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Background: Vitamin B12 (B12), playing the role of a coenzyme in one-carbon metabolism, is an important vitamin necessary for human health., Objectives: To systematically review evidence to identify the complications of B12 deficiency among women., Methods: We conducted a systematic search of quantitative studies on disorders associated with B12 deficiency among women, published in English in the last 25 years (1999-2024), using electronic databases such as Scopus, Web of science, CINAHL, PubMed, and Medline., Conclusion: The search produced 28 full-text articles. B12 deficiency prevalence among women identified by the selected studies ranges from 0.6% to 45.5%. The deficiency of B12 is connected with the risk for depression/post-partum depression, breast cancer, recurrent pregnancy loss, gestational diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, and obesity among women. It is necessary to monitor and correct the B12 deficiency among women in order to prevent complications., (© 2025 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background: Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (RA) are novel agents used in the management of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity. Although highly effective, the response to treatment may vary significantly among patients., Objective: This perspective review aims to summarise the current knowledge about markers of poor or good response to GLP-1 RA, highlighting the possibility of tailoring treatment strategies and reducing costs associated with T2D and obesity treatment., Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, NCBI, and Scopus databases, focussing on studies published between 2016 and 2024 that evaluated factors influencing treatment outcomes with GLP-1 RA., Results: Several markers, including baseline HbA1c levels, ghrelin and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) levels, specific gut microbiome composition, b-cell function, and genetic markers, were identified as factors associated with treatment response., Conclusion: Understanding predictive markers of response to therapy can enhance precision-based medicine for the selection of patients eligible for GLP-1 RA, improving clinical outcomes and optimising diabetes management., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)