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Optoelectronic memristors have garnered significant attention for their critical applications in neuromorphic computing. The incorporation of materials with excellent absorption efficiency in the fabrication of photoelectric memristors can significantly enhance the image recognition capabilities. CdS nanorods (NRs) are semiconductors with strong UV light absorption that can effectively improve charge transport characteristics, reduce the loss caused by recombination at the crystal surface, and enhance the light absorption characteristics. In this work, an efficient hot injection method for controlling the growth of CdS NRs or nanosquares (NSs) by optimizing the proportion of dodecanethiol (DDT) is reported. Meanwhile, two-terminal optoelectronic memristors based on CdS NSs and CdS NRs are fabricated in which the conductance of the devices can be continuously modulated under electrical and optical stimulations of different widths/spacings/amplitudes. These advantages impart the device with exceptional electrical and optical synaptic functions including excitability, inhibition, paired-pulse facilitation, short-term/long-term plasticity, and memory-forgetting behavior. In addition, the enhancement of the image recognition efficiency of the device by CdS NRs is demonstrated in experiments with the recognition of the optical image "F". This work offers valuable insights for material selection in the development of future neuromorphic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microorganism-based biosynthesis of quantum dots is a low-cost and green production method with a wide range of potential applications. The development of environmentally friendly synthesis methods is required due to the toxicity and severe reactions that occur during the chemical synthesis of quantum dots. In this study, a novel strain, QD4, with the ability to the effectively and rapidly biosynthesize CdS quantum dots, is isolated and reported. The isolated strain is a Gram-positive, aerobic, flagellated, and rod-shaped bacterium, isolated from seawater. Through the physio-biochemical characterization and 16S rRNA-based phylogenetic tree analysis, the strain is identified as Lysinibacillus boronitolerans QD4. The strain QD4 grows well in the range of 25–40 °C (optimum, 37 °C), pH 5.0–9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0), with a high cadmium-resistance as it could grow at Cd2+ concentration up to 2 mM, implying its good adaptability to the environment and potential for application. Cd2+ and L-cysteine are used as substrates for the biosynthesis of CdS quantum dots by strain QD4. The distinctive yellow fluorescence from CdS quantum dots is visible after only a short induction time (a few hours). Moreover, the properties of the CdS quantum dots are characterized by fluorescence spectroscopy, UV-absorption spectroscopy, TEM, XRD, XPS, and infrared spectroscopy. This study provides a novel strain resource for efficient biosynthesis of extracellular, water-soluble quantum dots, paving potential industrial applications in green production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalytic hydrogen (H₂) generation via solar-powered water splitting represents a sustainable solution to the global energy crisis. Cadmium sulfide (CdS) has emerged as a promising semiconductor photocatalyst due to its tunable bandgap, high physicochemical stability, cost-effectiveness, and widespread availability. This review systematically examines recent advancements in CdS-based heterojunctions, categorized into CdS-metal (Schottky), CdS-semiconductor (p-n, Z-scheme, S-scheme), and CdS-carbon heterojunctions. Various strategies employed to enhance photocatalytic efficiency and stability are discussed, including band structure engineering, surface modification, and the incorporation of crosslinked architectures. A critical evaluation of the underlying photocatalytic mechanisms highlights recent efforts to improve charge separation and photostability under operational conditions. This review highlights the challenges and opportunities in advancing CdS-based photocatalysts and provides a direction for future research. The insights presented aim to accelerate the development of efficient and durable CdS-based photocatalysts for sustainable H₂ production. [Display omitted] • The fundamentals and mechanisms for photocatalytic H 2 evolution were discussed. • The crystal structure, optics, band structure, and synthesis of CdS were outlined. • The design of CdS heterojunctions for enhanced H₂ evolution was emphasized. • Challenges and prospects of developing efficient CdS photocatalysts were proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, ternary metal chalcogenides are widely used as an excellent material for energy generation and environmental remediation. CdIn2S4 (CIS) is a ternary n-type semiconductor acts as an active catalyst because of the presence of the In3+ ions. CdIn2S4 is a highly efficient, low-cost photocatalyst due to its chemical stability, ease of synthesis, high durability, and tunable band gap. CIS photocatalysts gain a lot of attention due to the absorption of superior visible light. Various modifications, such as element doping, co-catalyst deposition, modifications of surface, heterojunction construction enhanced the catalytic performance of CIS. This review describes the applications of CIS and CIS based materials for CO2 reduction, environmental remediation, photocatalytic organic transformations, photoelectrochemical, and H2 production by water spilling. At last, challenges and future perspectives are also provided for further development of CdIn2S4 for energy and environmental applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper-doped cadmium sulfide quantum dots (Cu-CdS QDs) were used as photocatalysts for the deuteration of halides under visible-light irradiation, with D 2 O as the deuterium source. The combined experimental and theoretical calculation results reveal that long-lived carriers are produced by rapidly capturing photoinduced holes in the Cu-doped energy levels, which is beneficial for improving photocatalytic reactivity. [Display omitted] Deuterium labeling is a highly valuable yet challenging subject of research in various scientific fields. Conventional deuteration methods often involve harsh reaction conditions and suffer from limited reactivity and selectivity. Herein, we report a visible light–driven C–X (X = halogen) to C–D (D = deuterium) exchange strategy over copper-doped cadmium sulfide quantum dots (Cu-CdS QDs) under mild conditions, eliminating the need for noble metal catalysts and expensive deuterium sources. The conversion of aryl halides into deuterated products using Cu-CdS QDs reaches up to 99%, which is four times higher than that achieved using pristine CdS QDs. The substantial enhancement in the photocatalytic activity of the QDs can be primarily attributed to the generation of long-lived charge carriers (approximately 6 μs) induced by Cu doping. Mechanistic studies reveal that the Cu dopants considerably retard the recombination of photoinduced carriers by creating intermediate energy levels that serve as hole trapping centers in CdS QDs, thereby improving the electron utilization efficiency in energetically demanding photoreduction reactions. Additionally, the introduction of Cu increases the energy offset between the conduction band of CdS QDs and molecular acceptors, facilitating the electron transfer process. Upon visible light irradiation, a series of aryl halides can be efficiently converted into the desired deuterated compounds using D 2 O as the deuterium source. This work demonstrates that regulating charge carrier dynamics in ultrasmall QD-based photocatalysts is a promising strategy for promoting organic transformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalytic conversion has emerged as a promising strategy for harnessing renewable solar energy in the valorization of plastic waste. However, research on the photocatalytic transformation of plastics into valuable nitrogen-containing chemicals remains limited. In this study, we present a visible-light-driven pathway for the conversion of polylactic acid (PLA) into alanine under mild conditions. This process is catalyzed by defect-engineered CdS nanocrystals synthesized at room temperature. We observe a distinctive volcano-shaped relationship between sulfur vacancy content in CdS and the corresponding alanine production rate reaching up to 4.95 mmol/g catalyst/h at 70 oC. Ultraviolet-visible, photocurrent, electrochemical impedance, transient absorption, photoluminescence, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy collectively highlight the crucial role of sulfur vacancies. The surface vacancies serve as adsorption sites for lactic acid; however, an excessive number of vacancies can hinder charge transfer efficiency. Sulfur vacancy-rich CdS exhibits high stability with maintained performance and morphology over several runs, effectively converts real-life PLA products and shows potential in the amination of other polyesters. This work not only highlights a facile approach for fabricating defect-engineered catalysts but also presents a sustainable method for upcycling plastic waste into valuable chemicals. Photocatalysis offers a promising pathway to upcycle plastic waste. Here the authors demonstrate how defective cadmium sulfide photocatalysts can convert real-world polylactic acid into the amino acid alanine under visible light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignin-based carbon/cadmium sulfide (LCS) composite photocatalytic materials with excellent porous structures were prepared by simple carbonization and in situ precipitation using lignin from a wide range of sources as a carbon source. The CdS nanoparticles were uniformly fixed in LC, which improved the sunlight absorption ability and good stability of the photocatalyst. The effect of different factors on the pore structure of composite photocatalytic materials was investigated. The results showed that the obtained LCS composites had the maximum specific surface area (334.841 m2·g−1) and porosity (0.4406 mL·g−1) when the mass ratio (the lignin: the templating agent) was 2:1 and the carbonization was carried out at 600 °C for 1.5 h (LCS-600-1.5-2). Compared with pure CdS, the photodegradation performance of the prepared LCS under simulated sunlight (500 W Xe lamp) irradiation was significantly improved. The degradation rate of methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange/methylene blue (MO/MB) by LCS reached 91.7% and 90.8% in 2 h, respectively. The material stability test of LCS showed that LCS has good acid–base stability, and the degradation rate of MB remained above 80% after 5 cycles. The LCS prepared from lignin biomass, improved the dispersion uniformity of cadmium sulfide, reduced the recombination of photogenic electron hole, enhanced the photocatalytic performance under visible light, which greatly expanded the application of photocatalytic material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a promising member of the carbon nitride family, nitrogen-rich g-C3N5 has attracted significant attention because of its excellent light absorption performance. Nevertheless, its practical application in photocatalytic CO2 reduction is hindered by severe photogenerated charge recombination and limited CO2 adsorption capacity. Constructing a heterojunction has emerged as an effective strategy to mitigate charge recombination, thereby enhancing the photocatalytic performance of the catalyst. Herein, a series of CdS/g-C3N5-X heterojunction catalysts were prepared via an in situ hydrothermal approach. The obtained heterojunction catalysts exhibited a novel coral reef-like morphology which facilitated the exposure of additional active sites, thereby enhancing the adsorption and activation of CO2. Moreover, studies have shown that CdS can be anchored to the surface of g-C3N5 through C-S bonds, forming a built-in electric field at the interface, which accelerated the separation and transfer of photogenerated charges. Consequently, the resulting heterojunction materials demonstrated high efficiency in photocatalytic CO2 reduction with H2O as a sacrificial agent. In particular, CdS/g-C3N5-0.2 exhibited the maximum photocatalytic performance up to 22.9 μmol·g−1·h−1, which was 6 times and 3 times that of unmodified g-C3N5 and CdS, respectively. The results indicated that the increased active sites and enhanced charge separation of the Cd/g-C3N5-0.2 catalyst were the primary reasons for its improved photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance. This work provides a novel heterojunction-based photocatalyst for efficient CO2 photocatalytic reduction, offering insights into the preparation of high-performance photocatalysts for sustainable energy applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using chemical bath deposition (CBD) methods and various molarities, nanostructured CdS thin films were developed. XRD assured that these films were cubic polycrystalline, containing larger grains as the solution's concentration of cadmium ions increased. Dislocation density values dropped from 79.32 to 62.90 as a result, nevertheless. Also, the strain is lowered from 30.88 to 27.50. AFM results demonstrate that these films suffer a decrease in the value of average particle size, root mean square, and roughness with the molarity concentration. SEM images show CdS thin films at various molarities (0.10, 0.15, 0.20) M, indicating reduced grain size with increased concentration. The optical characteristics indicate a large band gap decreases from 2.46 eV to 2.34 eV and a high transmittance in the visible portion of the spectrum of more than 97.5%. The Refractive Index value changed from 3.23 to 3.11 as the content of cadmium ions increased. CdS films show p-type behavior, reducing resistance with NO2 gas, influenced by molar concentration. The sensitivity of CdS films to NO2 shows a decrement with increased molar concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a potential substitute for antibiotics, cadmium sulfide and zinc oxide nano-particles (CdS and ZnO NPs) were created using laser ablation and a straightforward chemical process, respectively. Target of cadmium sulfide, deionized water, zinc nitrate, and sodium hydroxide were used as precursors. Different characterization techniques were used to characterize the CdS and ZnO NPs. X-ray diffraction was used to confirm that the CdS and ZnO had polycrystalline structures with average crystalline sizes of 54.16 nm and 29.23 nm, respectively. The ZnO particles were densely packed 2D curved nanopetals with a diameter of 51.65 nm, whereas the CdS particles were shown to consist of particle agglomerates with spherical and semi-spherical morphologies with a diameter of 34.53 nm from FE-SEM images. According to AFM, the average grain size of ZnO and CdS was 37.51 nm and 79.64 nm, respectively. The purity of the produced nano-particles was validated by FTIR. ZnO has an estimated energy gap of 4.25 eV and CdS of 2.5 eV. Regarding Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains and fungal strains, the CdS and ZnO NPs exhibit pertinent anti-microbial sensitivity. Compared to S. epidermidis and Klebsiella, the produced nano-particles were shown to have stronger anti-bacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli, with a larger zone of inhibition. The Candida, however, recorded a higher value of 39mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Challenge of passivating defects to harvest the high‐efficiency emission in semiconductor materials significantly limit their practical applications in solid‐state lighting. Here, a robust strategy is developed through pressure‐synergistic ligand engineering to achieve enhanced emission and remarkable piezochromism in the synthesized cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanocrystals (NCs) that exhibits both band‐edge (BE) emission and strong defect emission. With increasing pressure, the CdS NCs experienced a piezochromism from orange emission to white emission. Note that by introducing additional ligand of cadmium oleate, a marked transition is achieved in emission color from orange to blue–violet with high color purity of 71.4% under high pressure. Furthermore, through the pressure‐enhanced defect passivation with capping ligand, the CdS NCs realized a considerable BE emission enhancement, accompanied by the gradually decreased defect emission. In situ high‐pressure experiments and first‐principles calculations indicate that the interaction between ligand and CdS NCs is indeed enhanced under high pressure, thus facilitating the defects passivation and ultimately leading to the observed piezochromism and emission enhancement. This study endows high pressure as an efficient tool to enhance the surface defect passivation, paving the way for precise control over piezochromism and high‐efficiency emission through materials design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimony selenosulfide (Sb2(S,Se)3) has obtained widespread concern for photovoltaic applications as a light absorber due to superior photoelectric features. Accordingly, various deposition technologies have been developed in recent years, especially hydrothermal deposition method, which has achieved a great success. However, device performances are limited with severe carrier recombination, relating to the quality of absorber and interfaces. Herein, bulk and interface defects are simultaneously suppressed by regulating heterogeneous nucleation kinetics with barium dibromide (BaBr2) introduction. In details, the Br adsorbs and dopes on the polar planes of cadmium sulfide (CdS) buffer layer, promoting the exposure of nonpolar planes of CdS, which facilitates the favorable growth of [hk1]‐Sb2(S,Se)3 films possessing superior crystallinity and small interface defects. Additionally, the Se/S ratio is increased due to the replacement of Se by Br, causing a downshift of the Fermi levels with a benign band alignment and a shallow‐level defect. Moreover, Ba2+ is located at grain boundaries by coordination with S and Se ions, passivating grain boundary defects. Consequently, the efficiency is increased from 7.70 % to 10.12 %. This work opens an avenue towards regulating the heterogeneous nucleation kinetics of Sb2(S,Se)3 film deposited via hydrothermal deposition approach to optimize its crystalline orientation and defect features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalytic overall splitting of pure water (H2O) without sacrificial reagent to hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) holds a great potential for achieving carbon neutrality. Herein, by anchoring cobalt sulfide (Co9S8) as cocatalyst and cadmium sulfide (CdS) as light absorber to channel wall of a porous polymer microreactor (PP12), continuous violent H2 and O2 bubbling productions from photocatalytic overall splitting of pure H2O without sacrificial reagent is achieved, with H2 and O2 production rates as high as 4.41 and 2.20 mmol h−1 gcat.−1 respectively. These are significantly enhanced than those in the widely used stirred tank‐type reactor in which no O2 is produced and H2 production rate is only 0.004 mmol h−1 gcat.−1. Besides improved charge separation and interaction of H2O with photocatalyst in PP12, bonding interaction of Co9S8 with PP12 creates abundant catalytic active sites for simultaneous productions of H2 and O2, thus leading to the significantly enhanced H2 and O2 bubbling productions in PP12. This offers a new strategy to enhance photocatalytic overall splitting of pure H2O without sacrificial reagent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, the 1D Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator software is used to perform numerical analysis of thin‐film solar cells with Cu2ZnSnS4, Cu2BaSnS4, Cu2FeSnS4, and Cu2MnSnS4 absorber layers. The main goal is to investigate the impact of parameters, such as absorber layer thickness, acceptor density, buffer layer, bandgap, and donor density, on the efficiency of these solar cells. The absorber layer investigation entails varying the thickness and the acceptor density to evaluate their influence on the efficiency of the solar cell. A new zinc oxide sulfide (Zn(O,S)) buffer layer is also introduced instead of the conventional cadmium sulfide (CdS) buffer layer. The Zn(O,S) bandgap and its donor density, which are investigated in terms of how they affect the efficiency of the solar cells, have been varied. The optimal values for the thickness of the absorber layer, acceptor density, and the bandgap of the buffer layer are calculated. Subsequently, the donor density is evaluated to find any potential defects that may affect the efficiency of the solar cell. These results confirm that Zn(O,S) can be utilized as a buffer layer. This study concludes that Cu2ZnSnS4, Cu2BaSnS4, and Cu2MnSnS4 absorber layers have superior efficiency in comparison with Cu2FeSnS4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium (Cd)-enriched adsorbents wastes possess great environmental risk due to their large-scale accumulation and toxicity in the natural environment. Recycling spent Cd-enriched adsorbents into efficient catalysts for advanced applications could address the environmental issues and attain the carbon neutral goal. Herein, a facile strategy is developed for the first time to reutilize the alkali lignin (AL)-derived biochar (ALB) absorbed with Cd into cadmium sulphide (CdS)/C composite for the efficient methylene blue (MB) removal. The ALB is initially treated with Cd-containing solution, then the recycling ALB samples with adsorbed Cd are converted to the final CdS/C composite using NaS2 as the sulphurizing reagent for vulcanization reaction. The optimal ALB400 demonstrates a high adsorption capacity of 576.0 mg g−1 for Cd removal. Then the converted CdS/C composite shows an efficient MB removal efficiency of 94%. The photodegradation mechanism is mainly attributed to carbon components in the CdS/C composite as electron acceptor promoting the separation of photoelectrons/holes and slowing down the abrasion of CdS particles. The enhanced charge transfer and contact between the carrier and the active site thus improves the removal performance and reusability. This work not only develops a method for removing Cd from wastewater effectively and achieving the waste resource utilization but also further offers a significant guidance to use other kinds of spent heavy metal removal adsorbents for the construction of low-cost and high value-added functional materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel ternary polycarbazole/cadmium sulfide/hematite iron (III) oxide (PCz/CdS/α‐Fe2O3) nanocomposite was synthesized through in situ chemical polymerization method. The phase structure and morphology of PCz, PCz/CdS, PCz/α‐Fe2O3, and PCz/CdS/α‐Fe2O3 were analyzed using XRD and FESEM techniques. From HR‐TEM study, particle size of PCz/CdS/α‐Fe2O3 nanocomposite was found to be 68.09 nm. The chemical composition and the binding energy of the elements present in PCz/CdS/α‐Fe2O3 nanocomposite were examined through XPS. BET studies revealed the mesoporous nature of PCz/CdS/α‐Fe2O3 with a large surface area (35.51 m2 g−1) compared to PCz/α‐Fe2O3 (21.52 m2 g−1) and PCz/CdS (7.47 m2 g−1) nanocomposites. Cyclic voltammetric studies revealed the highest specific capacitance (634.14 Fg−1) of ternary PCz/CdS/α‐Fe2O3 electrode in KOH electrolyte in comparison to H2SO4 (49.44 Fg−1) and Na2SO4 (79.94 Fg−1) electrolytes at a scan rate of 3 mVs−1. Cyclic stability test indicated a high capacitive retentivity of PCz/CdS/α‐Fe2O3 (97%) electrode than PCz/CdS (90%) and PCz/α‐Fe2O3 (93%) electrodes after completion of 2000 cycles. From EIS, PCz/CdS/α‐Fe2O3 displayed a low ESR value (1.35 Ω) than the binary electrodes; the value increased slightly after the cyclic stability analysis. All these indicate the effectiveness of PCz/CdS/α‐Fe2O3 as a suitable electrode for supercapacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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To encounter the burgeoning energy demands of the future, it is imperative to focus on the progress of innovative and profitable techniques for hydrogen (H2) evolution, coupled with an enriched stability of photocatalysts. In this work, we have effectually prepared CdS, CdS:Ce, and CdS:(Ce, Ga) nanoparticles through a chemical refluxing method at 120 °C. Comprehensive structural analysis confirmed the effectual incorporation of Ce and Ga ions in the place of Cd2+ in a CdS matrix. Morphology analysis indicates that the prepared samples are irregularly shaped nanoparticles. Chemical analysis confirmed that the Ce and Ga ions incorporated in the Cd site occurred with 3+ and 4+ valence states. All the samples were assessed for H2 production through water splitting via artificial solar light irradiation. Amid all the samples, CdS:(Ce, Ga) nanoparticles portrayed a giant H2 evolution efficacy (3012 µmol h−1g−1) in 300 min, which is 13.9 times larger than that of the bar CdS sample. Thus, we firmly propose that CdS:(Ce, Ga) samples are authentic and potent candidates for efficient photocatalytic H2 production in sterile environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microorganism-based biosynthesis of quantum dots is a low-cost and green production method with a wide range of potential applications. The development of environmentally friendly synthesis methods is required due to the toxicity and severe reactions that occur during the chemical synthesis of quantum dots. In this study, a novel strain, QD4, with the ability to the effectively and rapidly biosynthesize CdS quantum dots, is isolated and reported. The isolated strain is a Gram-positive, aerobic, flagellated, and rod-shaped bacterium, isolated from seawater. Through the physio-biochemical characterization and 16S rRNA-based phylogenetic tree analysis, the strain is identified as Lysinibacillus boronitolerans QD4. The strain QD4 grows well in the range of 25–40 °C (optimum, 37 °C), pH 5.0–9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0), with a high cadmium-resistance as it could grow at Cd2+ concentration up to 2 mM, implying its good adaptability to the environment and potential for application. Cd2+ and L-cysteine are used as substrates for the biosynthesis of CdS quantum dots by strain QD4. The distinctive yellow fluorescence from CdS quantum dots is visible after only a short induction time (a few hours). Moreover, the properties of the CdS quantum dots are characterized by fluorescence spectroscopy, UV-absorption spectroscopy, TEM, XRD, XPS, and infrared spectroscopy. This study provides a novel strain resource for efficient biosynthesis of extracellular, water-soluble quantum dots, paving potential industrial applications in green production.

Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and cadmium sulfide (CdS) QDs have previously been used to enhance the photovoltaic performance of ternary organic solar cells (OSCs). Different from the previous reports, both CQDs and CdS QDs synthesized via the wet chemical route were incorporated into the photoactive layers of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT):(6,6)-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC 61 BM) to construct quaternary OSCs in this work. The effects of incorporating both CQDs and CdS QDs in photoactive layers on the photovoltaic performance of OSCs were investigated in detail. The structure of the OSCs was fluorine tin oxide (FTO)/ZnO/photoactive layer/Ag. The ZnO electron transport layer in nanorod arrays form was prepared using hydrothermal method, whereas the photoactive layer was deposited using spin coating technique. The OSCs with CdS QDs demonstrated a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2.87 %, an increment of 12 % in comparison to that without CdS QDs. The introduction of CdS QDs not only improves light absorption but also increases the exciton dissociation and electron transport. [Display omitted] • CdS QDs were introduced as fourth component in photoactive layer. • 12 % increment in PCE was achieved with the introduction of CdS QDs. • The optical absorption, exciton dissociation and charge transport were enhanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanocrystals capped with 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) were prepared and tested as nanoadsorbents and photocatalysts for the removal and degradation of reactive black 5 (RB5) dye in aqueous solutions. The dye adsorption data were collected at 298, 308, and 318 K. The modeling of experimental data showed the best fit to the Sips isotherm model, and the adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-first order (PFO) model. CdS MPA had a specific surface area of 140 m2/g and 23.90 mg/g maximum adsorption capacity at 298 K, attaining a removal efficiency of 95.2 % after 20 min. The steric and energetic parameters were analyzed using statistical physics models. The experimental data was predicted using an advanced single-energy adsorption model. At low temperatures, dye adsorption occurred via physisorption with weak interactions, thereby establishing a monolayer adsorption process. The dye molecules were removed in parallel and non-parallel orientations. At high temperatures, the dye adsorption was multi-molecular, indicating that the dye could be removed at a slanted position. Theoretical calculations indicated that physical interactions were involved in RB5 adsorption. Photocatalytic studies indicated that the degradation efficiency was close to 99 % within 120 min, and that the PFO kinetic model best matched the experimental data. RB5 adsorption on the CdS-MPA adsorbent led to three degradation-regeneration cycles. These results highlight the effectiveness and sustainability of this system, reinforcing its feasibility and potential application in photocatalytic reactions for environmental depollution. [Display omitted] • The synthesized CdS-MPA adsorbent has specific surface area of 140 m2/g and adsorption capacity of 23.9 mg/g. • Statistical physics modeling was performed to characterize dye adsorption mechanism. • RB5 adsorption is spontaneous and exothermic. • In three regeneration cycles, CdS-MPA nanocrystals maintained their adsorption capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Preparation of 0D/1D heterostructure FJU-200&CdS with sulfur-containing/oxygen vacancies and assisted charge separation. • F&C has excellent photocurrent performance, and the double vacancy effect enhances its conductivity and kinetics. • PEC sensors have high selectivity, wide linear range, and good stability for detecting CA19-9. • Reveal the mechanism of Z-shaped electron transfer and improve the efficiency of electron hole separation. • Provide theoretical basis and application reference for tumor biomarker detection platform. A visible light responsive photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensor using FJU-200 and Cadmium sulfide (CdS) quantum dots in synergy was proposed for sensitive detection of carbohydrate 19–9 (CA19-9). FJU-200&CdS with 0D/1D heterostructure were prepared by ultrasonic reaction. In this material system, the formation of S-O bonds and the vacancy defect effect caused by the S vacancies (SVs) in CdS and the O vacancies (OVo) in FJU-200 are crucial. When excited by light, CdS generates electron hole pairs under the action of photons. At this time, the SVs on CdS quantum dots change the distribution of surrounding electron clouds due to atomic vacancies, causing some electrons to be attracted by the local electric field at the vacancy, creating favorable conditions for subsequent electron transport. Meanwhile, the OVo in FJU-200 alter its local electronic structure, forming channels with lower energy barriers. The transfer efficiency of electrons flowing out of CdS is improved under the influence of energy difference driving and double vacancy effect. The synergistic vacancy defect effect of the two significantly enhances the efficiency of photogenerated carrier separation. After adding CA19-9, a photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensor with good selectivity was constructed based on antigen–antibody specific recognition. The proposed PEC sensor can sensitively detect actual serum samples, with a linear range of 10-3-102 IU/mL and a detection limit of 0.0036 IU/mL. This study explores the application of hydrogen bonded organic framework materials in the field of PEC, laying a theoretical foundation for the development of a PEC sensing platform for quantitative determination of CA19-9 tumor markers, and is expected to provide strong technical support for early clinical diagnosis of tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium sulfide is widely employed in environmental catalysis due to its excellent catalytic behaviors. However, the inherent toxicity and leaching risk of CdS-based catalyst presents significant challenges for practical applications. This study explored the incorporation of CdS nanowires on the nitrogen-doped multi-wall carbon tubes (N-MWCNTs) substrate to minimize the leaching rate and mitigate the bio-toxicity by regulating the electron transfer process. The low bio-toxicity of CdS/NMWCNT was confirmed by s series of toxicity tests. Additionally, the catalytic performance could be further enhanced with the high conductivity under the interfacial inner-electronic field. Results showed that the TC (20 mg/L) removal efficiency reached 90.31% within 30 min by PMS activation. Moreover, the PMS activation process, unveiled by In-situ Raman, quenching tests, and EPR spectra, demonstrated the improved TC removal efficiency was ascribed to the dominated roles of •OH, SO 4 •- and O 2 •-. DFT calculations further conducted the "NMWCNT-CdS-PMS" electron transfer pathway, thus effective activating PMS and protecting the CdS from oxidation. The findings provide a theoretical basis for designing and synthesizing unstable metal catalysts for the removal of emerging organic contaminants from wastewater with PMS activation. [Display omitted] • CdS/N-MWCNT showed low biotoxicity by regulating the interfacial electron transfer pathway. • CdS/N-MWCNT/PMS effectively worked under broad pH range and real water sample. • Application of system was verified with various ECs at maximum environmental levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A new strategy to achieve high catalytic activity for photoconversion of plastic is introduced. • Metastable-to-stable phase transformation and sulfur vacancies are engineered in CdS. • The CdS catalyst is processed by hydrothermal treatment followed by a high-pressure process. • The catalyst shows high activity for photoconversion of polyethylene terephthalate. • Hydrogen produced on this catalyst is 23 times higher than commercial CdS. Cadmium sulfide (CdS) is a well-known low-bandgap photocatalyst, but its efficiency is often hindered by rapid photo-generated carrier recombination and a limited number of active catalytic sites. To overcome these challenges, this study introduces an efficient CdS photocatalyst through a novel strategy combining metastable-to-stable phase transformation and sulfur vacancy generation. This strategy integrates hydrothermal treatment and a high-pressure process to create sulfur vacancies, which serve as active catalytic sites, within a thermodynamically stable wurtzite (hexagonal) phase known for its superior photocatalytic properties. The resulting CdS photocatalyst demonstrates exceptional performance in photoreforming for hydrogen production and the conversion of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic into valuable materials. Compared to commercial CdS catalysts, this new material shows a 23-fold increase in both hydrogen production and plastic degradation without the need for co-catalysts. Quenching experiments reveal that holes and hydroxyl radicals play crucial roles in the photoreforming process of this vacancy-rich CdS. First-principles calculations via density functional theory (DFT) indicate that the hexagonal phase possesses a lower bandgap and it exhibits further bandgap narrowing with the introduction of sulfur vacancies. These findings not only present an innovative approach to CdS processing but also highlight the critical role of sulfur vacancies as effective defects for the catalytic photoreforming of microplastics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To identify cadmium sulfide nanoparticles (CdS NPs) and Cd hyperaccumulators for Cd-contaminated waters. A potential species of constructed wetland plants (P. oleracea) was examined for their CdS NPs and Cd ions tolerance and accumulation. This study evaluated the P. oleracea life traits response, Cd accumulation, bioaccumulation factor (BCF), and translocation factor (TF) to assess their abilities to absorb and accumulate Cd. P. oleracea demonstrates high tolerance to both CdS NPs and Cd stress, with no significant effects observed on biomass, leaf color, plant height, or root length. High accumulation of Cd was noted in plant tissues, with higher Cd in the roots than in the stems and leaves. The Cd levels in plants subjected to CdS NPs were higher than those in the Cd treatment group. CdS NPs aggregates were identified within the plant cells in root and shoot tissues using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The BCF values ranged from 6.96 to 548.10 for the Cd treatment and 12.91–499.66 for CdS NPs, indicating the ability of P. oleracea to accumulate Cd and NPs. Additionally, TF values for Cd at 0.05 and 0.1 mg/L were above 1, showing effective translocation capability. The findings suggest that P. oleracea demonstrates significant potential as a Cd-hyperaccumulator, exhibiting a robust ability to extract Cd and CdS NPs from contaminated waters. It is a feasible plant in a constructed wetland for Cd removal. • No effect on measured life traits on P. oleracea under exposure to Cd and CdS NP. • Cd could accumulate in various plant tissues. • Cd uptake from CdS NP was higher than that from Cd ion exposure. • Elevated BCF and TF values confirms the potential use of P. oleracea in remediation of Cd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A universal oxygen-mediated, stepwise strategy is proposed for efficiently inducing visible-light photocatalytic partial water decomposition into hydrogen over various semiconductor photocatalysts with conduction band bottoms below the single-electron oxygen reduction potential. In this scenario, molecular O 2 can be transformed into reactive oxygen species, serving as both an oxidant and a homogeneous catalyst for producing hydrogen from alkaline aqueous solution containing various organic substrates. Further enhancement the performance is achieved by doping with phosphorous and oxygen, which constructs a local internal electric field and introduces sulfur vacancies, thereby facilitating the transport of photogenerated charge carriers, particularly on a representative CdS photocatalyst. The optimal hydrogen evolution performance reaches 2321.4 and 8521.4 μmol·g catatlyst −1·h−1 in methanol and formaldehyde solution systems, respectively, with an apparent quantum efficiency exceeding 59.4 % under 450 nm visible light irradiation. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that the oxygen-mediated, sequential single-electron transfer process can occur with virtually zero activation energy. [Display omitted] • A universal molecular oxygen-mediated photocatalysis strategy been discovered. • O 2 acts as both an oxidant and a catalyst in the photocatalytic systems. • Oxygen-mediated and photocatalytic modification have synergistic effects. • Constructing a local build-in electric field and introducing S vacancies in CdS. • The activation energy of oxygen-mediated photocatalytic strategies is virtually zero. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, a comprehensive study is carried out to investigate the memristive behaviour of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) conjugated cadmium sulphide quantum dot (CdS QD) nanocomposites (rGO-CdS), offering insights into their dynamic response under varying thermal conditions. The study integrates experimental analysis with MATLAB simulation to provide a detailed understanding of the complex interplay between different operating temperature (300K, 350K, 400K, and 450K) and memristive behavior in rGO-CdS nanocomposites. Different structural and chemical characterizations were carried out which confirms the formation of rGO-CdS nanocomposites. A sandwich structured device was fabricated with the synthesized rGO-CdS nanocomposites using Aluminum (Al) as top and Fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) as bottom electrode. The influence of operating temperature on hysteresis behaviour of the fabricated Al/rGO-CdS/FTO device was investigated using Keithley 2450 source meter by sweeping a direct current (dc) voltage (−5 V → 5 V → −5 V). Notably, we observe a positive temperature coefficient in the device current, with maximum and minimum recorded current of | 1.29 m A | and | 0.66 m A | at 450K and 300K respectively. The current-voltage (I-V) behavior observed in the device reveals that in the low resistance state (LRS), conduction is dominated by bulk-limited mechanisms. However, in the high resistance state (HRS), conduction involves contributions from both Schottky barriers and the Pool-Frenkel effect. A MATLAB based linear drift model was used to simulate the device responses at different temperatures using the experimental data. The study provides first comprehensive analysis of temperature dependent hysteresis behaviour of Al/rGO-CdS/FTO device, integrating MATLAB simulation to glean valuable insights into its operation and possible applications as memristive material across different temperature regimes. [Display omitted] • Initial study on memristive behavior of rGO/CdS QD devices at different temperatures. • Temperature sensitive device performance. • Distinct conduction mechanisms in LRS and HRS states. • MATLAB-based linear drift model simulations of the device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• MTiO 3 (M=Ca, Sr, Ni)/CdS hybrids are prepared by a general approach. • MTiO 3 (M=Ca, Sr, Ni)/CdS hybrids exhibit enhanced photocatalytic H 2 evolution. • CaTiO 3 /CdS hybrid enhances light absorption and photogenerated electrons-holes separation. • Z-scheme heterojunction formed between CaTiO 3 and CdS played an essential role in charge transfer. Designing and developing Z-scheme photocatalytic system for highly efficient hydrogen production through water splitting is a prospective strategy to alleviate energy and environmental issues. Herein, CaTiO 3 /CdS nanocomposites have been synthesized by a simple solvothermal method, in which CaTiO 3 and CdS present rectangular nanorods and nanosheet-like morphologies, respectively. The optimized 60%-CaTiO 3 /CdS composite exhibits a remarkable photocatalytic performance with H 2 evolution rate of ∼12,381.80 μmol·g-1·h-1, and it is 1.9 and 124 times higher than that of single CdS and CaTiO 3 , respectively. Photoluminescence (PL), photocurrent, and electrochemical impedance measurements confirm boosted interfacial charge separation within CaTiO 3 /CdS photocatalyst. Notably, as verified by the band structures, XPS analysis and fluorescence probe experiments, the intimate Z-scheme heterojunction interface constructed between two components plays a critical role in promoting the separation of photogenerated e-/ h + pairs and retaining superior redox capabilities, thus leading to enhanced H 2 evolution performance. Moreover, this synthetic method could be applied to other MTiO 3 (M = Sr and Ni) type semiconductors in accelerating the photocatalytic H 2 production. It is anticipated this work could offer a reference for rationally designing and constructing perovskite-based composite catalysts with improved solar-to-hydrogen conversion. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]