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IntroductionEvaluating the anticancer property of Padina boergesenii mediated bimetallic nanoparticles.MethodsThe present study focuses on synthesizing Se-ZnO bimetallic nanoparticles from an aqueous algal extract of brown algae Padina boergesenii.Synthesized Se-ZnO NPs were characterized by UV, FTIR, SEM-EDS and HRTEM for confirmation along with the anticancer activity by MTT assay.ResultsThe UV gave an absorbance peak at 342 and 370 nm, and the FTIR showed functional groups involved in synthesizing Se-ZnO NPs. The TEM micrographs indicated the crystalline nature and confirmed the size of the Se-ZnO NPs to be at an average size of 26.14 nm. Anticancer efficacy against the MCF-7 breast and HepG2 (hepatoblastoma) cell lines were also demonstrated, attaining an IC50 value of 67.9 µg and 74.9 µg/ml respectively, which caused 50% cell death.DiscussionThis work aims to highlight an effective method for delivering bioactive compounds extracted from brown algae and emphasize its future therapeutic prospects. The potential of Selenium-Zinc oxide nanoparticles is of great interest due to the biocompatibility and low toxicity aspects of selenium combined with the cost-effectiveness and sustainability of zinc metal. The presence of bioactive compounds contributed to the stability of the nanoparticles and acted as capping properties.

Introduction: Evaluating the anticancer property of Padina boergesenii mediated bimetallic nanoparticles. Methods: The present study focuses on synthesizing Se-ZnO bimetallic nanoparticles from an aqueous algal extract of brown algae Padina boergesenii. Synthesized Se-ZnO NPs were characterized by UV, FTIR, SEM-EDS and HRTEM for confirmation along with the anticancer activity by MTT assay. Results: The UV gave an absorbance peak at 342 and 370 nm, and the FTIR showed functional groups involved in synthesizing Se-ZnO NPs. The TEM micrographs indicated the crystalline nature and confirmed the size of the Se-ZnO NPs to be at an average size of 26.14 nm. Anticancer efficacy against the MCF-7 breast and HepG2 (hepatoblastoma) cell lines were also demonstrated, attaining an IC50 value of 67.9 µg and 74.9 µg/ml respectively, which caused 50% cell death. Discussion: This work aims to highlight an effective method for delivering bioactive compounds extracted from brown algae and emphasize its future therapeutic prospects. The potential of Selenium-Zinc oxide nanoparticles is of great interest due to the biocompatibility and low toxicity aspects of selenium combined with the cost-effectiveness and sustainability of zinc metal. The presence of bioactive compounds contributed to the stability of the nanoparticles and acted as capping properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of fungi as biological nanofactories is an innovative and promising research field of nanoscience. It offers the potential to yield sustainable and cost-effective nanostructures with fine-tuned features. This study reports the trichogenic synthesis of silver oxide/copper oxide (Ag2O/CuO) nanoalloys, using the culture filtrate of the endophytic fungus Trichoderma virens. The filtrate of T. virens mediated the synthesis of the Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys, which was visually verified by the formation of dark bluish-greenish colloidal suspension upon reacting with AgNO3 and CuSO4·5H2O (1:1 v/v). X-ray diffraction revealed the crystalline nature of the trichogenic Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys, showing the characteristic diffraction peaks of cubic Ag2O (Pn-3/201) and tenorite monoclinic CuO (C2/c/15). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed spectra corresponding to the core levels of Ag 3d, Cu 2p, and O 1 s in the Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed nitro and ester stretching vibrations in addition to characteristic interatomic metal–metal vibrations near 500 cm−1. Dynamic light scattering revealed that the Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys had an average particle size distribution of 124 nm, while zeta potential measurement was + 23.8 mV. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) revealed a mixture of hemispherical and plate-like Ag2O/CuO particles arranged in crystalline clusters. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed the formation of quasi-spherical, circular, cuboid, and triangular Ag2O NPs along with the sharp-edged nanoplates of CuO particles. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis showed prominent emission peaks of Ag (12.41%), Cu (17.68%), and O (69.91%). The antibacterial efficacy of the Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys was evaluated against six Gram-negative and three Gram-positive bacterial strains. The Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys exhibited significant antibacterial activity against streptomycin-sensitive Xanthomonas citri pv. citri (Xcc) (17.85 ± 0.735 mm), streptomycin-resistant Xcc (17.77 ± 0.720 mm), Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (17.44 ± 3.492 mm), and Escherichia coli (16.23 ± 2.468 mm), whereas the effectiveness of the Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys was moderate against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (12.74 ± 1.302 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (12.56 ± 0.667 mm), streptomycin-sensitive Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc) (11.77 ± 0.431 mm), streptomycin-resistant Pcc (11.63 ± 0.741 mm), and C. michiganensis subsp. capsici (11.62 ± 0.958 mm). The bacterial cells exposed to the Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys exhibited notable morphological changes, such as cell membrane disruption, structural damage, compromised membrane integrity, shrinkage, and swelling. This research lays the groundwork for developing and using trichogenic Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys as highly effective nano-antimicrobial agents for a diverse array of applications.Graphical Abstract: The use of fungi as biological nanofactories is an innovative and promising research field of nanoscience. It offers the potential to yield sustainable and cost-effective nanostructures with fine-tuned features. This study reports the trichogenic synthesis of silver oxide/copper oxide (Ag2O/CuO) nanoalloys, using the culture filtrate of the endophytic fungus Trichoderma virens. The filtrate of T. virens mediated the synthesis of the Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys, which was visually verified by the formation of dark bluish-greenish colloidal suspension upon reacting with AgNO3 and CuSO4·5H2O (1:1 v/v). X-ray diffraction revealed the crystalline nature of the trichogenic Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys, showing the characteristic diffraction peaks of cubic Ag2O (Pn-3/201) and tenorite monoclinic CuO (C2/c/15). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed spectra corresponding to the core levels of Ag 3d, Cu 2p, and O 1 s in the Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed nitro and ester stretching vibrations in addition to characteristic interatomic metal–metal vibrations near 500 cm−1. Dynamic light scattering revealed that the Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys had an average particle size distribution of 124 nm, while zeta potential measurement was + 23.8 mV. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) revealed a mixture of hemispherical and plate-like Ag2O/CuO particles arranged in crystalline clusters. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed the formation of quasi-spherical, circular, cuboid, and triangular Ag2O NPs along with the sharp-edged nanoplates of CuO particles. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis showed prominent emission peaks of Ag (12.41%), Cu (17.68%), and O (69.91%). The antibacterial efficacy of the Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys was evaluated against six Gram-negative and three Gram-positive bacterial strains. The Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys exhibited significant antibacterial activity against streptomycin-sensitive Xanthomonas citri pv. citri (Xcc) (17.85 ± 0.735 mm), streptomycin-resistant Xcc (17.77 ± 0.720 mm), Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (17.44 ± 3.492 mm), and Escherichia coli (16.23 ± 2.468 mm), whereas the effectiveness of the Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys was moderate against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (12.74 ± 1.302 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (12.56 ± 0.667 mm), streptomycin-sensitive Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc) (11.77 ± 0.431 mm), streptomycin-resistant Pcc (11.63 ± 0.741 mm), and C. michiganensis subsp. capsici (11.62 ± 0.958 mm). The bacterial cells exposed to the Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys exhibited notable morphological changes, such as cell membrane disruption, structural damage, compromised membrane integrity, shrinkage, and swelling. This research lays the groundwork for developing and using trichogenic Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys as highly effective nano-antimicrobial agents for a diverse array of applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]