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• This paper provides a comprehensive review of the fundamental principles, material development, coolant selection, and research methods of transpiration cooling technology, offering a solid foundation for further academic and engineering advancements. • Systematically examines the development and application of transpiration cooling technology in aerospace vehicles, highlighting its critical role in addressing thermal challenges in force-thermal concentrated environments. • Summarizes each research direction and outlines the path for further development, providing a clear roadmap for future innovations in the field of aerospace thermal protection. • Introduces the latest research progress, encompassing pivotal experimental outcomes, innovative modeling techniques, and advancements in porous materials development, catering to the needs of researchers and practitioners who are at the forefront of aerospace thermal protection solutions. With the continuous expansion of aerospace vehicles in military and civilian applications, their performance in complex environments is increasingly valued. In force-thermal concentrated environments, the extreme thermal load problems faced by the vehicles are particularly severe, necessitating urgent development of effective thermal protection technologies to overcome developmental bottlenecks. Among existing thermal protection methods, transpiration cooling technology has become one of the key technologies to solve these problems due to its excellent cooling capacity and environmental adaptability. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the current status and latest progress of transpiration cooling technology in the thermal protection system of aerospace vehicles, and elaborates in detail on the development of porous media materials, the selection of coolant, and the research methods of transpiration cooling technology. Lastly, potential directions for future research are suggested in light of the technology's existing challenges, aiming to provide references for the design and optimization of the thermal protection system of aerospace vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]