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Purpose: The purpose of this article is to present findings on the use of behavioural economics elements on the websites of Polish hotels. Design/methodology/approach: This article presents how Polish hotels use elements of behavioural economics to increase website effectiveness and encourage users to book a hotel service, and thus achieve the company's business goals. The research method used is an exploratory content analysis of the websites of selected hotels in Poland. Findings: Some Polish hotels use elements of behavioural economics, and thus attempt to increase the number of bookings through their own/indirect booking channels-including the website. However, there is an area to be developed-many sites have identified areas where popular cognitive biases can be further exploited and thus work to increase conversions from the website. It was noted that the ability to exploit some elements of influence depends on the software that hoteliers use (usually the booking system-booking engine). Research limitations/implications: It would be advisable to continue the consideration based on a study of the use of behavioural economics elements on hotel websites on a larger scale and to test the effectiveness of individual measures (for example through A/B tests on the websites). In addition, since cognitive errors are not only experienced by consumers, but also by managers, an area for investigation regarding the impact of cognitive errors on managerial decisions is also suggested. Specific theoretical constructs allow for a good description of the mechanisms under investigation, creating an innovative research space in the field of management science and quality. Practical implications: Identifying and analysing the behavioural economics elements used on hotel websites, can shape the research space for determining the relationship between the use of these elements and the effectiveness of the website as one of the channels that achieves the company's business objective. Subsequently, enable managers to create effective communication on websites to increase the number of accommodation bookings through this channel. Social implications: with knowledge of cognitive errors, a manager can create effective marketing strategies, make better decisions and better manage his or her team. Originality/value: The websites of Polish hotels were reviewed, identifying the most common elements using behavioural economics. It was noted that Polish hotels use these elements to a limited extent. Examples of cognitive biases that are not yet or rarely used by hoteliers on their websites and could help to increase direct bookings were identified. In addition to theoretical knowledge, the article draws on the authors' many years of experience in the topic of management, including in the hotel industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the structural patterns in the cognitive representation of social networks by systematically classifying false positives and negatives. Although existing literature on Cognitive Social Structures (CSS) has begun exploring false positives and negatives by comparing actual and perceived networks, it has not differentiated simultaneous occurrences of true and false positives and negatives on network motifs, such as reciprocity and triadic closure. Here, we propose a theoretical framework to categorize three classes of errors we call imaginary network motifs as combinations of accurately and erroneously perceived ties: (a) partially false, (b) completely false, and (c) mixed false. Using four published CSS data sets, we empirically test which imaginary network motifs are significantly more or less present in different types of perceived networks than the corresponding actual networks. Our results confirm that people not only fill in the blanks as suggested in the prior research but also conceive other imaginary structures. The findings advance our understanding of perception gaps between actual and perceived networks and have implications for designing more accurate network modeling and sampling. • The dyad census approach of a multiplex motif method is developed and applied to Cognitive Social Structure data. • The approach identifies a hidden category of mixed false where false positives and negatives co-occur. • The method reveals false positives and negatives occur with true positives and negatives. • Most false positives and negatives happen in proxy ties rather than the ones people report about themselves. • Perceived network density can partially explain the patterns of false positives and negatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We design an experiment to study the role of motivated reasoning in correlation neglect. Participants receive potentially redundant signals about either an ego-relevant state—their IQ test performance—or an ego-irrelevant state. A simple hypothesis based on motivated reasoning predicts (i) asymmetric updating about signal redundancy and (ii) asymmetric updating about the focal state only in the treatment with ego-relevance. We find evidence for prediction (i) of our hypothesis: participants generally underappreciate the extent to which identical signals are more likely to come from the same source (and thus contain redundant information), but the bias is significantly stronger for ego-favorable signals than for ego-unfavorable signals. This asymmetric effect disappears in the treatment without ego-relevance. These results suggest that individuals may neglect the correlation between desirable signals to sustain motivated beliefs. However, in contrast to prediction (ii), we do not find significant asymmetric updating about the ego-relevant state (own IQ test performance), which may be explained by the moderate magnitude of the asymmetric updating effect on signal redundancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interdisciplinary fetal-neonatal neurology (FNN) training considers a woman's reproductive and pregnancy health histories when assessing the "four great neonatal neurological syndromes". This maternal-child dyad exemplifies the symptomatic neonatal minority, compared with the silent majority of healthy children who experience preclinical diseases with variable expressions over the first 1000 days. Healthy maternal reports with reassuring fetal surveillance testing preceded signs of fetal distress during parturition. An encephalopathic neonate with seizures later exhibited childhood autistic spectrum behaviors and intractable epilepsy correlated with identified genetic biomarkers. A systems biology approach to etiopathogenesis guides the diagnostic process to interpret phenotypic form and function. Evolving gene-environment interactions expressed by changing phenotypes reflect a dynamic neural exposome influenced by reproductive and pregnancy health. This strategy considers critical/sensitive periods of neuroplasticity beyond two years of life to encompass childhood and adolescence. Career-long FNN experiences reenforce earlier training to strengthen the cognitive process and minimize cognitive biases when assessing children or adults. Prioritizing social determinants of healthcare for persons with neurologic disorders will help mitigate the global burden of brain diseases for all women and children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interdisciplinary fetal neonatal neurology (FNN) training requires integration of reproductive health factors into evaluations of the maternal-placental-fetal (MPF) triad, neonate, and child over the first 1000 days. Serial events that occur before one or multiple pregnancies impact successive generations. A maternal-child dyad history highlights this continuity of health risk, beginning with a maternal grandmother's pregnancy. Her daughter was born preterm and later experienced polycystic ovarian syndrome further complicated by cognitive and mental health disorders. Medical problems during her pregnancy contributed to MPF triad diseases that resulted in her son's extreme prematurity. Postpartum maternal death from the complications of diabetic ketoacidosis and her child's severe global neurodevelopmental delay were adverse mother-child outcomes. A horizontal/vertical diagnostic approach to reach shared clinical decisions during FNN training requires perspectives of a dynamic neural exposome. Career-long learning is then strengthened by continued interactions from al stakeholders. Developmental origins theory applied to neuroplasticity principles help interpret phenotypic expressions as dynamic gene-environment interactions across a person's lifetime. Debiasing strategies applied to the cognitive process reduce bias to preserve therapeutic and prognostic accuracy. Social determinants of health are essential components of this strategy to be initiated during FNN training. Reduction of the global burden of neurologic disorders requires applying the positive effects from reproductive and pregnancy exposomes that will benefit the neural exposome across the lifespan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]