Search

This article investigates presidents' foreign and defence policy activism under Portugal's premier-presidential system from 1982 to 2021. First, the article discusses the extant literature on intra-executive conflicts in semi-presidential systems. Then, it provides an overview of Portugal's experience with semi-presidentialism since 1976 and the powers of the Portuguese president. The third section describes all significant foreign and defence policy presidential interventions from 1982 to 2021 that resulted in disputes with the prime minister. This section estimates presidents' and prime ministers' ex-ante preferences over the issues at stake. We verify which preference is closest to the ex-post content of the policy implemented – if it is the president's, it counts as a presidential win. We identify the formal and informal means by which presidents acted. Informal means are essentially going public tactics. In addition, we inductively pin down the necessary and sufficient conditions under which presidents intervene and succeed. The article's main findings are two: first, the president's second term, absence of a strictly unified executive and a majority cabinet are separately necessary but jointly sufficient for presidential interventions to occur; second, formal powers are a necessary but insufficient condition for presidential victory. Finally, we speculate on the policy, institutional, and electoral consequences of presidential activism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we use data from the 'Families and Social Subjects' survey conducted by the Italian National Institute of Statistics in 2016 to study the impact of micro- and macro-level economic conditions on first co-residential union formation. We aim to determine if and to what extent the probability of forming the first union is explained by individual labour market positions (e.g. having non-standard employment or not having work), and additionally explore if adverse macroeconomic conditions also play a role. We differentiate by union type—marriage and cohabitation—known to be characterised by different levels of union commitment. We also address potential gender differences by conducting separate analyses on men and women. Our results suggest that while micro- and macro-level economic factors matter in the union formation process, their effect varies by gender and union type. Individual economic vulnerability has a greater impact on marriage than on cohabitation for both men and women. Instead, contextual economic uncertainty plays a relevant role, especially in the transition to cohabitation, regardless of gender, and, to a lesser extent, in the transition to marriage, but only for women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the association between the level of similarity in the "Big Five" personality traits of the partners in different-sex couples and their risk of union dissolution. Prior research has mainly focused on homogamy in socio-economic, demographic, and cultural characteristics, such as age, education, employment, and religion. The few studies on the effects of homogamy in the personalities of the partners on separation find mixed results. We extend on this by analysing the moderating effect of education. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) for the 2005–2019 period, we follow 3958 coresidential couples and observe 534 separations. Personality is measured via the "Big Five" personality traits. We estimate discrete-time event history models for union dissolution. In addition to reporting the main effects, we calculate interactions between personality and the level of education of the partners. Our results indicate that greater dissimilarity with regard to the personality trait "openness" is associated with a higher probability to separate. However, analysing interaction effects reveals that this is relevant mainly among medium educated men. Moreover, persons with high education seem to be less likely to separate if they are dissimilar from their partner in their level of "extraversion". These findings suggest that relationship dynamics differ across educational groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marriage provides a key insight to American life. Marriage is a significant factor when analyzing our society and our current structure – a widening gap among social classes. The decline in marriages among middle and lower class reflects issues with education attainment and financial stability. Unfortunately, there has been no initiative to address the declining marriage rate. This Note proposes a two‐alternative approach to implementing family‐friendly policies and a nationwide network of Family Centers that will aid the current and next generation. Society will obtain a more educated, cooperative workforce, with a more stable family structure across all classes. Key points for the family court community: Marriage is becoming a class privilege.The family structure has changed among the middle and lower class.Stable marriages are essential for society's economic benefit and child well‐being.The U.S. ranks among the lowest within middle‐ and high‐income countries for family‐friendly policies.Government promotion is needed to incentivize marriage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Parental or spousal cohabitating relationships are often targeted in behavioral interventions, but the contribution of cohabitation is poorly understood. This study explored whether cohabitation status moderated the impact of social cognitive theory constructs on adiposity, diet, and exercise in a dyadic, web-based weight loss intervention among cancer survivors and their chosen partners. Methods: The 24-week weight loss intervention was conducted among 56 dyads, comprised of a cancer survivor and their chosen partner (n = 112). Baseline and 6-month data on social cognitive theory constructs (self-efficacy, social support, and perceived barriers), and study outcomes of adiposity (weight and waist circumference), diet (calories and diet quality), and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were used to perform moderated-mediation analyses among cohabitating (n = 25) versus non-cohabitating (n = 31) dyads. Results: The intervention was positively associated with dietary social support (path a1: 0.36, 95% CI [0.083, 0.659]) and inversely associated with perceived dietary barriers (path a1: − 10.57, 95% CI [− 19.109, − 3.091]) and perceived exercise barriers (path a1: − 11.29, 95% CI [− 22.098, − 3.500]) among those who did not cohabitate (effects not observed among cohabitating pairs). The intervention’s mediating effects through perceived barriers on weight (indirect effect (ab): − 2.21, 95% CI [− 4.794, − 0.548]), waist circumference (ab: − 1.13, 95% CI [− 2.452, − 0.171]), caloric intake (ab: − 5.09 (2.86), 95% CI [− 12.602, − 0.709]), and self-reported MVPA (ab: 0.29 (0.18), 95% CI [0.019, 0.754]) also were stronger among non-cohabitating pairs. Conclusions: These findings suggest that social support partners outside the home substantially enhance intervention impact, though relationship quality and gender dynamics warrant further exploration. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04132219. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article advances debates on the limits of judge-made law to palliate legislative failure to respond to changing practice. Canadian judges have adjusted the general private law to address the situation of unmarried cohabitants. In Kerr v Baranow, the Supreme Court of Canada continued its adaptation of unjust enrichment to this end. The article reports on the first empirical inquiry into how the judgment is operating, including outside the courtroom. Interviews with family lawyers in Quebec show that bringing claims under the adapted doctrine is complex and costly. Variable and unpredictable outcomes impede fair and efficient private ordering. Cohabitation agreements do not seem a satisfactory solution. The study highlights shortcomings in the leading Canadian judgment, which recognizes some cohabiting couples as partnerships but stops short of presuming an equal sharing of gains during the union. But, since the participating lawyers pointed to factors that would reduce the efficacy of reform by judges or by legislatures, the study does not yield a broad preference for legislative reform over judicial reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes different factors predicting both cohabitation and early marriage among emerging adults. Using a large (n = 1,510), national, longitudinal sample of emerging adults in the United States, predictors of cohabitation and early marriage were examined. Predictors included marital paradigms (marital salience and expected age of marriage) and sociodemographic characteristics (religious attendance, parents' marital status, parents' education, college attendance, income, gender, and race). We utilized a Cox proportional hazards model to run the analyses. Results showed that marital paradigms were the most consistent predictors of early marriage, while few sociodemographic factors were significant. On the other hand, cohabitation was most consistently predicted by sociodemographic factors, with no associations being significant with marital paradigms. These findings suggest that decisions to marry and cohabit may not be as closely interconnected as previously conceptualized. Future directions and limitations are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This article outlines for family scholars and researchers designing surveys or searching for data on sexual and gender‐diverse (SGD) families the latest methodological advancements in United States population‐based surveys for studying SGD partnerships by reviewing five recently collected, publicly available, population‐representative data sets. Background: LGBTQIA+ adults and SGD partnerships are an expanding demographic group in the United States. Yet, measurement limitations have restricted studies of these partnerships that use population‐based studies. To address this issue, researchers designing population‐representative data collections have adopted new strategies to measure SGD partnerships accurately. However, most population representative surveys continue to lack data on growing segments of the LGBTQIA+ population by relying solely on the sex of partners or limited sexual and gender identity measures. Conclusion: We recommend expanding population‐based surveys to incorporate inclusive measures of sexual and gender identity, directly asking about the gender composition of a couple and measurement of cohabiting and other nonmarital relationships. These approaches are especially important for understanding relationships among younger populations who do not follow heteronormative relationship trajectories and hold diverse gender and sexual identities. Implications: Although the research opportunities on SGD individuals and partnerships are expanding; researchers must remain mindful of the limitations of current data sets and advocate for updates to the United States population data infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family researchers have considered the presence of marriage plans to distinguish between non-marital cohabiting unions. We assess, in the context of emerging adulthood, whether marriage plans differentiate between cohabitors in terms of psychological well-being. Analyzing data from the Toledo Adolescent Relationships Study (TARS), we examined associations for depressive and anxiety symptoms in a sample of 300 emerging adult cohabitors. We also compared cohabitors with 216 married emerging adults (total N = 516). We also assessed relationship quality and economic security as possible confounding factors. Results suggested that cohabitors without marriage plans experienced more frequent anxiety and depressive symptoms. However, significant associations did not remain in multivariable models, particularly when considering economic security. Findings indicate that marriage plans may be inadequate for differentiating between cohabitors' well-being. We find that economic security and discrete relationship quality measures better explain differences than marriage plans. These findings add to burgeoning research on cohabitation in emerging adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article advances debates on the limits of judge-made law to palliate legislative failure to respond to changing practice. Canadian judges have adjusted the general private law to address the situation of unmarried cohabitants. In Kerr v Baranow, the Supreme Court of Canada continued its adaptation of unjust enrichment to this end. The article reports on the first empirical inquiry into how the judgment is operating, including outside the courtroom. Interviews with family lawyers in Quebec show that bringing claims under the adapted doctrine is complex and costly. Variable and unpredictable outcomes impede fair and efficient private ordering. Cohabitation agreements do not seem a satisfactory solution. The study highlights shortcomings in the leading Canadian judgment, which recognizes some cohabiting couples as partnerships but stops short of presuming an equal sharing of gains during the union. But, since the participating lawyers pointed to factors that would reduce the efficacy of reform by judges or by legislatures, the study does not yield a broad preference for legislative reform over judicial reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the allocation of household labor in Italy, finely differentiating between various forms of married and unmarried cohabiting unions. Specifically, currently married and cohabiting individuals are differentiated on the basis of the type of their first union. We employ data on individuals' partnership histories from the 2016 "Families and Social Subjects" survey, which allows us to consider the role of previous (marital or non-marital) unions and, for currently or previously married individuals, whether or not they cohabited before marriage. A composite index measuring gender equality in household labor allocation is constructed based on different domestic tasks, weighting each task according to how time consuming the associated activity is. Results highlight the importance of considering the first union to explain the division of household labor even within later relationships. In particular, for men, cohabitation does not, as one might expect, mean a more egalitarian division of labor, once selection factors are taken into account and independently from the type of previous relationships. However, considering activities by gender, some signals of a greater participation in female-typed tasks are observed for married and cohabitating men who experienced previous (premarital) cohabitations. For women, instead, cohabitation implies a more egalitarian way to share household labor, if it is a first union or in any situation for which it was the first approach to life as a couple. Cohabitation does not imply a more egalitarian division of labor for women if their first union was a marriage. These differences in household labor allocation for women mainly follow from those observed in female-typed tasks, whereas couple differences in male-typed activities are weaker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family honour, protecting and upholding the family name, is central to familism. Yet, it has been somewhat neglected by scholarship on Latin American and Latino families. Familism involves prioritising the family over the individual. Likewise, the family of origin holds particular significance, offering material, social and emotional support, and shaping one's identity, honour and sense of belonging. Heteronormativity and patriarchy portray queer individuals as the causes of family shame. This study examined how family honour, as a component of familism, operates within kin dynamics, specifically focusing on same-sex cohabitation, as this living arrangement serves as a tangible expression of a non-normative sexual orientation. A life course perspective was used to study 24 cases of cohabiting lesbian, gay and bi/pansexual individuals in Chile. The results show the enduring significance of families in providing support, sociability, identity, and a sense of belonging. Nevertheless, it reveals notable instances of family rejection towards queer kin. In Chile, both families of origin and queer individuals employ subtle strategies to conceal their queerness, guided by notions of 'respect' associated with family honour and decency. These strategies involve unspoken agreements to maintain family bonds through discreet displays of queer behaviour without explicit acknowledgement of sexual identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aging is associated with chronic oxidative stress, which contributes to the deterioration of the immune system, increasing morbidity and mortality. A positive social environment permits health maintenance and a slower rate of aging. Improvements in immune function and oxidative stress were shown in peritoneal leukocytes and organs of old mice and adult prematurely aging mice (PAM) after cohabitation with adults or exceptional non-prematurely aging mice (ENPAM), respectively, for 2 months, but adults and ENPAM experienced deterioration. This was solved by shortening the cohabitation time to 15 minutes per day for 2 months, where old mice and PAM maintained immune and redox state improvements in their peritoneal leukocytes, as well as a greater longevity, and adults and ENPAM did not show deterioration. However, it is unknown whether the positive effects of this short cohabitation are reflected in the immunity and redox state of the organs. The aim of the present study was to test whether a cohabitation of 15 minutes per day for 2 months maintains these positive effects in the organs of retired breeder female old mice and PAM and avoids the negative ones in adults and ENPAM. After cohabitation the animals were sacrificed, and the thymus and spleen were extracted to evaluate the immune function. The oxidative state was also analyzed in the spleen, liver, heart, lung, and kidney. The results show that after cohabitation, old mice and PAM improved their immunity and redox state, and adults and ENPAM showed no deterioration. This cohabitation can be suggested to improve health and slow down aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper examines the association between the level of similarity in the “Big Five” personality traits of the partners in different-sex couples and their risk of union dissolution. Prior research has mainly focused on homogamy in socio-economic, demographic, and cultural characteristics, such as age, education, employment, and religion. The few studies on the effects of homogamy in the personalities of the partners on separation find mixed results. We extend on this by analysing the moderating effect of education. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) for the 2005–2019 period, we follow 3958 coresidential couples and observe 534 separations. Personality is measured via the “Big Five” personality traits. We estimate discrete-time event history models for union dissolution. In addition to reporting the main effects, we calculate interactions between personality and the level of education of the partners. Our results indicate that greater dissimilarity with regard to the personality trait “openness” is associated with a higher probability to separate. However, analysing interaction effects reveals that this is relevant mainly among medium educated men. Moreover, persons with high education seem to be less likely to separate if they are dissimilar from their partner in their level of “extraversion”. These findings suggest that relationship dynamics differ across educational groups.

Abstract This study focuses on the allocation of household labor in Italy, finely differentiating between various forms of married and unmarried cohabiting unions. Specifically, currently married and cohabiting individuals are differentiated on the basis of the type of their first union. We employ data on individuals’ partnership histories from the 2016 “Families and Social Subjects” survey, which allows us to consider the role of previous (marital or non-marital) unions and, for currently or previously married individuals, whether or not they cohabited before marriage. A composite index measuring gender equality in household labor allocation is constructed based on different domestic tasks, weighting each task according to how time consuming the associated activity is. Results highlight the importance of considering the first union to explain the division of household labor even within later relationships. In particular, for men, cohabitation does not, as one might expect, mean a more egalitarian division of labor, once selection factors are taken into account and independently from the type of previous relationships. However, considering activities by gender, some signals of a greater participation in female-typed tasks are observed for married and cohabitating men who experienced previous (premarital) cohabitations. For women, instead, cohabitation implies a more egalitarian way to share household labor, if it is a first union or in any situation for which it was the first approach to life as a couple. Cohabitation does not imply a more egalitarian division of labor for women if their first union was a marriage. These differences in household labor allocation for women mainly follow from those observed in female-typed tasks, whereas couple differences in male-typed activities are weaker.

In recent years in North Macedonia, there has been a noticeable and steady rise in the prevalence of non-marital unions or domestic partnerships, alongside a decline in the number of marriages and an increase in divorces. This trend mirrors developments seen across Europe, signaling significant shifts in the perception, function, and role of the institution of marriage and family over recent decades. Across European nations, various models of legal frameworks govern non-marital unions. These differences encompass conditions for existence and legal recognition, the legal consequences of domestic partnership, and procedures for its dissolution. While some countries require registration and fulfillment of specific criteria for legal recognition and effects of non-marital unions, others, like North Macedonia, do not impose such prerequisites.

This study analyzed cohabitation among students with a view to investigate their perception on cohabitation, examined the perceived factors responsible for cohabitation and assessed the perceived effects of cohabitation on the undergraduates in Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye. The study employed ex-post facto design and 226 undergraduates were sampled using systematic, proportional and convenience sampling techniques. Primary data collected through a self-designed questionnaire was analyzed using SPSS. The findings showed that undergraduates had positive perceptions towards cohabitation and there were several reasons were adjudged for high wave of cohabitation among undergraduates in OOU (increase in school fees, high quest to understand partners, lack of religious inclination, absence of supervision). More so, cohabitation had diverse effects on undergraduates which included: high level of moral decadence, incidence of sexually transmission diseases, prevalence of abortion, cases of unplanned and unintended pregnancies, increased rate of frustration and depression caused by relationship problems.

This study investigates partnership changes and childbearing among immigrants and their descendants in the UK, France, and Germany. Our analysis of longitudinal data shows, first, significant diversity in family trajectories among immigrants and their descendants in Europe. Immigrants from other European countries and their descendants tend to cohabit prior to marriage, and their fertility in unions is often similar to that of the native population. In contrast, South Asians and Turkish populations exhibit marriage-centred family behaviour with elevated third-birth rates. Individuals of sub-Saharan African or Caribbean origin display higher rates of non-marital family transitions. Second, we observe some changes in partnership and childbearing patterns across migrant generations; these are stronger for fertility than for partnership patterns. Third, migration background is particularly associated with partnership patterns, whereas the destination country context influences childbearing patterns. We expect some patterns to persist across future migrant generations (e.g. preference for marriage vs cohabitation), whereas others are likely to vanish (e.g. large families). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Few studies investigated parenthood as a predictor of eating pathology in young adulthood. We studied the association between parenthood, in the first year after becoming a parent and beyond, and eating pathology. Furthermore, we examined whether moving in together with a partner affected this association. Method: This study used data of four measurement waves from TRAILS (Tracking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey), a Dutch community cohort study (N = 2229) from preadolescence into young adulthood. The Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale (EDDS), a measure to assess eating pathology, was assessed at ages 22, 26, and 29. Risk for eating disorder was assessed at age 19. Pregnant participants were excluded. Results: Parenthood was not associated with an increase of eating pathology in the first year after becoming a parent and beyond. Instead, parents were more likely to report being free from eating pathology symptoms compared to childless individuals (OR 2.07, 95% CI: 1.11–3.84). Among those who reported experiencing at least one eating problem, parenthood was not associated with the number of eating problems. Moving in together with a partner did not alter the association between parenthood and eating problems and neither did this association differ between males and females. Discussion: Parenthood in young adulthood was associated with a decreased risk of having eating pathology. Public Significance Statement: In this longitudinal study among young adults, parenthood was not associated with the development of eating pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Transitioning to adulthood often involves achieving independence from the parental home. We assessed whether the likelihood of leaving the parental home, cohabitation, and marriage was similar between patients who experienced a hematologic malignancy at a young age and their peers. Methods: We identified 11,575 patients diagnosed with a hematologic malignancy under the age of 20 years between 1971 and 2011 in Denmark, Finland, and Sweden, 57,727 country‐, age‐, and sex‐matched population comparisons and 11,803 sibling comparisons and obtained annual information on family and marital status by linking to the statistical institute databases. Hazard ratios (HR) for leaving the parental home, cohabitation and marriage were estimated using Cox proportional hazards modeling. Results: Young adults with a history of a hematologic malignancy were slightly less likely to leave the parental home (HR 0.89; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.86–0.92; HR 0.87 [95% CI 0.82–0.92]), cohabit with a nonmarital partner (HR 0.83 [95%CI 0.78–0.87]; HR 0.84 [95% CI 0.77–0.92]) and be married (HR 0.87 [95% CI 0.82–0.91]; HR 0.86 [95% CI 0.79–0.93]), compared with population comparisons and siblings, respectively. Conclusions: Our findings provide reassurance that young adults with a history of a hematologic malignancy show only a slight decrease in their likelihood of gaining independence from their childhood family and forming close interpersonal relationships compared to peers. While most patients are coping well in the long term, integrating structured psychosocial support into long‐term follow‐up is recommended to facilitate a timely and adequate transition into adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to understand urban animal welfare policy development and implementation for four species in public spaces: cats (Felis catus), dogs (Canis familiaris), pigeons (Columbia livia domestica), and foxes (Vulpes vulpes). Our exploratory research offers an overview of the perspectives of all involved municipal and police officers and their challenges in a metropolitan urban context, the Brussels Capital Region in Belgium. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 35 participants from 19 municipalities and six police zones of the region. Additionally, we organized two focus groups consisting of representatives from municipalities, police zones, and nongovernmental organizations. Afterward, we analyzed the data thematically, leading to the identification of six policy and six practice recommendations. These recommendations can help advance the notion of urban animal welfare for the four species from a multispecies perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study makes use of the 2016 Household Multipurpose Survey of Family, Social Subjects, and Life Cycle to demonstrate that family‐related behavior is now rapidly changing in Italy. The country is often taken as a stronghold of traditionalism. We, instead, highlight recent and substantial changes in cohabitation, dissolution, and nonmarital fertility in the country. In doing so, we carefully assess the predictions made by the Second Demographic Transition (SDT) and show that trends in Italy are monotonically moving in the direction of the SDT. There are, though, important differences across educational groups and regions, that is, family‐related behavior is also changing in the South of Italy in much the same way but not at the same speed as in the rest of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Political Science Studies / Studia Politologiczne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper studies the association between partners' relative incomes and union dissolution among couples in France. With the increase in dual-earner couples and women's educational level, couples in which women earn more than their partners are structurally becoming more widespread. Because female breadwinning challenges long-lived social norms regarding traditional gender roles, scholars have theorized a higher risk of union dissolution among female-breadwinner couples compared to couples in other income arrangements. We estimate the risk of union dissolution using regression analyses on unique longitudinal data from French administrative sources containing an unconventionally high number of couples (4% of the population) and separation events (more than 100,000), as well as precise and reliable income measurement. Female-breadwinner couples face a higher risk of union dissolution compared to other couple types. This result is robust to various definitions of female breadwinning and controls for partners' employment status. Contrary to recent research on other countries, we find no sign of a fading effect among younger cohorts. However, among younger, cohabiting couples and couples in registered partnerships the risk of union dissolution is lowest when both partners are employed and provide a similar share of the total couple's income, suggesting the emergence of a new profile of stable couples. The female-breadwinner penalty in union dissolution is in place; also in France, it holds among married and cohabiting couples and registered partnerships, across all birth cohorts and levels of household income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Background Method Results Conclusion This study examines single mothers' mental health and life satisfaction trajectories around re‐partnering transitions, and the driving factors of these associations.Single mothers are a particularly disadvantaged group in terms of their mental health and life satisfaction. According to the resource model, re‐partnering has a positive effect on these outcomes because it provides additional social, emotional, and financial resources. In contrast, the crisis model suggests that when a mother re‐partners, her mental health and life satisfaction further decline because re‐partnering can trigger conflicts in the family.Using long‐term annual panel data from Germany and the United Kingdom, fixed‐effects regressions reveal effects among 1101 single mothers from Germany and 549 from the UK.Life satisfaction was positively affected by re‐partnering in Germany, mainly driven by income‐related factors. The positive association in the UK was less strong. Patterns of mental health trajectories indicate clearer differences between the two countries: based on point estimates, we observed an increasing trajectory in Germany and a declining trajectory in the UK after the re‐partnering transition. There were no significant mental health patterns observed in either country.The findings suggest varying associations between well‐being and re‐partnering. Positive trends for life satisfaction in Germany and partially in the UK highlight the importance of financial resources. However, less clear patterns were observed for mental health, revealing differences between countries and underscoring the role of family policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Empirically examine whether different economic theories of marriage formation predict the transition from cohabitation to marriage differently across social classes. Background: Less-educated individuals marry their cohabiting partners at lower rates than their collegeeducated peers, but the reasons for this are unknown. Few studies have examined the intersection of social class and couple-level economic resources to understand if the potentially gendered economic determinants of marriage vary according to a couple's social location. Method: Couple-month data come from the 2014 Survey of Income and Program Participation, including 1879 cohabiting couples, 478 of whom transition to marriage. Logistic regression is used to test whether the marriage bar, gender specialization, gendered institutions, or gender revolution framework best predicts the likelihood of marrying. Results: Joint indicators of the marriage bar and the gendered economic organization of couples both predict marriage, but the specific gendered organization varies by the couple's level of education. Among couples where neither partner has a college degree, male-breadwinning couples are most likely to marry; dual-earning couples are most likely to marry among more-educated couples. Conclusion: Although college-educated couples seem to have shifted to a more egalitarian model of marriage, as predicted by the gender revolution framework, the marriages of the less-educated are still characterized by traditional arrangements, in line with the idea that marriage is a gendered institution. By showing that different theories predict marriage depending on the couple's social position, these findings provide groundwork to explore why the less educated are increasingly less likely to marry their cohabiting partners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we argue that social practices, which consist of sayings and doings that extend across space and time, generate and sustain distinctive patterns of microbial interaction. In taking this approach, we position practice theory within and not outside the realm of contemporary biological processes, including processes that matter for human health. In working towards this conclusion, we show how categories and distinctions (e.g. between communicable and non-communicable disease) are embedded in medical responses and in the lives of potentially harmful bacteria like Helicobacter Pylori. Our next step is to explain how social practices engender patterns of cohabitation, interaction and mutual adaptation between microbes within and beyond the body, processes we illustrate with reference to anti-microbial resistance. The conclusion that human and microbial coexistence is, in various ways, defined by the lives of social practices provides an important bridge between the social and natural sciences and a starting point from which to approach fundamental questions about the dynamics of biosocial becoming, and the part that public policies play in these processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing rates of childhood obesity globally create concern for individuals' health outcomes and demands on health systems. While many policy approaches focus on macro-level interventions, we examine how the type of stability of a family structure might provide opportunities for policy interventions at the micro level. We examine the association between family structure trajectories and childhood overweight and obesity across three Anglophone countries using an expanded set of eight family structure categories that capture biological relationships and instability, along with potential explanatory variables that might vary across family trajectories and provide opportunities for intervention, including access to resources, family stressors, family structure selectivity factors, and obesogenic correlates. We use three datasets that are representative of children born around the year 2000 and aged 11 years old in Australia (n = 3329), the United Kingdom (n = 11,542), and the United States (n = 8837) and nested multivariate multinomial logistic regression models. Our analyses find stronger relationships between child overweight and obesity and family structure trajectories than between child obesity and obesogenic factors. Children in all three countries are sensitive to living with cohabiting parents, although in Australia, this is limited to children whose parents have been cohabiting since before their birth. In the UK and US, parents starting their cohabitation after the child's birth are more likely to have children who experience obesity. Despite a few differences across cross-cultural contexts, most of the relationship between family structures and child overweight or obesity is connected to differences in families' access to resources and by the types of parents who enter into these family structures. These findings suggest policy interventions at the family level that focus on potential parents' education and career prospects and on income support rather than interventions like marriage incentives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cet article dissèque les tensions intercommunautaires entre les peuples Teke et Yaka dans deux provinces de la République Démocratique du Congo qui ont occasionné des centaines de morts, des déplacés et des dégâts matériels importants. Cette crise toujours en cours a détruit l’harmonie qui caractérisait jadis ces deux communautés. Elle remet en question l’unité nationale à l’épreuve des diversités communautaires d’une part et, d’autre part, l’enjeu géopolitique des acteurs politiques souvent accusés d’alimenter des conflits intercommunautaires pour des intérêts politiques. La communication persuasive intervient comme une stratégie permettant aux deux communautés de vivre harmonieusement ensemble.

This article aims to analyze the Decameron taking into account the relational and social dynamics of every human relationship. The work presents itself as a model of etiquette of speech, life, death and passions, because balance and respect for others, values that are hidden in all the stories, anticipate the sixteenth-century concepts of civilization and etiquette, both evolutions of the principle of courtesy. The relational dimensions are translated on the basis of an implicit and necessary social order, canceled by the plague, which must be maintained for there to be harmony; in this regard, Goffmanian sociology finds a coherent witness in the Decameron. Boccaccio’s anthropological choice - to entrust a possible ethical solution to the brigade - is the true distinctive feature of the equality represented by the Decameron.

Le partage de l’espace et la cohabitation sociale dans les grandes villes sont soumis à différents diktats. Entre la spéculation immobilière, la revitalisation, la densification et les mouvements de populations, ce partage est souvent bousculé. Ce que les études démontrent jusqu’à maintenant c’est un partage inégal de cet espace au détriment des populations marginalisées, surtout des populations en situation d’itinérance. Pour être attractives, les villes repoussent les populations perçues comme étant indésirables au regard des activités commerciales et touristiques. Les populations en situation d’itinérance voient donc leur accès à la ville compromis principalement en raison de leur occupation de l’espace public jugée comme étant fautive. Ces populations n’ont nulle part où aller, nulle part pour disparaître. En parallèle, en matière de prise en charge des populations en situation d’itinérance, le logement est souvent placé comme la pierre angulaire de toutes les démarches d’intervention et c’est à partir du logement qu’est donc pensée la réinsertion sociale (de manière micro-sociologique) ou encore la réduction des inégalités sociales (de manière macro-sociologique). Par ailleurs, de nombreuses villes occidentales, comme Montréal (Québec, Canada) connaissent d’importantes crises du logement, rendant l’accès à ceux-ci plus difficile que jamais. Est-il alors possible, d’exister, d’utiliser, de circuler, de se rencontrer dans l’espace, sans avoir d’ancrage à un logement? Cet article cherche à revoir, de manière inédite, les pratiques qui s’interrogent sur le vivre-ensemble, sur la cohabitation sociale, afin d’identifier celles qui contribuent davantage au bien-être des personnes en situation d’itinérance. C’est plus particulièrement en recourant aux pratiques d’aménagement (architecture, design, urbanisme) et aux pratiques d’intervention sociale (travail social, médiation, soin) que nous tenterons de déplacer notre regard pour favoriser un meilleur partage des espaces urbains.

Developments over time in the prevalence of marriage and cohabitation formation has long received much interest, but less is known about more recent developments for different population subgroups in European countries. This applies as well to Sweden, a country considered a forerunner in family-demographic change. In contrast, much attention has been paid to the falling birth rates during the 2010s, and explanations that focus on the role of increasing uncertainties. In the Swedish case, the fertility decline has been documented across all main socio-demographic subgroups. The objective of this study is to examine whether the same situation holds for first marriage and cohabitation formation during the 2010s and the exceptional years of the Covid-19 pandemic. Based on Swedish population registers, including with new cohabitation data, we present annual indices of first marriage formation (1991–2022) and cohabitation formation (2012–2022) across a number of socio-demographic strata. We demonstrate a continuous decline in first marriage formation since the early 2010s with an additional sharp dip during the pandemic and a post-pandemic recovery. In contrast, there was a remarkable stability in cohabitation formation during 2012–2022. Although socio-demographic groups differ in their overall levels of marriage and cohabitation formation, the recent trends are strikingly similar across groups. Cohabiting couples, across population subgroups, have become less inclined to transition their union status to a more committed level, as manifested by marriage or parenthood. This occurred in spite of a positive economic climate in the 2010s and stable family policies, indicating that other forces are at play. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Background Methods Results Conclusion This study examines how marriage‐cohabitation gaps in household specialization (labor supply and earnings) vary across institutional contexts for same‐sex couples (SSCs) and different‐sex couples (DSCs) in Canada.Prior research suggests that marriage‐cohabitation gaps are smaller in contexts where cohabitation is more prevalent, but it has overlooked how legal protections (at the contextual level) and gender composition (at the couple level) moderate this association. As a result, little is known about whether differences in household specialization stem from heightened gendered expectations attached to marriage or stronger legal protections for married couples. This study posits that marriage‐cohabitation gaps will be larger in contexts where legal protections for cohabitors are less marriage‐like.Using the 2006 and 2016 Canadian Census and the 2011 National Household Survey, I estimate ordinal and fractional logit models to examine marriage‐cohabitation gaps in specialization among all couples (N = 2,788,055) and couples with young children (N = 826,305).Among DSCs, marriage‐cohabitation gaps were larger in Québec than in English Canada vis‐à‐vis earnings but not labor supply. Patterns among SSCs were more heterogeneous: gaps in labor supply were larger in English Canada for female couples but larger in Québec for male couples. Gaps in earnings were generally larger in Québec, with few exceptions. However, DSCs consistently specialized more than SSCs.While existing research suggests marriage‐cohabitation gaps in household specialization are largely explained by the prevalence of cohabitation, my results indicate that legal protections (at the contextual level) and gender composition (at the couple level) play a more decisive role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the trends in non-marriage in the Philippines and identify the factors associated with this phenomenon. It will also assess trends in cohabitation in the country and its differentials by levels of education. Data are drawn from various censuses and national surveys. Results show a continuing increase in the proportion of Filipinos who are unmarried in their 40s, particularly men. The proportion of Filipinos who are living together or cohabiting has also increased over time, while the share of those who are formally married has declined. These changes are accompanied by more liberal attitudes toward marriage and cohabitation in the Philippines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using data from the 2018 Chinese Family Panel Studies, this study examines the associations between premarital cohabitation, marital satisfaction, and the probability of a subsequent divorce and captures the gradated variations of marital quality by incorporating divorce and self-rated marital satisfaction into a generic measure of marital quality. Findings show positive associations between cohabitation and divorce and negative associations between cohabitation and marital quality. Results further show that the negative association between cohabitation and marital quality is weakened by better education, higher income, and rural origin, and stronger among men. The consistent negative associations between cohabitation and all the marital quality outcomes indicate the persistent strength of the norm of universal marriage, based on which cohabitation is still considered substantively distinct from marriage both in terms of legal status and social recognition. The diverse social gradients of the cohabitation-marital quality links reflect the heterogeneous social meanings of cohabitation in contemporary China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cohabitation has become more common in communities that have experienced demographic transitions, including in Taiwan, and hence it has become a research interest. However, our understanding of cohabitation in Taiwan has been limited to indirect estimations and cross-sectional analysis due to the lack of appropriate data. These analyses can provide a quick overview of the prevalence of cohabitation at specific periods, but they cannot portray the risk of cohabitation over the life course. Using recent panel data from the Taiwan Youth Project, we estimate cohabitation risk among young adults in their mid-20s to early-30s. We also examine the determinants of cohabitation. Results show that being a woman, not employed, living in emerging regions, not having varying residential locations, ever having sex (especially at an earlier age), and being more open to premarital intimacy were associated with higher odds of cohabitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Islamic Research / İslâmi Araştırmalar Dergisi is the property of Turkey Economical & Cultural Solidarity (TEK-DAV) Foundation and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of HiSTOReLo: Revista de Historia Regional y Local is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Centro Editorial Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y Economicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cohabitation is often misconstrued as consisting of a relationship characterised by a low level of commitment. However, commitment in cohabitation is multidimensional, as it allows a couple to demonstrate their love in different ways, without necessarily conforming to a particular traditional formality. It is a private and personal commitment between the cohabiting partners concerned, founded on principles of trust. The current study suggests that commitment in heterosexual cohabitation is closely aligned with the couple's intentions. Through the lenses of commitment and symbolic interactionist theories, this article explored how cohabitees construct and express commitment in their relationship. Employing a qualitative research approach, the study involved 21 purposively selected heterosexual cohabitees who are involved in a monogamous relationship. Data were generated through conducting semi-structured face-to-face interviews, using open-ended questions contained in an interview guide which were subsequently analysed thematically. Principles of credibility, transferability, dependability and conformability were adhered to throughout the research process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determining whether a household is ‘in poverty,’ requires identifying a resource unit, typically consisting of individuals who both co-reside and pool resources. High levels of family complexity and fluidity in living arrangements among contemporary American families, particularly those that include children, have complicated this task. We leverage novel survey data from Wisconsin to examine the implications of a range of alternative criteria for identifying the resource unit used to measure poverty. We further consider the extent to which unit members, under alternative criteria, exchange food-related resources both within and outside of the unit. Our results reveal inconsistencies between alternative measures of the resource unit and those used to define the resource unit for the Official Poverty Measure (OPM) and Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM) in the United States, and we find that the SPM unit is generally more consistent than the OPM unit with alternative measures of the resource unit. In addition, we find substantial levels of food resource exchanges among adults who are both inside and outside the resource unit. Together, these findings demonstrate the challenge of appropriately defining the resource unit for measuring poverty and suggest that both the OPM and SPM may not fully account for the availability, amount, or composition of resources for many households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we examine partnership dynamics among people with different sexual orientations in Germany. More specifically, we explore the process of first partnership formation and first cohabitation among men and women who self-identify as heterosexual, homosexual or bisexual. Given the various discriminations against same-sex lifestyles, and the limited opportunities to meet potential partners, we assume that lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) people form partnerships later in life and less frequently than heterosexuals. We further expect that the constantly improving social and legal climate for sexual minorities will lead to a reduction in differences in partnership behaviour by sexual orientation. We use retrospectively reported partnership biographies from the German Socio-Economic Panel, which was supplemented in 2019 with a boost sample of sexual and gender minority households. Using discrete-time event history models, we analyse nearly 15,000 episodes of being single and nearly 20,000 episodes of living without a partner in the household. Around 4.5% of these episodes are from people who self-identify as LGB. The results clearly show that patterns of partnership and coresidential union formation differ by sexual orientation. People with a homosexual orientation—and to a lesser extent people with a bisexual orientation—are less likely to enter into a first partnership and a first cohabitation than people with a heterosexual orientation. Significant changes occur across cohorts: LGB people from younger birth cohorts enter (cohabiting) partnerships much earlier and more frequently than those from older cohorts. Thus, the union formation patterns of LGB and straight people have converged slightly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Italy there is a growing interest in shared housing driven by various factors, including the need for affordable housing, the desire for communal living and initiatives that target vulnerable individuals. This also extends into the realm of social services, incorporating a residential aspect. This article explores the factors that render two specific forms of living – co-housing and cohabitation – generative and capable of fostering solidarity among inhabitants and their social environment. The focus is on the creation of relationships and solidarity bonds within these living settings. Shared housing can become a valuable resource, embodying a form of generative welfare that aims to overcome traditional welfarism. With this model, resources multiply through the interventions themselves, regenerating the value available to individuals and the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guided by the perspective that intimate relationship types represent a continuum of social attachment, we assessed how living apart together (LAT) relationships are related to psychological well-being in later life. Using data from the 2011 Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS), we assessed levels of depressive symptoms by comparing LAT respondents (2.5%) with never married (2.5%), divorced (6.8%), widowed (10.4%), dating (2.8%), cohabiting (2.3%), remarried (15.1%), and first married (57.6%) men and women aged 51 and older (Total N = 7,924). However, the results did not support the theory of social attachment. The psychological well-being of men and women in LAT relationships was no different from either cohabiting or married adults. LAT relationships may have unique functions that help to reduce stress in later life. This study provides new insights about the psychological well-being of LAT adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite increasing diversity within many societies, ethnically endogamous unions remain common. In contexts where one ethnic minority has lived alongside the majority for centuries, understanding who partners with whom is central to understanding how ethnic boundaries are maintained or dissolved. This study examines the role of own and parental ethnolinguistic affiliation for the first partner choice in Finland. We provide a unique test of the relevance of ethnic endogamy across two generations, in a context where both groups are native, but one (Finnish speakers) overwhelmingly outnumbers the other (Swedish speakers). Using register data on the total population, we examine how a person’s ethnolinguistic affiliation and background affect the choice of the first cohabiting partner in terms of the partner’s ethnolinguistic affiliation and background. We apply discrete-time competing risk models for men and women born 1970–1983. Results indicate that Swedish-registered individuals with two Swedish-registered parents are, by far, the most likely to partner with another Swedish-registered person with endogamous background. Partnering with a Swedish-registered person with exogamous background is most likely among individuals who themselves come from mixed unions. Patterns are remarkably consistent across gender, and adjustments for education and residential area only marginally alter the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Introduction Transitioning to adulthood often involves achieving independence from the parental home. We assessed whether the likelihood of leaving the parental home, cohabitation, and marriage was similar between patients who experienced a hematologic malignancy at a young age and their peers. Methods We identified 11,575 patients diagnosed with a hematologic malignancy under the age of 20 years between 1971 and 2011 in Denmark, Finland, and Sweden, 57,727 country‐, age‐, and sex‐matched population comparisons and 11,803 sibling comparisons and obtained annual information on family and marital status by linking to the statistical institute databases. Hazard ratios (HR) for leaving the parental home, cohabitation and marriage were estimated using Cox proportional hazards modeling. Results Young adults with a history of a hematologic malignancy were slightly less likely to leave the parental home (HR 0.89; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.86–0.92; HR 0.87 [95% CI 0.82–0.92]), cohabit with a nonmarital partner (HR 0.83 [95%CI 0.78–0.87]; HR 0.84 [95% CI 0.77–0.92]) and be married (HR 0.87 [95% CI 0.82–0.91]; HR 0.86 [95% CI 0.79–0.93]), compared with population comparisons and siblings, respectively. Conclusions Our findings provide reassurance that young adults with a history of a hematologic malignancy show only a slight decrease in their likelihood of gaining independence from their childhood family and forming close interpersonal relationships compared to peers. While most patients are coping well in the long term, integrating structured psychosocial support into long‐term follow‐up is recommended to facilitate a timely and adequate transition into adulthood.

Die Parlamentswahlen in Frankreich 2024 haben bisher wenig Konstantes, sondern vor allem Unerwartetes hervorgebracht. Dieser Artikel versucht, das verfassungsrechtliche und politische Geflecht in einem Vierschritt zu entwirren: von der Konfrontationslage zur Kohabitation und Koalitionsbildung sowie zuletzt zu den Konsequenzen für die Europäische Union. Die französischen Parlamentswahlen haben das Land in ein verfassungsrechtliches Spannungsfeld geführt, das die politischen Akteure zwingt, Koalitionen neu zu erlernen, während dabei die europäische Stabilität durch die innerfranzösischen Machtkämpfe auf die Probe gestellt werden wird.

Bei den Europawahlen am 9. Juni 2024 wurde der rechtsextreme Rassemblement national in fast allen französischen Départements stärkste Kraft und erhielt mehr als doppelt so viele Stimmen wie das Lager von Präsident Macron. Noch am Wahlabend löste Macron die Nationalversammlung auf und kündigte den ersten Gang der Neuwahlen für den 30. Juni an. Er zwingt hiermit Frankreich dazu, seine jahrhundertelange Suche nach der richtigen Regierung(-sform) fortzusetzen. Es ist zweifelhaft, ob es nach dem zweiten Wahlgang am 7. Juli 2024 das Regierungssystem der V. Republik noch so geben wird, wie wir es kennen.

Cohabitation represents a more permanent union of the lives of one woman and one man who are not married. All modern family laws have accepted this form of community life, and in some European countries it is very widespread. According to our legislation, an extramarital union is a life union of two people of different sexes that lacks the legal form of marriage. Another characteristic of cohabitation is its duration and stability. There is no single and universal interpretation of extramarital union in modern law. The differences are conditioned by the relationship of rights to the personal rights and obligations of partners in such a union. Some laws also recognize same-sex persons the right to recognize extramarital unions (Netherlands and France, Great Britain, Denmark), while others require the registration of such unions (Belgium, France, Netherlands). The existence of the will of two persons to live in a union of life and the duration of the union are generally the minimum conditions for such an extramarital union to be legally recognized, i.e. to produce legal consequences. In some Western European countries, extramarital unions have become, in the past few decades, a common form of community life, but they are not legally regulated by the regulations of family legislation, as in Serbia, where the actions of such unions are regulated by regulations on the right to support, and the acquisition and division of joint property. Analysis of the application of family legislation to extramarital unions shows that due to certain unfavorable circumstances related to the birth of children out of wedlock, the protection of extramarital unions is not equal to the protection of married unions. Although protection is guaranteed to every family according to the Constitution, and the Family Law prescribes that children born in marriage are equal to children born out of wedlock, in enjoying the rights and their protection that are guaranteed to them by law, extramarital unions do not enjoy nearly the kind of protection that the legislator intended marriage. Thus, for example, the termination of an extramarital union is not nearly as affected by the measures of the competent authorities as in the case of the termination of a marriage. There is no conciliation procedure, there is no ex officio decision on entrusting children for care and upbringing, etc. Bearing in mind that extramarital union is a widespread form of community of life and that according to existing legislation it is not equal to married union in all aspects, the subject of consideration of this paper will be the causes of the origin and existence of extramarital union, its legal regulation from the aspect of international regulations and domestic legislation, the position and relations of partners in such a community, in order to more effectively implement the constitutional framework according to which every family is guaranteed protection.