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This study evaluates the Persian version of the Utrecht Grief Rumination Scale (UGRS), developed to assess grief-related rumination. The UGRS, originally validated in Western and Eastern cultures, had not been examined in a Iranian context. The research involved translating the UGRS into Persian, followed by a thorough psychometric evaluation involving 325 bereaved Persian-speaking adults. The Persian UGRS demonstrated strong internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's ω = 0.92) and test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.85). Confirmatory factor analyses supported a second-order hierarchical model of grief rumination. Concurrent validity was affirmed through significant correlations with depression, anxiety, prolonged grief, and PTSD. Known-groups validity highlighted higher rumination levels among individuals with lower education, those who lost close family members, and women. These findings underscore the Persian UGRS's reliability and validity, offering a robust tool for assessing grief-related rumination in the Iranian population., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Objectives: Our study aimed to analyze and compare the grief experiences of individuals in Iran who lost family members to COVID-19 and those who lost loved ones to other natural causes., Methods: In this study, telephone interviews were conducted with 640 first-degree relatives, and finally, a total of 395 people remained in the research. Participants answered the Prolonged Grief Questionnaire (PG-13-R) and Grief Experience Questionnaire., Results: The results showed that the most common symptoms and features of grief were feeling guilt, searching for an explanation, somatic reactions, and rejection, with no significant difference observed between the 2 death groups. However, the average scores for these symptoms were higher in the COVID-19 death group. Moreover, the majority of bereaved reported signs and symptoms of prolonged grief, with a higher percentage in the COVID-19 death group, although there was no significant difference between the 2 death groups in terms of the distribution of symptoms and signs of prolonged grief. These findings suggest that the bereavement process can be challenging, and losing a loved one to COVID-19 may lead to more intense experiences of grief., Significance of Results: The study reveals high levels of guilt, searching for meaning, somatic reactions, and rejection among COVID-19 grievers. Losing loved ones to the pandemic appears linked to more intense, prolonged grief symptoms.

Background: The primary objective of the current paper was to assess the psychometric attributes of the Persian version of the Online Gambling Symptom Assessment Scale (P-OGSAS) within the Iranian population., Methods: The current study was conducted through a convenient sampling method between September and November 2021, involving 187 participants who had experienced online gambling at least once a month for the last 3 months. OGSAS was translated from English into Persian using the forward-backward translation method. Cronbach's alpha coefficient and principal component analysis (PCA) were employed to evaluate the reliability and validity of the scale, respectively. Participants were administered a battery of assessments, including P-OGSAS, Persian Gambling Disorder Screening Questionnaire (GDSQ-P), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 Items (PHQ-9), and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire (GADQ-7), to assess validity and reliability., Findings: The results showed that the 3-factor model of this scale provides the highest level of predictability. The 3-factor model accounts for 54.8% of the square load. With a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.807, P-OGSAS demonstrated satisfactory reliability. Finally, OGSAS has a significant correlation with other scales, and as a result, this scale has suitable convergent validity., Conclusion: P-OGSAS can adequately assess the symptoms and severity of online gambling. Therefore, clinicians could use this scale to evaluate the problems related to online gambling in the Iranian population., Competing Interests: Competing Interests The authors affirm that they do not possess any competing interests., (© 2024 Kerman University of Medical Sciences.)

One of the informal diagnoses in DSM-5 is Caffeine Use Disorder (CUD). CUD and high levels of caffeine consumption could impact mental health conditions. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of CUD, caffeine consumption, caffeine-related harms, and related psychiatric symptoms in Iran. A cross-sectional survey with a convenience sample of 1228 adults were conducted in Iran. Caffeine consumption was assessed across 20 products in Iran. Caffeine Use Disorder Questionnaire (CUDQ), Caffeine Withdrawal Symptoms Questionnaire (CWSQ), 14-item Caffeine-related Harm Screening (CHS), and Symptom Checklist-25 (SCL-25) were used in the present study. We used SPSS (desktop version 26.0) to analyze the data using descriptive statistics, chi-square, and the least significant difference (LSD) post hoc test. The daily average caffeine consumption was 146.67 mg. The prevalence of CUD and caffeine withdrawal (C.W.) were estimated at 19.5% and 46.62%, respectively. Also, 12.9% of responders received CUD and C.W.s simultaneously. The prevalence of CUD was higher in men than females (25.08% vs. 13.93%). 95% of participants (n = 1166) reported using at least one caffeine product yesterday. Moreover, the most reported caffeine-related harms were the desire for sugar (42.9%), insomnia (39.3%), and caffeine dependence (38.3%). Age significantly correlates with CUD (- 0.07) and daily caffeine intake (0.08). Moreover, all SCL-90 subscales had a significant correlation with daily caffeine intake. Finally, responders at younger ages reported higher levels of CUD and caffeine consumption than older adults(P < 0.05). High rates of C.W. and CUD in the Iranian population suggest that it is necessary to develop evidence-based treatments., (© 2024. The Author(s).)