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[Display omitted] Constructing donor–acceptor structures in polymeric carbon nitride (CN) provides an attractive pathway for facilitating charge carrier separation in photocatalytic reactions. However, achieving the implantation of donor or acceptor moieties at molecule level precision remains challenging. Here we develop a three-dimensional (3D) porous thiophene implanted carbon nitride (TCN) with donor–acceptor structure via a supramolecular assembly strategy. The specific-designed triazine derivatives with similar hydrogen bonding sites allow for the uniform introduction of thiophene groups at molecule level precision during the supramolecular assemble stage. The electron-donating thiophene groups in TCN can continuously tune electronic band structure, expand visible light absorption range, and promote charge carriers' separation. The optimized properties enable TCN-3 an outstanding H 2 evolution rate of 5620 μmol h−1 g−1, greatly exceeding bulk CN (95 μmol h−1 g−1). Briefly, our work may offer opportunities to prepare highly active photocatalysts with molecule level precise donor–acceptor structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing number of shale gas wells being hydraulically fractured with recycled flowback and produced water to reduce the consumption of fresh water, geochemical indicators of hydraulic fracturing flowback fluids (HFFFs) from such wells need to be found to evaluate the potential pollutants caused by shale gas development. To fill this knowledge gap, we analysed 64 HFFF samples from 3 Changning wells (fracked with recycled wastewater) to form a time series and compared them to HFFF samples from 3 Weiyuan wells (fracked with fresh water). We also made comparisons of HFFFs from two types of wells in the Appalachian Basin with reported data. The results indicated that regardless of the fracturing fluid being used, the water‒rock reaction caused by the hydraulic fracturing process resulted in the release of exchangeable phase elements, such as lithium, boron, with relatively depleted δ7Li and δ 11B, and strontium with relatively enriched 87Sr/86Sr values on the shale surface, into the HFFFs. The composition of the injected fracturing fluid affected the strength of the water‒rock reaction, but the effect is negligible, as the fracturing process can still form the unique Sr, Li, and B isotope ratios of the HFFF. Thus, the elemental signatures (B/Cl and Sr/Cl) and isotopic fingerprints (δ 11B, δ7Li, and 87Sr/86Sr) derived from HFFFs can be used to distinguish between HFFFs from wells hydraulically fractured by either fresh water or recycled wastewater and flowback water from conventional oil and gas wells. The results are important for the environmental evaluation of the large number of wells being fracked with recycled wastewater each year. [Display omitted] • δ 11B and 87Sr/86Sr can be used as indicator for HFFF in Changning field. • Hydraulic fracturing caused the release of minerals enriched in 10B, 6Li, and 87Sr. • Shale formation water composition determined the ratio between Na, Ca, Cl, and Br. • Fracturing fluid composition impact the major elements of HFFFs in the first dozens of days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]