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Pulmonary surfactant is a lipoprotein complex lining the alveolar surface to decrease the surface tension and facilitate inspiration. Surfactant deficiency is often seen in premature infants and in children and adults with respiratory distress syndrome. Mechanical stretch of alveolar type 2 epithelial (AT2) cells during lung expansion is the primary physiological factor that stimulates surfactant secretion; however, it is unclear whether there is a mechanosensor dedicated to this process. Here, we show that loss of the mechanosensitive channels TMEM63A and TMEM63B (TMEM63A/B) resulted in atelectasis and respiratory failure in mice due to a deficit of surfactant secretion. TMEM63A/B were predominantly localized at the limiting membrane of the lamellar body (LB), a lysosome-related organelle that stores pulmonary surfactant and ATP in AT2 cells. Activation of TMEM63A/B channels during cell stretch facilitated the release of surfactant and ATP from LBs fused with the plasma membrane. The released ATP evoked [Ca.sup.2+] signaling in AT2 cells and potentiated exocytic fusion of more LBs. Our study uncovered a vital physiological function of TMEM63 mechanosensitive channels in preparing the lungs for the first breath at birth and maintaining respiration throughout life., Introduction Pulmonary surfactant is necessary for lowering surface tension of alveolar lining liquid and effective inspiration (1). Deficiency of pulmonary surfactant results in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants [...]

In this paper, for the information categorization of toponyms in ethnic minority agglomerations, different cultural partitioning results are derived by combining the region of interest model, which constitutes a specific semantic map of the region of interest model, i.e., a semantic map of the toponymic structure. The preference index of toponymic culture is taken as a feature variable, and the calculation of toponymic similarity in ethnic minority agglomerations is realized by adopting the method based on the difference of feature vectors. Dynamically determining the weights is used to evaluate the semantic similarity of spatial data for place names. To examine the distribution characteristics and distribution patterns of place names in ethnic minority agglomerations, kernel density and logistic regression models are utilized. The ratio of the number of place names of each ethnic group to the total number of county units is analyzed by Moran’s I index to obtain the spatial autocorrelation distribution direction of the distribution of place names in Yunnan Hani Autonomous County. The analysis shows that the spatial autocorrelation index of the Hani ethnic group is 0.3524, which mainly falls in the first, second and third quadrants, where the first quadrant indicates that the area around the region with a higher proportion of Hani ethnic group place names is likewise a positively correlated region with a higher proportion of Hani ethnic group place names. As per the semantic map analysis results, the spatial distribution of the population closely corresponds with the distribution of toponyms in ethnic minority areas.

Aqueous Zn–CO2 batteries can not only convert CO2 into high‐value chemicals but also store/output electric energy for external use. However, their performance is limited by sluggish and complicated CO2 electroreduction at the cathode. Herein, a dual‐anion regulated Bi electrocatalyst is developed to selectively reduce CO2 to formate with a Faradaic efficiency of up to 97% at a large current density of 250 mA cm−2. With O and/or F, the rate‐determine step of CO2 electroreduction has been manipulated (from the first hydrogenation to *HCOOH desorption step) with a reduced energy barrier. Significantly, the fabricated Zn–CO2 battery exhibits a high discharge voltage of 1.2 V, optimal power density of 4.51 mW cm−2, remarkable energy density of 802 Wh kg−1, and energy‐conversion efficiency of 70.74%, stability up to 200 cycles and 68 h. This study provides possible strategies to fabricate reversible and energetic aqueous Zn–CO2 batteries by addressing cathodic problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As a phencyclidine (PCP) analog, ketamine can generate rapid‐onset and substantial anesthetic effects. Contrary to traditional anesthetics, ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic and can induce loss of consciousness in patients. Recently, the subanaesthetic dose of ketamine was found to produce rapid‐onset and lasting antidepressant effects. Aim: However, how different concentrations of ketamine can induce diverse actions remains unclear. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms underlying the NMDAR‐mediated anesthetic and antidepressant effects of ketamine are not fully understood. Method: In this review, we have introduced ketamine and its metabolism, summarized recent advances in the molecular mechanisms underlying NMDAR inhibition in the anesthetic and antidepressant effects of ketamine, explored the possible functions of NMDAR subunits in the effects of ketamine, and discussed the future directions of ketamine‐based anesthetic and antidepressant drugs. Result: Both the anesthetic and antidepressant effects of ketamine were thought to be mediated by N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) inhibition. Conclusion: The roles of NMDARs have been extensively studied in the anaesthetic effects of ketamine. However, the roles of NMDARs in antidepressant effects of ketamine are complicated and controversial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial CO2 electroreduction has received tremendous attentions for resolution of the current energy and environmental crisis, but its performance is greatly limited by mass transport at high current density. In this work, an ion‐polymer‐modified gas‐diffusion electrode is used to tackle this proton limit. It is found that gas diffusion electrode‐Nafion shows an impressive performance of 75.2% Faradaic efficiency in multicarbon products at an industrial current density of 1.16 A/cm2. Significantly, in‐depth electrochemical characterizations combined with in situ Raman have been used to determine the full workflow of protons, and it is found that HCO3− acts as a proton pool near the reaction environment, and HCO3− and H3O+ are local proton donors that interact with the proton shuttle −SO3− from Nafion. With rich proton hopping sites that decrease the activation energy, a "Grotthuss" mechanism for proton transport in the above system has been identified rather than the "Vehicle" mechanism with a higher energy barrier. Therefore, this work could be very useful in terms of the achievement of industrial CO2 reduction fundamentally and practically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the energy‐conversion efficiency and adaptability between a CO2 electroreduction system and intermittent renewable energy, small onset potentials, and wide working windows are highly important. Here, three indium metal–organic frameworks (In‐MOFs) have been projected using different ligands to adjust the local steric hindrance and electronic structure of In nodes, manipulating the whole workflow of CO2 during electroreduction including local CO2 transport, adsorption, activation, hydrogenation, and product desorption. Significantly, a CO2 electroreduction to formate process promoted by 2,5‐TDC In‐MOF shows an onset potential of −0.1 V versus RHE around the therymodynamic potential, over 90% FEforamte in a wide current‐density window from 0.1 to 0.9 A cm−2. Driven by solar cells, the system displays a high solar‐to‐chemical efficiency of 17.39%. In depth mechanism study indicates that the local CO2 transport and adsorption of all In‐MOFs are thermodynamically and kinetically favorable, while the energy barrier of potential‐determine step (*HCOOH desorption) is the lowest for 2,5‐TDC In‐MOF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use MOFs material as precursor to synthesize carbon based two‐dimensional (2D) materials loaded with In2S3−In2O3 (In−S−O) nanoparticles. The In−S−O nanoparticles have exhibited Janus architecture composed of two compounds with different crystal structures that are combined in‐plane on 2D carbon material surface. The excellent properties of this in‐plane Janus material include 2D nanoarchitecture and its Janus properties formed by combining two different crystal structures. It has exhibited excellent electrochemical performances due to its abundant electrochemical active sites and large specific surface area. According to experiments, the electron transfer number of the material for two‐electron oxygen reduction is about 2.4, and the hydrogen peroxide yield is 32 mg/h cm2. In the further test of liquid flow electrolytic cell, the yield can reach up to 172 mg/h cm2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Increasing evidence has showed that inflammatory biomarkers, including neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and fibrinogen can be used as predictors in the prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). The aim of this study was to explore prognostic value of these biomarkers and evaluate the clinicopathological and prognostic significance of combined score based on plasma fibrinogen and platelet-lymphocyte ratio (F-PLR score). Methods: A total of 506 patients with ESCC were enrolled in this study. Harrell’s concordance index (c-index) was used to determine the optimal cut-off values of these markers and evaluate their prognostic significance. The relationship between factors with survival rates (including overall survival [OS] and disease-free survival [DFS]) was explored by Kaplan-Meier curve, univariate analysis and multivariate cox hazard analysis. Results: Our result indicated that high F-PLR score was significantly associated with longer tumor length and deeper depth of tumor invasion (p < 0.01). The result of Cox multivariable analysis showed that F-PLR score was an independent prognostic factor for OS (p = 0.002) and DFS (p = 0.003). In addition, F-PLR score presented the greater c-index values for OS and DFS compared with NLR, PLR and fibrinogen level. Our result also showed that the c-index values for OS and DFS were both greater in TNM + F-PLR than those in TNM stage alone. Conclusions: In conclusion, F-PLR score is a predictive biomarker for prognosis in patients with ESCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrogenation of small molecules (like O 2 and CO 2 ) often exhibits strong activity dependence on pHs because of discrepant proton donor environments. However, some catalysts can show seldom dependence on two-electron oxygen electroreduction, a sustainable route of O 2 hydrogenation to hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ). In this work, a pH-resistant oxygen electroreduction system arising from the pseudo-Jahn-Teller effect is demonstrated. Thorough operando Raman spectra, local environment analyses and density function theory simulations, the lattice distortion of TiO x F y that introduces the pseudo-Jahn-Teller effect contributing to regulating local pHs at electrode-electrolyte interfaces and the absorption/desorption of key *OOH intermediate is revealed. Consequently, as comparison to 78.6% activity attenuation for common catalyst, the TiO x F y displays minor activity decay (3.2%) in the pH range of 1-13 with remarkable Faradaic efficiencies (93.4-96.4%) and H 2 O 2 yield rates (595-614 mg cm -2  h -1 ) in the current densities of 100-1000 mA cm -2 . Further techno-economics analyses display the H 2 O 2 production cost dependent on pHs, giving the lowest H 2 O 2 price of $0.37 kg -1 . The present finding is expected to provide an additional dimension to pseudo-Jahn-Teller effect that leverages systems beyond traditional conception., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Background: The emergence of cyclin-dependent kinases 4/6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i) represented a major breakthrough in the treatment of breast cancer over the past decade. In both clinical trials and real-world settings, it was observed that patients using CDK4/6i might experience psychiatric adverse events (PAEs). Herein, we conducted a pharmacovigilance study to comprehensively assess the correlation between CDK4/6i and PAEs., Method: We obtained individual case safety reports submitted to the FDA Adverse Events Reporting System (FAERS) during the period from January 2015 to December 2023. In disproportionality analysis, the reporting odds ratio (ROR) and information component (IC) values were calculated for each adverse event-drug combination. Univariate logistic regression analysis was utilized to explore factors associated with PAEs following CDK4/6i treatment., Results: A total of 95,591 reports related to CDK4/6i were identified, with 6.72% reporting PAEs, and this proportion exhibited an annual upward trend. Based on the ROR and IC values, 17 categories of PAEs were defined as CDK4/6i-related PAEs. Among these PAEs, insomnia, stress, eating disorder, depressed mood, and sleep disorder were very common, each accounting for over 10% of CDK4/6i reports. Ribociclib showed the highest risk signal of CDK4/6i-related PAEs (ROR = 1.89[1.75-2.04], IC 025  = 0.79), followed by palbociclib (ROR = 1.47[1.41-1.53], IC 025  = 0.49), while abemaciclib did not exhibit a significant signal (ROR = 0.52[0.44-0.62], IC 025  = -1.13). Female sex, younger age and weight exceeding 80 kg were significant risk factors for the incidence of CDK4/6i-related PAEs., Conclusions: Using data from a real-world, large-scale spontaneous reporting system for adverse drug reactions, our study delineated the spectrum of PAEs to CDK4/6i. This potentially offered valuable insights for healthcare professionals to manage the risk of PAEs in patients receiving CDK4/6i treatment, particularly those with psychiatric disorders., (© 2024 The Author(s). CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Metal-CO 2 batteries, which use CO 2 as the active species at cathodes, are particularly promising, but device design for mass-producible CO 2 reduction and energetic power supply lag behind, limiting their potential benefits. In this study, an aqueous reversible flow-type Zn-CO 2 battery using a Pd/SnO 2 @C cathode catalyst has been assembled and demonstrates an ultra-high discharge voltage of 1.38 V, a peak power density of 4.29 mW cm -2 , high-energy efficiency of 95.64% and remarkable theoretical energy density (827.3 W h kg -1 ). In the meantime, this optimized system achieves a high formate faradaic efficiency of 95.86% during the discharge process at a high rate of 4.0 mA cm -2 . This energy- and chemical-conversion technology could store and provide electricity, eliminate CO 2 and produce valuable chemicals, addressing current energy and environment issues simultaneously.

Aqueous Zn-CO 2 batteries can not only convert CO 2 into high-value chemicals but also store/output electric energy for external use. However, their performance is limited by sluggish and complicated CO 2 electroreduction at the cathode. Herein, a dual-anion regulated Bi electrocatalyst is developed to selectively reduce CO 2 to formate with a Faradaic efficiency of up to 97% at a large current density of 250 mA cm -2 . With O and/or F, the rate-determine step of CO 2 electroreduction has been manipulated (from the first hydrogenation to *HCOOH desorption step) with a reduced energy barrier. Significantly, the fabricated Zn-CO 2 battery exhibits a high discharge voltage of 1.2 V, optimal power density of 4.51 mW cm -2 , remarkable energy density of 802 Wh kg -1 , and energy-conversion efficiency of 70.74%, stability up to 200 cycles and 68 h. This study provides possible strategies to fabricate reversible and energetic aqueous Zn-CO 2 batteries by addressing cathodic problems., (© 2023 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Proper regulation of synapse formation and elimination is critical for establishing mature neuronal circuits and maintaining brain function. Synaptic abnormalities, such as defects in the density and morphology of postsynaptic dendritic spines, underlie the pathology of various neuropsychiatric disorders. Protocadherin 17 (PCDH17) is associated with major mood disorders, including bipolar disorder and depression. However, the molecular mechanisms by which PCDH17 regulates spine number, morphology, and behavior remain elusive. In this study, we found that PCDH17 functions at postsynaptic sites, restricting the number and size of dendritic spines in excitatory neurons. Selective overexpression of PCDH17 in the ventral hippocampal CA1 results in spine loss and anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in mice. Mechanistically, PCDH17 interacts with actin-relevant proteins and regulates actin filament (F-actin) organization. Specifically, PCDH17 binds to ROCK2, increasing its expression and subsequently enhancing the activity of downstream targets such as LIMK1 and the phosphorylation of cofilin serine-3 (Ser3). Inhibition of ROCK2 activity with belumosudil (KD025) ameliorates the defective F-actin organization and spine structure induced by PCDH17 overexpression, suggesting that ROCK2 mediates the effects of PCDH17 on F-actin content and spine development. Hence, these findings reveal a novel mechanism by which PCDH17 regulates synapse development and behavior, providing pathological insights into the neurobiological basis of mood disorders.

Traditional design/optimization of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is time-consuming and labor-intensive. In this study, we utilize machine learning (ML) to accelerate the synthesis of MOFs. We have built a library of over 900 MOFs with different metal salts, solvent ratios, reaction durations and temperatures, and utilize zeta potentials as target variables for ML training. A total of four ML models have been used to train the collected dataset and assess their convergence performances, where Random Forest Regression (RFR) and Gradient Boosting Regression (GBR) models show strong correlation and accurate predictions. We then predicted two kinds of MOFs from RFR and GBR models. Remarkably, the experimentally data of the synthesized MOFs closely matched the predicted results, and these MOFs exhibited excellent electrocatalytic performances for oxygen evolution. This study would have general implications in the utilization of machine learning for accelerating the synthesis of MOFs for diverse applications., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

We use MOFs material as precursor to synthesize carbon based two-dimensional (2D) materials loaded with In 2 S 3 -In 2 O 3 (In-S-O) nanoparticles. The In-S-O nanoparticles have exhibited Janus architecture composed of two compounds with different crystal structures that are combined in-plane on 2D carbon material surface. The excellent properties of this in-plane Janus material include 2D nanoarchitecture and its Janus properties formed by combining two different crystal structures. It has exhibited excellent electrochemical performances due to its abundant electrochemical active sites and large specific surface area. According to experiments, the electron transfer number of the material for two-electron oxygen reduction is about 2.4, and the hydrogen peroxide yield is 32 mg/h cm 2 . In the further test of liquid flow electrolytic cell, the yield can reach up to 172 mg/h cm 2 ., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)