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The International Conference on Frailty and Sarcopenia Research (ICFSR) Task Force convened in March 2024 to address patient-reported outcomes measures (PROMs) in the field of sarcopenia. PROMs are crucial to enhance healthcare services at both individual and societal levels. PROMs complement objective outcome measures by capturing insights that patients are best suited to judge. In recent years, there has been an increase in the recognition of PROMs' importance within clinical trials by pharmaceutical industries and regulatory agencies. Consequently, it has become imperative to develop valid and reliable tools tailored to capture various aspects of patient's experience and health status. This report aims to present the state-of-the-art available and validated PROMs for sarcopenia that can be used within clinical settings by various stakeholders, and to highlight several research gaps and barriers that need to be addressed to expedite and improve the use of these outcome measures within the context of clinical trials., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest Charlotte Beaudart and Yves Rolland are stakeholders of SARQOL SRL, a spin-off of the University of Belgium, in charge of the interests of SarQoL, a specific health-related quality of life questionnaire for sarcopenia. However, they have never received any financial compensation for this role. Roger A. Fielding is partially supported by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), under agreement No. 58–8050–9–004, by NIH Boston Claude D. Pepper Center (OAIC; 1P30AG031679). Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the view of the USDA. RAF reports grant support from Lonza, Biophytis, National Institutes of Health, and USDA, scientific advisory board membership for Biophytis, Amazentis, Inside Tracker, Rejuventate Biomed, Aging in Motion, consultancies for Embion, Biophytis, Amazentis, Pfizer, Nestle, Rejuvenate Biomed. David Cella is an uncompensated board member of the PROMIS Health Organization, a nonprofit organization dedicated to education about and advancement of PROMIS. Johannes Grillari is co-founder and scientific advisor of Rockfish Bio AG, Vienna, Austria. Other authors did not report any other conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.)

Frailty complicates the care of individuals with dementia, increasing their vulnerability to adverse outcomes. This Personal View presents expert recommendations for managing frailty in individuals with dementia, aimed at health-care providers, particularly those in primary care. We conducted a rapid literature review followed by a consensus process involving 18 international experts on dementia and frailty. The experts identified key areas, including diagnosis of frailty, assessment of nutritional status and nutritional management, physical activity, prevention of falls, and polypharmacy management. The recommendations emphasise early identification of frailty and a comprehensive, interdisciplinary approach to care that aims to maintain the individual's daily functioning, quality of life, and independence. The recommendations highlight the importance of tailored interventions, regular monitoring, and the integration of psychosocial support into the therapeutic approach. These recommendations address a crucial gap in existing clinical guidelines, offering practical guidance for clinicians managing frailty in individuals with dementia., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests We declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Importance: An accessible marker of both biological age and dementia risk is crucial to advancing dementia prevention and treatment strategies. Although frailty is a candidate for that role, the nature of the relationship between frailty and dementia is not well understood., Objective: To clarify the temporal relationship between frailty and incident dementia by investigating frailty trajectories in the years preceding dementia onset., Design, Setting, and Participants: Participant data came from 4 prospective cohort studies: the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, the Health and Retirement Study, the Rush Memory and Aging Project, and the National Alzheimer Coordinating Center. Data were collected between 1997 and 2024 and were analyzed from July 2023 to August 2024. The settings were retirement communities, national-level surveys, and a multiclinic-based cohort. Included individuals were 60 years or older and without cognitive impairment at baseline. Included individuals also had data on age, sex, education level, and ethnicity and a frailty index score calculated at baseline., Exposure: Frailty was the main exposure, with participants' degrees of frailty quantified using retrospectively calculated frailty index scores., Main Outcomes and Measures: Incident all-cause dementia ascertained through physician-derived diagnoses, self- and informant-report, and estimated classifications based on combinations of cognitive tests., Results: The participant number before exclusions was 87 737. After exclusions, data from 29 849 participants (mean [SD] age, 71.6 [7.7] years; 18 369 female [62%]; 257 963 person-years of follow-up; 3154 cases of incident dementia) were analyzed. Bayesian generalized linear mixed regression models revealed accelerations in frailty trajectories 4 to 9 years before incident dementia. Overall, frailty was positively associated with dementia risk (adjusted hazard ratios [aHRs] ranged from 1.18; 95% CI, 1.13-1.24 to 1.73; 95% CI, 1.57-1.92). This association held among participants whose time between frailty measurement and incident dementia exceeded the identified acceleration period (aHRs ranged from 1.18; 95% CI, 1.12-1.23 to 1.43; 95% CI, 1.14-1.80)., Conclusions and Relevance: These findings suggest that frailty measurements may be used to identify high-risk population groups for preferential enrolment into clinical trials for dementia prevention and treatment. Frailty itself may represent a useful upstream target for behavioral and societal approaches to dementia prevention.