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Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are crucial components of the plant microbiota and can form symbioses with 72% of land plants. Researchers have long known that AM symbioses have dramatic effects on plant performance and also provide multiple ecological services in terrestrial environments. The successful establishment of AM symbioses relies on the host plant recognition of the diffusible mycorrhizal (Myc) factors, lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs) and chitooligosaccharides (COs). Among them, the short-chain COs such as CO4/5 secreted by AM fungi are the major Myc factors in COs. In this review, we summarize current advances, develop the concept of mycorrhizal biceptor complex (double receptor complexes for Myc-LCOs and CO4/5 in the same plant), and provide a perspective on the future development of mycorrhizal receptors. First, we focus on the distinct perception of two Myc factors by different host plant species, highlighting the essential role of Lys in- M otif (LysM)-type mycorrhizal receptors in perceiving them. Second, we propose the underlying molecular mechanisms by which LysM-type mycorrhizal receptors in various plants recognize both the Myc-LCOs and -COs. Finally, we explore future prospects for studies on the biceptor complex (Myc-LCO and -CO receptors) in dicots to facilitate the utilization of them in cereal crops (particularly in modern cultivated rice). In conclusion, our understanding of the precise perception processes during host plant interacting with AM fungi, where LysM-type mycorrhizal receptors act as recruiters, provides the tools to design biotechnological applications addressing agricultural challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study utilized a hydrothermal method to synthesize various metal‐modified rod‐like ceria catalysts (Fe, Co, Cu, Ni, La), achieving efficient COS removal at low temperatures. The research identified surface oxygen vacancies and basic sites as critical factors that influence the catalytic performance of COS hydrolysis. The addition of different metals to pristine ceria rods increased the specific surface area, oxygen vacancy content (Ov), and basicity, which enhanced the catalysts′ sulfur resistance and stability. Among all the catalysts tested, 10La‐CeO2 demonstrated the highest COS removal rate. This is because La doping significantly augmented Ov, providing more H2O adsorption and activation sites. Furthermore, 10La‐CeO2 showed enhanced Lewis basicity, making it easier for COS to adsorb and promote hydrolysis. The in situ DRIFTS results confirmed that appropriate oxygen vacancies and basic sites favored the formation of intermediates such as HCO3− and HSCO2−, promoting the decomposition of COS into H2S and CO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are crucial components of the plant microbiota and can form symbioses with 72% of land plants. Researchers have long known that AM symbioses have dramatic effects on plant performance and also provide multiple ecological services in terrestrial environments. The successful establishment of AM symbioses relies on the host plant recognition of the diffusible mycorrhizal (Myc) factors, lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs) and chitooligosaccharides (COs). Among them, the short-chain COs such as CO4/5 secreted by AM fungi are the major Myc factors in COs. In this review, we summarize current advances, develop the concept of mycorrhizal biceptor complex (double receptor complexes for Myc-LCOs and CO4/5 in the same plant), and provide a perspective on the future development of mycorrhizal receptors. First, we focus on the distinct perception of two Myc factors by different host plant species, highlighting the essential role of Lysin-Motif (LysM)- type mycorrhizal receptors in perceiving them. Second, we propose the underlying molecular mechanisms by which LysM-type mycorrhizal receptors in various plants recognize both the Myc-LCOs and -COs. Finally, we explore future prospects for studies on the biceptor complex (Myc-LCO and -CO receptors) in dicots to facilitate the utilization of them in cereal crops (particularly in modern cultivated rice). In conclusion, our understanding of the precise perception processes during host plant interacting with AM fungi, where LysM-type mycorrhizal receptors act as recruiters, provides the tools to design biotechnological applications addressing agricultural challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study undertook a thorough examination of three different morphologies (rod-shaped, cubic, and spherical) of CeO2 and La-doped catalysts on CeO2. The focus was on understanding the impact of alkaline site quantity and intensity on catalytic activity. Additionally, it explored how introducing oxygen vacancies affects H2O activation and dissociation, which leads to the formation of hydroxyl groups, ultimately boosting COS hydrolysis activity. The deactivation mechanism of the catalyst was also discussed. Initially, the rod-shaped morphology (CeO2−R) displayed more oxygen vacancies on the (110) crystal plane. This unique characteristic contributed to enhanced catalytic efficiency in COS hydrolysis. When 10% La was doped onto CeO2−R, it resulted in the formation of a solid solution. This synergistic effect of La with CeO2 led to the creation of more asymmetric oxygen vacancies on the catalyst surface, which further stimulated H2O activation and dissociation, thereby advancing COS hydrolysis activity. Several techniques, such as CO2−TPD and EPR, were employed to investigate the influence of alkaline sites and oxygen vacancies on COS removal. The results suggested that alkaline sites were advantageous for low-temperature COS hydrolysis, whereas oxygen vacancies served as surface defects, promoting the formation of —OH functional groups. The combined effect of oxygen vacancies and alkaline sites facilitated COS and water adsorption, thereby enhancing the catalytic hydrolysis efficiency. Further characterization using XPS revealed variations in the Ce3+ species content on the catalyst surface during the catalytic reaction, which are closely linked to the generation and consumption of oxygen vacancies. Simultaneously, the O 1s spectra suggested that oxygen vacancies on the catalyst surface played a pivotal role during the reaction. In addition, XPS and S 2p spectra analyses revealed the generation of sulfate salts during the reaction, likely arising from by-products of COS hydrolysis. This development led to pore blockage and active center coverage, resulting in sulfur poisoning of the catalyst. This was identified as a major cause of catalyst deactivation. The study also underscored the importance of an appropriate oxygen content in enhancing the removal efficiency of the catalyst. Excessive oxygen content could lead to catalyst deactivation, highlighting the need for balance. Further investigations through in-situ diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy (in situ DRIFTS) experiments provided insights into the surface functional group changes and gas products during the heterogeneous hydrolysis reaction on the 10La–CeO2 catalyst. The experimental results indicated that HSCO2 was the main intermediate product, with surface —OH groups and oxygen vacancies actively participating in the hydrolysis reaction. In summary, this study systematically elucidated the performance and mechanisms of CeO2 catalysts in different morphologies and doping conditions for COS removal. These findings provide valuable information for catalyst design and optimization for low-temperature catalytic COS hydrolysis.

Polymeric donors of gasotransmitters, gaseous signaling molecules such as hydrogen sulfide, nitric oxide, and carbon monoxide, hold potential for localized and extended delivery of these reactive gases. Examples of gasotransmitter donors based on polysaccharides are limited despite the availability and generally low toxicity of this broad class of polymers. In this work, we sought to create a polysaccharide H2S donor by covalently attaching N‐thiocarboxyanhydrides (NTAs) to amylopectin, the major component of starch. To accomplish this, we added an allyl group to an NTA, which can spontaneously hydrolyze to release carbonyl sulfide and ultimately H2S via the ubiquitous enzyme carbonic anhydrase, and then coupled it to thiol‐functionalized amylopectin of three different molecular weights (MWs) through thiol‐ene "click" photochemistry. We also varied the degree of substitution (DS) of the NTA along the amylopectin backbone. H2S release studies on the six samples, termed amyl‐NTAs, with variable MWs (three) and DS values (two), revealed that lower MW and higher DS led to faster release. Finally, dynamic light scattering experiments suggested that aggregation increased with MW, which may also have affected H2S release rates. Collectively, these studies present a new synthetic method to produce polysaccharide H2S donors for applications in the biomedical field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composites of Mg20Pr1Sm3Y1Ni10 as-quenched alloy and 3 wt.% M (M = CoS, CoS2, MoS2) catalyst were prepared by high-speed vibration ball mill. The effects of metal sulfides on the hydrogenation and dehydrogenation dynamics of alloys were compared. The results show that the as-milled composites contain a large number of amorphous embedded by a small amount of nanocrystals, and there are many point defects. After ball milling, the crystal grain size in the composites containing CoS is relatively larger, followed by CoS2 and MoS2 again. After hydrogenation, the amorphous phase is crystallized to form Mg2NiH4, YH3, Pr8H18.96, Sm3H7, Mg, Co or Mo phases, however, Mg2Ni, YH2, PrH2 and Ni3Y phases appeared after dehydrogenation. The maximum hydrogenation capacity of the composites containing CoS, CoS2 and MoS2 are 3.939, 4.265 and 4.507 wt.%, respectively. The hydrogenation saturation ratio of composite containing MoS2 is higher than that of the composites containing CoS and CoS2. The dehydrogenation activation energy of the composites containing CoS, CoS2 and MoS2 is 107.76, 68.43 and 63.28 kJ.mol−1.H2. On the improvement of hydrogen storage performance of Mg20Pr1Sm3Y1Ni10 alloy, the catalytic effect of MoS2 sulfide is better than that of CoS2 sulfide, and which is better than CoS sulfide.

The composites of Mg 20 Pr 1 Sm 3 Y 1 Ni 10 as-quenched alloy and 3 wt.% M (M = CoS, CoS 2 , MoS 2) catalyst were prepared by high-speed vibration ball mill. The effects of metal sulfides on the hydrogenation and dehydrogenation dynamics of alloys were compared. The results show that the as-milled composites contain a large number of amorphous embedded by a small amount of nanocrystals, and there are many point defects. After ball milling, the crystal grain size in the composites containing CoS is relatively larger, followed by CoS 2 and MoS 2 again. After hydrogenation, the amorphous phase is crystallized to form Mg 2 NiH 4 , YH 3 , Pr 8 H 18.96 , Sm 3 H 7 , Mg, Co or Mo phases, however, Mg 2 Ni, YH 2 , PrH 2 and Ni 3 Y phases appeared after dehydrogenation. The maximum hydrogenation capacity of the composites containing CoS, CoS 2 and MoS 2 are 3.939, 4.265 and 4.507 wt.%, respectively. The hydrogenation saturation ratio of composite containing MoS 2 is higher than that of the composites containing CoS and CoS 2. The dehydrogenation activation energy of the composites containing CoS, CoS 2 and MoS 2 is 107.76, 68.43 and 63.28 kJ.mol−1.H 2. On the improvement of hydrogen storage performance of Mg 20 Pr 1 Sm 3 Y 1 Ni 10 alloy, the catalytic effect of MoS 2 sulfide is better than that of CoS 2 sulfide, and which is better than CoS sulfide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supported by a large body of work demonstrating the impact of infant attachment representations on subsequent development, numerous therapeutic programs have been developed to promote secure attachment, with increasing focus on parental mentalizing. Nonetheless, empirical evidence supporting their effectiveness has yet to be fully established. The current pilot study (N = 24) was designed to evaluate whether and to what extent parents' shifts in parental mentalizing following a brief attachment‐based group intervention, namely circle of security parenting (COSP; Cooper, Hoffman & Powell, 2009) can be captured using the parental embodied mentalizing instrument (PEM; Shai & Belsky, 2017). Compared to a waiting list–control group, this small‐scale study examined whether community‐based low‐risk mothers of infants aged 5–48 months show an increase in their observed PEM capacities following the intervention. Secondary self‐reported outcome variables parental stress, feeling of competence, and self‐compassion. Findings show that PEM ratings improved significantly over time in the COSP group, but not in the control group. Intervention group mother–infant dyads also presented significantly longer embodied interactions communication post intervention compared to the control group. No effects of the COSP on parental stress, competence, or self‐compassion were found. Despite the small sample size, these results tentatively suggest that COSP can improve embodied mentalizing abilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the valuation of variable annuities with a guaranteed minimum maturity benefit under a regime-switching Lévy model. The model allows policyholders to surrender their annuities and receive a surrender benefit at predetermined tenor times before maturity. Additionally, we consider a state-dependent periodic fee structure where fees are deducted from the policyholder's account if it exceeds a certain level at discrete time points. Incorporating this fee structure, the Fourier cosine series expansion method based on characteristic functions is employed to determine the values and optimal surrender strategies for variable annuity contracts. Finally, we provide a comprehensive set of numerical examples to demonstrate and assess the effectiveness of our approach thoroughly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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