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Four-wave mixing process (FWM) in the non-degenerate category can be produced by the interaction of the radiation field with the third-order nonlinear optical media. In our present paper, to describe the non-degenerate four-wave mixing process we have used the fully quantum mechanical bosonic Hamiltonian. Heisenberg’s equations of motion for various modes involving pump, signal and idler are constructed. The corresponding differential equations are coupled and nonlinear. Due to non-linearity, the solution of these equations in closed set analytical form is not possible. To solve these coupled nonlinear differential equations we use the Sen-Mandal perturbative technique. Interestingly, this approach provides a broader and more general set of solutions that may be applicable across a wider range of conditions. The Sen-Mandal perturbative technique allows a more general solution that can result in a more accurate and general representation of the system that is more advantageous than the well-known short-time approximation method. The obtained solutions have been used to study the intermodal entanglement, normal order anti-bunching and normal order squeezing for various modes under the non-degenerate four-wave mixing process. The non-degenerate FWM is one of the processes for generating entanglement, squeezing and anti-bunching etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally, the well-being and living standards of an individual were measured by the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Later, a gradual shift was noticed from economic to socio-economic measures leading to prioritization of the Human Development Index (HDI). However, to overcome certain limitations in the HDI, a detailed analysis of its sub-indices is necessitated. Thus, the contextualization of Living Standards (LS) one of the sub-factors of HDI may be introduced applied to broaden the domain of human well-being. Since then, living standards have expanded from economic indicators to that of non-econometric factors such as family concern, occupational status, personality etc. Despite this, there is hardly any indicator measuring the Living Standard Index (LSI) in the Indian context, especially for the older adults in India. Here, the study is conducted amongst 390 older adults' respondents of a peri-urban region of India through a multi-stage cluster sampling. This study outcome reveals that the LSI of the Indian older adults is dependent on the region-specific amenities, their age-groups, and living arrangement within their proximate networked members. Thus, the LSI may be influential in implementing policies for the older adults in the Indian context and that may be replicated across the globe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming very popular nowadays to reduce the consumption of oil and environmental pollution. The use of battery and super-capacitor is increasing as the power-source of EVs. The bi-directional DC-DC converter is essential to integrate the battery and super-capacitor with the motor of the vehicle. However, a conventional second-order bi-directional DC-DC converter cannot give very high/low output voltage due to its efficiency reduction at extreme duty cycles, which is prerequisite for EVs. The problems of achieving high efficiency in wide-input-wide-output (WIWO) voltage range bidirectional operation using a conventional bidirectional converter are summarized in this paper. Additionally, the available converters from the literature for WIWO voltage range operation are discussed in detail. The various wide voltage range DC-DC converters are classified into different categories based on their operating principle. Additionally, the advantage and disadvantages of these various wide voltage range converter topologies are explained for the EV application. Finally, a general conceptual solution to achieve a WIWO converter with high efficiency is proposed. It is essential to change the voltage level of the motor input as per the speed requirement. Hence, this paper presents a clear idea for the WIWO bi-directional converters for EV application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]