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Color changes in wheat and cooking water, which affect the quality of bulgur and wastewater, are important. Understanding the impacts of cooking water acidity, hardness, and iron content is significant for producing bright‐yellow colored bulgur and determining the possible negative effects of cooking water on the environment. Thereby, the gelatinization degree and color (L*, a*, b*, and yellowness index) of wheat cooked with waters at different pH (3, 5, 7, 9, and 11), hardness (soft, hard, and very hard), and iron content (0, 1, and 2 mg/L) were determined every 10 min of cooking. pH, Brix, conductivity, hardness, turbidity, and color of cooking waters were also determined and kinetically modeled. After cooking, it was revealed that cooking with water at pH 3 favored the color of cooked wheat, whereas pH 11 caused darkening. Nevertheless, as the wastewater pH of cooking waters with pH 3 and 11 may be harmful to the environment, it is recommended to use water in the range of pH 5–9 for bulgur production. Cooking with very hard water is also not recommended as it causes some adverse effects such as diminishing the gelatinization rate in wheat, increasing the cooking time, and negatively affecting the color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comprehensive model of hemodynamic pulsatile flow within the carotid artery, examining both normal conditions and those affected by stenosis. The primary focus lies in visualizing shear stress along the inner walls, aiming to elucidate how stenosis alters blood flow characteristics and subsequently impacts plaque deposition. Utilizing advanced computational fluid dynamics simulations, temporal variations in flow patterns, velocity profiles, and pressure gradients resulting from stenosis are captured, thereby elucidating the mechanical forces exerted on arterial walls. Moreover, this study analyzes the influence of hemodynamic parameters, such as Reynolds number, Womersley number, and arterial geometry, on flow disruption and stagnation points. Such insights are critical in understanding the mechanisms underlying plaque formation and progression. Critical thresholds of shear stress and flow patterns contributing to endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerotic lesion initiation are identified by comparing hemodynamic environments in healthy vs stenotic arteries. The results demonstrate significant differences in hemodynamic characteristics between stenosed and normal arteries, particularly near systolic peaks. Stenosed arteries exhibit notably higher velocities at arterial bifurcations during systole than normal arteries, indicative of altered flow dynamics. In addition, stenosis disrupts flow patterns, leading to vortex formation at locations beyond systolic peaks. Overall, findings from this research advance our understanding of cardiovascular disease pathogenesis and provide valuable insights into the hemodynamic effects of arterial stenosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to obtain the optical soliton solutions of the stochastic perturbed Radhakrishnan–Kundu–Lakshmanan equation which models the optical solitons in optical waveguides such as silica fibers with Kerr law in the presence of chromatic and third-order dispersions by multiplicative white noise in Itô calculus. The study constitutes one of the works aimed at adapting the model in accordance with the importance of the noise effect in nonlinear optics. In the first step, the nonlinear ordinary differential form of the investigated problem has been obtained by using an appropriate complex wave transformation. The enhanced Kudryashov technique, which is the combination of Kudryashov and the new Kudryashov methods, is applied to the nonlinear ordinary differential form. As the result, bright, dark and singular stochastic soliton solutions of the analyzed problem have been carried out by assigning appropriate parameter values and the impact of noise effect on the soliton behavior has been investigated. Lastly, the graphical representations and required comments have been presented in the related sections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The topic of dispersive optical solitons is one of the essential areas of telecommunications engineering. This paper presents the nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) with the cubic-quintic-septic (CQS) law which includes higher-order dispersion terms. This equation examines the dynamics of dispersive optical solitons propagation in nonlinear optical fibers. The presented model is significant in mathematics and theoretical physics sciences because long-distance optical fibers are used in optical communication utilized for transoceanic and intercontinental data transmission. First, the considered equation is transformed into a nonlinear ordinary differential equation (NLODE) using the traveling wave transformation. Then, two powerful techniques, Sinh-Gordon expansion approach and the auxiliary equation method (AEM), based on the homogeneous balance rule, are operated to produce analytical solutions for the NLSE with CQS law. Thus, bright, dark, singular, and periodic-singular soliton solutions are acquired. We demonstrate the three-dimensional (3D) and two-dimensional (2D) representations to interpret the physical behavior of some derived solutions. Besides, we investigate the effects of some parameters in the model with graphical illustrations. Therefore, it can be noted that the obtained soliton solutions have a significant role in soliton dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tackles the recently introduced (4+1)-dimensional Boiti–Leon–Manna–Pempinelli equation (4D-BLMPE) utilized to model wave phenomena in incompressible fluid and fluid mechanics. Modified extended tanh expansion method (METEM) and the new Kudryashov scheme are implemented to produce analytical soliton solutions for the presented equation. The traveling wave transformation is constructed, and the homogeneous balance principle is utilized to apply the two proposed techniques. Furthermore, the flat-kink, smooth-kink, singular, and periodic singular solutions are successfully extracted. Some produced solutions are illustrated graphically to understand the physical meaning of the presented model. Moreover, for the first time in this study, the effect of model parameters on kink soliton dynamics is examined, and graphical representations are depicted and interpreted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we purpose to ensure optical soliton solutions of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation having parabolic and anti-cubic (AC) laws with a weakly non-local nonlinearity by using the new Kudryashov method. As far as we know this model has not been presented and studied before. Furthermore, what differs this study from other studies is, not only obtains a variety of analytical solutions of the examined model but also substantiates the effects of the parabolic and anti-cubic laws with a weakly non-local nonlinearity on soliton behaviour, by choosing the particular soliton forms, which are dark, bright and W-like. Eventually, we depict some of the derived solutions in contour, 2D and 3D diagrams selecting the appropriate values of parameters by means of Matlab to demonstrate the importance of the given model. It is indicated that parabolic and AC parameters taking into consideration the weak non-local contribution have a very remarkable impact on the soliton structure, and the impact alters connected with the parameters and the soliton form. Besides, enabling and retaining the critical balance between the parameters and the soliton form and the interactive relation of the parameters with each other comprises major challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines entropy generation in the peristaltic flow of Johnson–Segalman fluid through a curved channel, considering the effects of Hall and ion slip due to an externally applied magnetic field and activation energy. The fluid dynamics are modeled using a highly nonlinear mathematical framework, which is non‐dimensionalized and simplified with a lubrication approach. Numerical solutions are obtained using the shooting technique to analyze fluid flow properties. The results, presented graphically, provide a comprehensive understanding of the interactions between the non‐Newtonian characteristics of the Johnson–Segalman fluid, entropy generation, and activation energy effects. The study finds that increasing the Hall parameter enhances entropy generation. Higher activation energy increases the rate of chemical reactions and by‐products, raising system randomness. Additionally, reducing the channel curvature or increasing the curvature parameter elevates the system's entropy. These insights are valuable for biomedical and industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper is dedicated to the investigation of the optical soliton solutions with the power law of self-phase modulation (SPM) and the third-order dispersion (TOD), completely neglecting the chromatic dispersion (CD). The aim is focused on two main points. First, obtaining the straddled soliton solution which permits us to have bright and singular soliton by applying the new Kudryashov (nKM) scheme which was recently introduced as a simple, effective, and reliable method. Second, to observe the influences of the TOD, SPM, and inter-modal dispersion (IMD) on pure-cubic optical soliton dynamics in the absence of the CD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we obtained optical soliton solutions of the perturbed nonlinear Schrödinger–Hirota equation with generalized anti‐cubic law nonlinearity in the presence of spatio‐temporal dispersion. This equation models the propagation of optical pulses in fiber optic cables. Due to the anti‐cubic nonlinearity, perturbation, and spatio‐temporal dispersion present in the model, it provides more accurate results for high‐speed and long‐distance transmissions. Given the significant developments in the field of optics, studies on complex equations such as this model are of great importance. With the increase in real‐life applications, obtaining solutions to optical equations has become crucial. In this study, we used the improved F‐expansion method to derive the optical soliton solutions for the relevant model. This technique allows for obtaining various solutions through the Jacobi elliptic auxiliary functions it employs. The obtained solutions consist of trigonometric and hyperbolic functions. As a result of the application, 10 solutions were obtained, and 2D and 3D graphics of these solutions are included. These graphs illustrate the motion directions of optical solitons and the effect of the nonlinearity parameter p$$ p $$ and spatio‐temporal dispersion parameter β$$ \beta $$ on soliton behavior. No restrictions were encountered during the study. Finally, the originality of the study lies in the first application of this technique to the relevant model and in examining the effect of the parameters p$$ p $$ and β$$ \beta $$ on this model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]