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Tobacco smoking remains a major global health concern, causing preventable deaths and economic strain. Although new tobacco products such as heat-not-burn (HnB) are safer alternatives to traditional cigarettes, research on their associated risks remains limited. This study aimed to investigate the effects of HnB smoke exposure on the lungs compared to those of traditional cigarettes and the combined use of HnB and cigarettes using experiments with a mouse model. We quantitatively analyzed changes in the levels of 92 blood plasma proteins using the proximity extension assay method and observed significant changes in their levels in mice exposed to different smoke conditions; specifically, the levels of certain proteins, including Ccl20, Cxcl1, and Pdgfb, increased in the HnB smoke-exposed group, suggesting activation of nicotine pathways. Comparative analysis with traditional cigarette smoke-exposed mice further highlighted similarities and differences in their protein expression profiles. This study contributes to an improved understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying the harmful effects of alternative nicotine delivery systems and identifies potential biomarkers associated with the harmful effects of HnB smoke exposure. However, the precise impact of nicotine on the immune system may be influenced by various factors, necessitating further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) is a noninvasive respiratory support system that delivers heated (31-38℃), humidified (100%), and oxygen-enriched air at a constant high flow rate (15-60 L/min). Due to its numerous physiological benefits, with added convenience and minimal side effects, HFNC has been increasingly used in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure over the past decade. However, the clinical benefits of long-term HFNC remain uncertain. Several studies, though, suggest its potential use as an alternative home oxygen therapy for patients with chronic stable lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), interstitial lung disease, and bronchiectasis. The use of long-term home HFNC in patients with chronic respiratory failure is an emerging area with promising potential. Despite limited clinical research, this narrative review aims to describe the physiology of HFNC use and summarize the current evidence on its long-term application. It provides healthcare providers with insights and perspectives on the potential role of long-term home HFNC.