy of this group. Three genes (mitochondrial COI and 16S rDNA, and nuclear ITS2 rDNA) have been sequenced from five different species: Alloxysta brevis (Thomson, 1862), A. castanea (Hartig, 1841), A. ramulifera (Thomson, 1862), A. victrix (Westwood, 1833), and Phaenoglyphis villosa (Hartig, 1841). The phylogeny resulting from concatenating the three genes confirms that these molecular markers can be used to separate Charipinae species and also shows the close relationship between the genera Alloxysta and Phaenoglyphis. The genetic distances of these species are presented. The hymenopteran subfamily Charipinae (Cynipoidea: Figitidae) consist of a group of parasitic wasps that are exclusive hyperparasitoids of Hemipteran. The species boundaries in Charipinae have historically been unclear. While diagnostic morphological features have been established for the stepwise separation of species, it is recommended to confirm those limits using molecular data. Here, we focus on the genera Alloxysta Förster, 1869 and Phaenoglyphis Förster, 1869, both of which contain species that are hyperparasitoids of aphids. We sequenced three genes (mitochondrial COI and 16S rDNA, and nuclear ITS2 rDNA) from specimens that were identified as belonging to five species: Alloxysta brevis (Thomson, 1862), A. castanea (Hartig, 1841), A. ramulifera (Thomson, 1862), A. victrix (Westwood, 1833), and Phaenoglyphis villosa (Hartig, 1841). The phylogeny resulting from concatenating these genes supported the species status of the five morphologically identified taxa, with P. villosa nested within Alloxysta. Our study thus indicates that these molecular markers can successfully distinguish charipine species, and also indicates that the genera Alloxysta and Phaenoglyphis may be more closely related than previously hypothesized. We also present the first estimates of genetic distances for these species. Future studies that include more species, loci, and/or genomic data will complement our research and help determine species relationships within the Charipinae subfamily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Nemognathinae is notable for its high diversity in Meloidae, yet our knowledge about its species in China remains restricted. Here, we describe a new genus and species and report three other species as new additions to the Chinese fauna. Based on our investigation of the types, we transfer the genus Oreomeloe from Meloini to Nemognathini. Finally, we present molecular phylogenies built on multi-locus data, which corroborate the systematic placement of Sinostenoria and Longizonitis. Our findings and treatment contribute to the understanding of Chinese Nemognathinae and resolve a pending issue in the taxonomy of Nemognathinae. Despite being the most widespread blister beetle subfamily, Nemognathinae is unfairly understudied in China. In this study, a new genus and species, Sinostenoria yangi Pan, from northern China is described and illustrated. The antennae, elytra, hind wings, and claws of the new genus form a truly unique set of characteristics never observed in other genera of Nemognathini Laporte de Castelnau, 1840. Three species from China are newly recorded and illustrated: Megatrachelus sibiricus (Tauscher, 1812), Zonitomorpha dollei (Fairmaire 1889), and Stenodera djakonovi Aksentjev, 1978. The genus Oreomeloe Tan, 1981, is transferred from the tribe Meloini Gyllenhal, 1910, to Nemognathini based on an examination of the types. Aiming to test the morphology-based placement of the new genus, we conducted molecular phylogenetic analyses using two mitochondrial (COI, 16S) and three nuclear markers (28S, CAD, ITS2). The results confirm our tribal assignment of the new genus and support a clade that consists of Sinostenoriagen. n., Longizonitis Pan and Bologna, 2018, Stenoria cf. grandiceps, and Ctenopus cf. persicus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species diversity can be underestimated due to a lack of regional studies and limitations in research methods. China is widely recognized as one of the primary hotspots for the biodiversity of freshwater mussels as it harbours a wealth of endemic species. Pseudocuneopsis was recently established to belong to the Unioninae subfamily within Unionidae and is endemic to China. Recent research has expanded the diversity and range of distribution of this genus. However, sufficient data is required to precisely determine the phylogenetic relationships within Pseudocuneopsis. This study conducted an integrative taxonomy using morphological, COI barcode, and complete maternal mitogenome data to clarify the taxonomy of Pseudocuneopsis. Both morphological and COI barcode data supported the validity of all Pseudocuneopsis species. Furthermore, a new species, Pseudocuneopsis yemaoi sp. n. was described from a tributary of the Man River in Hubei, China. Mitochondrial phylogenomic analyses showed that P. yemaoi was closely related to P. sichuanensis and resolved phylogenetic relationship as (P. capitata + (P. yangshuoensis + (P. sichuanensis + P. yemaoi))). Our results highlight the significance of utilizing integrative classification methods. Moreover, we propose enhancing the research and preservation measures of minor streams in China, as these streams may house distinctive species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mesalina watsonana is a well‐known species of small lacertid lizards with an extensive species distribution that exhibits high genetic diversity. The species has a wide distribution range in Iran, some parts of Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and northwest India. This study aims to generate phylogenetic and phylogeographic evidence to derive taxonomic recommendations supporting. Furthermore, this species can be used as a model for examining Iranian Platuea's historical biogeography. We conducted a very detailed sampling of its distribution and used genetic approaches. Phylogenetic analyses were done implementing two mitochondrial (Cytb and 16S) and one nuclear (C‐mos) gene fragments. Combination of these results indicated that seven well‐supported distinct clades exist within this species complex, i.e. Kerman clade, Esfarayen clade, Halil clade, Ardestan clade, M. watsonana clade, Bardaskan Clade, and Khuzestan Clade in Iran. Also, our results revealed that several distinct clades diverged due to geologic events when the Dasht‐e‐Kavir and the Zagros Mountains were formed. It seems that the ancestor of M. watsonana spread to Iranian Plateau before the formation of the Zagros Mountains. Orogenic activities of the Zagros Mountains and the formation of deserts have influenced the separation of these lineages from the Late Miocene by allopatric speciation. Generally, our findings suggest that each of the seven clades corresponding to distinct geographic regions deserves to be elevated to the species level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hymenagaricus has small to medium-sized mushrooms and the cap surface with squamulose pellicles, consisting of hymeniform or pseudoparenchymatous cells and yellowish-brown basidiospores. The species of Hymenagaricus are very similar to those of Xanthagaricus and it is extremely difficult to differentiate the species of both genera in the field. However, phylogenetically, both the genera are clearly distinct. In this study, we describe two new species of Hymenagaricus, i.e. H. wadijarzeezicus and H. parvulus from the southern part of Oman. Species descriptions are based on a combination of morphological characteristics of basidiomata and phylogenetic analyses of three gene regions: internal transcribed spacer (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 = ITS), the large subunit of nuclear ribosomal DNA (28S) and translation elongation factor one alpha (EF-1α). Full descriptions, micrographs and illustration of anatomical features, basidiomata photos and phylogenetic analyses results of the new taxa are provided. Morphological comparisons of new taxa with similar species and a key to species included in the phylogenetic analyses are also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: A Bursaphelenchus species belonging to the hofmanni group (corneolus subgroup) was isolated from a small piece of larval faeces of the longhorn beetle Aeolesthes chrysothrix chrysothrix in its pupal chamber. The chamber was constructed in a dead wood section of Quercus glauca obtained from a live tree. The material was obtained during a management procedure of a garden tree to remove the dead part from live tree. The species is typologically characterised by its three-lined lateral field, the position of its secretory-excretory pore overlapping with the metacorpus anterior half, a very small spicule with distinctive broad and rounded condyles, a flattened trapezoid-shaped rostrum and small flattened cucullus, the presence of seven (P1, P2 and P3 papilliform and P5 gland) male genital papillae, a female vulva with a side flap and female tail forming an elongate conoid with a strongly ventrally curved posterior half and narrowly rounded or digitate tip. The species is typologically close to B. corneolus , sharing a small cucullus and female tail shape, but can be distinguished from the other species by the position of the secretory-excretory pore and the spicule rostrum shape. Phylogenetically, the new species forms a well-supported clade with B. corneolus , but can be distinguished by its clearly separable phylogenetic status inferred from SSU and D2-D3 LSU sequences and the difference in the ITS sequence. The new species is described as B. glaucae n. sp. Although the nematode was isolated from the larval faeces of A. c. chrysothrix , it has not been directly isolated from the insect body to date, thus, the carrier insect of the nematode has not been determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]