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Background: Non-AIDS-defining cancers (NADCs) in patients infected with HIV have recently attracted attention because of the improved survival of this patient population. To obtain accurate data, a longitudinal study is warranted for the nationwide surveillance of the current status and national trend of NADCs in patients infected with HIV in Japan., Setting: An annual nationwide surveillance of NADCs in patients infected with HIV-1 in Japan from 1999 to 2021., Methods: An annual questionnaire was sent to 378 HIV/AIDS referral hospitals across Japan to collect data (clusters of differentiation 4-positive lymphocytes, time of onset, outcomes, and antiretroviral therapy status) of patients diagnosed with any of the NADCs between 1999 and 2021., Results: The response and case-capture rates for the questionnaires in 2021 were 37.8% and 81.2%, respectively. The number of reported NADC cases subsequently increased since the beginning of this study. Evaluation of the case counts of NADCs demonstrated a high incidence of lung, colorectal, gastric, and liver cancers as the top 4 cancers. Pancreatic cancer (0.63), lung cancer (0.49), and leukemia (0.49) had the highest mortality rates among the NADCs. Trends of NADCs regarding transmission routes were maintained over the years in male individuals who have sex with male individuals compared with heterosexual male individuals and female individuals., Conclusions: We demonstrated an increasing trend in the incidence of NADCs over a period of 23 years in Japan. The current data highlighted the importance of raising awareness regarding cancer management for patients infected with HIV in Japan., Competing Interests: K.T. received a grant (Grant No. 23fk0410038h0003) from the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) ( https://www.amed.go.jp/en/ ). The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or manuscript preparation. The remaining authors have no funding or conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Background: Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) is an invasive fungal infection with a poor prognosis that often occurs in both healthy individuals and compromised hosts, such as patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Unlike CM in HIV patients, evidence regarding CM in non-HIV patients is limited to small retrospective studies., Objective: To identify the pretreatment prognostic factors for CM in non-HIV patients., Methods: We conducted a large retrospective analysis of CM in non-HIV patients using data from a nationwide Japanese database. The study included hospitalized patients diagnosed with CM between 1 April 2010 and 31 March 2017. All-cause mortality was compared between patients with CM with and without HIV infection. Poor diagnostic factors were analysed in the non-HIV CM group., Results: Overall, 533 (64 HIV and 469 non-HIV) patients met the criteria. The mortality rate at 90 days was significantly lower in the HIV group (6.3% vs. 25.4% p = .0002). In a logistic regression analysis of the non-HIV group, age ≥ 65 y (odds ratio [OR] 2.37, 95% CI 1.17-4.78), impaired consciousness (Japan Coma Scale ≥1) (OR 2.25, 95% CI 1.29-3.93), haemodialysis (OR 3.53, 95% CI 1.12-11.20) and previous corticosteroid usage (OR 2.40, 95% CI 1.37-4.19) were associated with poor prognosis at 30 days after diagnosis., Conclusion: More caution is suggested when treating non-HIV with CM in older patients with impaired consciousness, previous corticosteroid usage and haemodialysis., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)