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Gut microbiota plays an important role in maintaining respiratory health while providing protection against respiratory illnesses. However, the clinical role of probiotic strains in prevention and treatment of early-onset asthma is still debated. The present study aims to systematically review the available literature on the efficacy of probiotic supplementation, either alone or in combination with other treatments, in managing children with asthma. An electronic search was conducted across multiple databases including PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE. The articles reported in English, regardless of year of publication, were reviewed by independent authors for inclusion assessment. Randomized controlled studies evaluating the efficacy of probiotics in children with asthma were included in the study. Of the 203 articles reviewed, 16 were selected and summarized to provide a consistent review, and of these, eight studies reported the anti-asthmatic effects of the treatment with single and multi-strain probiotics alone, seven reported the use of probiotic strains in combination with other treatments, and one was a follow-up study. While some of the studies reported are well conducted and with promising results, no cumulative significant impact was seen for probiotic supplementation on disease parameters of asthma in children. However, the available literature is not sufficient to draw any solid conclusion about the possible use of probiotics in children with asthma, and it is necessary to expand this literature by conducting more well-designed randomized clinical trials to assess the effects of probiotic strains in children with asthma or carrying a high-risk of asthma.

Abstract Food supplements are defined as foodstuffs the purpose of which is to supplement the normal diet and which are concentrated sources of nutrients or other substances with a nutritional or physiological effect, often referred to as nutraceuticals, may exert benefit to the human body. Their use is increasing worldwide, including Europe and in Italy. However, some doctors are skeptical about their effectiveness and safety. This reluctance may depend on poor knowledge of the mechanisms of action and clinical evidence in literature. The Italian Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (SIAIP) promoted the institution of an ad hoc Committee. The first initiative performed by this Committee was the administration of a questionnaire to the members of SIAIP. The results of this survey provided interesting results. Most pediatricians know the food supplement concept but frequently need help understanding the mechanisms of action. Most prescribe food supplements, mainly for preventing infections or enhancing immune defense. In addition, they prefer to use food supplements as cycles or add-on therapy. Finally, most participants like to attend events on this issue and contribute to new evidence through trials. In conclusion, this survey underscores the relevance of food supplement issues and attests to interest in this topic. However, there is a need to provide information and promote studies on this matter.

Abstract Resveratrol is a nonflavonoid polyphenolic compound with a chemical structure consisting of two aromatic rings linked by a methylene bridge. It exists in two primary isomers and has a broad range of desirable biological activities, including antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, antidiabetic, cardioprotective, and antitumor activities. Some antioxidant properties of resveratrol are known with certainty, such as its potential to positively impact cardiovascular health, inflammation, and the metabolism. On the other hand, many uncertainties and controversies plague its efficacy, including issues related to its bioavailability, dosing, human clinical trial results, interactions with other food components and drugs, and individual variability. In brief, although promising results have been observed in in vitro and in vivo studies, the translation of these findings to human health remains uncertain. Many human clinical trials on resveratrol are ongoing or have proven inconclusive, making it challenging to definitively determine its efficacy for specific health conditions and its dose and duration of treatment. Resveratrol may interact with medications and have varying effects on individuals. In conclusion, it is essential to approach resveratrol with a balanced perspective, consulting with healthcare professionals, and considering the evolving scientific evidence when making decisions regarding its clinical use.