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Objectives: The aims of the study were to identify conditions diagnosed in at least 10% of midlife women living in the US upper midwest and to assess prevalence by age, race, ethnicity, and sociodemographic status., Methods: The Rochester Epidemiology Project was used to conduct a cross-sectional prevalence study of 86,946 women between 40 and 59 years residing in a 27-county region of the United States on January 1, 2020. Diagnostic billing codes were extracted and grouped into broader condition categories using the Clinical Classification System Refined. The prevalence of 424 conditions was calculated by age, race, ethnicity, and area deprivation index quartiles. Logistic regression was used to examine associations between participant characteristics and conditions that affected 10% or more of the study population., Results: Twenty-eight conditions affected ≥10% of women, and eight conditions increased by ≥45% between the ages of 40 and 59 (disorders of lipid metabolism, hypertension, sleep/wake disorders, thyroid disorders, esophageal disorders, osteoarthritis, tendon and synovial disorders, and menopausal disorders; all test for trend P < 0.01). Black women had a significantly higher prevalence of hypertension and esophageal disorders at all ages (adjusted P values <0.05). Women living in more deprived areas had a significantly higher prevalence of hyperlipidemia, hypertension, sleep/wake disorders, and esophageal disorders (adjusted P values <0.05). Women living in less deprived areas had a significantly higher prevalence of thyroid disorders at age 40 to 44 and menopausal disorders at ages 50 to 59 (adjusted P values <0.05)., Conclusions: These data suggest that additional attention should focus on Black women and women with a lower socioeconomic status to ensure that common midlife conditions are diagnosed and treated., Competing Interests: Financial disclosure/conflicts of interest: J.L.S.S. receives ongoing institutional funding from Moderna and received past institutional funding from Exact Sciences. E.K. receives funding from Mithra Pharmaceuticals, Astellas Pharmaceuticals, and Womaness. K.L.M.'s institution was paid by NORC for her time as a subject matter expert and the American Cancer Society paid for travel costs related to her volunteer role as co-chair of a National Roundtable on Cervical Cancer work group to attend national meetings. Money was paid to her institution from her institution with Internal Mayo Clinic grants: Mayo Clinic Women's Health Research Center and Mayo Clinic Women's Health Pilot, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center (MCCCC) Disease Group, and Mayo Family Medicine Small Grants Program. She also receives ongoing institutional funding from the National Cancer Institute. S.S.F. received past funding from PriMed and Optum Health as a lecturer. The other authors have nothing to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of The Menopause Society.)