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Objective To provide a neuroimaging basis for exploring the role of the prefrontal cortex in human urinary control function. Methods Hemodynamic data from the prefrontal cortex of the brain during the task of pelvic floor muscle contraction from 20 healthy female volunteers were collected using functional near-infrared spectroscopy （fNIRS） under two different states of bladder filling and emptying， and these data were processed accordingly to compare the differences in the activation state among different brain compartments of the prefrontal cortex by analyzing the Beta values corresponding to the relative amount of changes in the concentration of oxyhemoglobin extracted from each individual channel. Results A total of 30 channels were activated during bladder filling， whereas 8 channels were activated during bladder emptying （all P < 0.05）， including 7 co-activated channels. The prefrontal cortex activation was more significant during bladder filling than bladder emptying， and the activation was predominantly in the right prefrontal cortex， with the differences mainly in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and frontopolar cortex （all P < 0.05）. Conclusions The prefrontal cortex can be activated by pelvic floor muscle contraction. Under the state of bladder filling， the prefrontal cortex may perceive the pressure change of the bladder through neural reflex activity and thus participate in the regulation of the voluntary pelvic floor muscle contraction， plays a role in human urinary control function. The right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex region possibly plays a more significant role in this process.

Background: Post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) is a prevalent complication among stroke survivors. It not only directly impacts patients' cognitive abilities but also hampers their capacity to regain independence in daily activities, consequently diminishing their quality of life. Among the various cognitive deficits following stroke, impaired attention is the most frequently observed, influencing not only daily functioning but also higher cognitive functions like working memory, executive functioning, and language.Emerging evidence indicates that Baduanjin, a traditional Chinese exercise, may have a positive impact on enhancing attention in older adults with mild cognitive impairment and stroke survivors. However, the precise mechanisms behind this effect remain unclear. In this study, we employed Baduanjin training as an intervention to address attention decline in post-stroke cognitive impairment patients and to delve into the potential mechanisms through which Baduanjin training may enhance attention in individuals with PSCI. Methods: In this prospective randomized controlled trial, we plan to recruit 72 participants diagnosed with post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI). These participants will be randomly assigned in a 1:1:1 ratio to one of three groups: Baduanjin training(left hemisphere stroke and right hemisphere stroke) and conventional treatment.The conventional treatment group will receive standard rehabilitation sessions. In addition to conventional treatment, participants in the octogenarian training groups will undergo octogenarian training sessions lasting 40 min, five times a week, over a total period of 12 weeks.The primary outcome measures will include the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scale and the Attentional Lateralization Index. These assessments will be conducted by a trained evaluator before the start of the intervention and at weeks 6 and 12 after the intervention begins.Secondary outcome measures will be assessed using the baseline Mandarin version of the Oxford Cognitive Screening (OCS-P) scale, the simplified Fugl-Meyer Motor Function Assessment (FMA) scale, the Pittsburgh Rehabilitation Participation (PRPS) scale, and the Activities of Daily Living (ADL) scale before and after the intervention, respectively. Discussion: This trial aims to examine the impact of Baduanjin training on attentional lateralization among patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI). Functional brain imaging utilizing near-infrared spectroscopy will be employed to investigate how Baduanjin exercise influences the structural and functional connectivity of distinct brain regions or brain networks. Trial registration: Chictr.org.cn, ID: ChiCTR2300076533. Registered on 11 October 2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]