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To decarbonize Europe achieving almost zero emissions in 2050, more stringent regulations are going to be applied. Particularly, Europe is investing in the emissions’ re-duction of buildings (existing and new ones), and strong improvements in energy performance of building are expected according to novel energy performance of building directive (at last phase of negotiation). At the same time, the production and use of fluorinated gases will be further reduced with the novel F-Gas regulation (under Parliament approval). New F-Gas will affect remarkably the small size, air-to-air split systems for air-conditioning, since no fluorinated gases will be used after 2035, forcing manufacturers to the use of natural refrigerants. Being propane the most efficient among the non-toxic natural refrigerants, less refrigerant would be charged into systems according to current safety standards: this would potentially reduce the heat transfer surfaces and, consequently, for the same capacity, the energy efficiency or, for the same efficiency, the capacity would decrease. In this paper, some scenario analyses, complying with actual and future plausible dispositions, are presented, in order to showing the margins for de-sign and commenting criticalities. In particular, the optimal design options are proposed for different fluids, in terms of costs vs energy performance, under representative cases, in terms of weather conditions and building types in Italy (existing ones and new ones respecting high-efficiency standards, trying to meet the requirements of hypothesized national law following the draft of the novel EPBD).

Historical buildings hold significant cultural values but often face challenges in meeting modern sustainability and functionality standards. The aim of this study is to enhance the energy efficiency, occupant comfort and resilience of the heritage stock while preserving its historical significance, by assessing the application of innovative retrofitting techniques, such as double-skin façades and wide skylights for the courtyards’ covering. The first part delves into the concept of retrofitting and the importance of preserving historical architecture, especially in Italy, whose historical centers represent a unique example to be preserved and prepared for future sustainability challenges. The second part focuses on the use of double-skin façades and glazed covers for courtyards, in the retrofitting process, to study the influence that they have on the whole building. It discusses how these techniques can be adapted to suit the unique characteristics of courtyard buildings, balancing modern needs with heritage conservation. A repeatable case study is examined to showcase the successful implementation of these techniques in historical courtyard buildings and to illustrate the practicality of retrofitting solutions while respecting the historical context and architectural integrity of the structures. This research seeks to encourage architects, preservationists, and stakeholders to embrace these innovative techniques for the revitalization of our architectural heritage.