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Aims: Cytokeratin 5 (CK5) is a surrogate maker of progenitor cells and early glandular and myoepithelial cells (MECs) in the breast, and CK5 expression in breast MECs varies from ducts to lobules, and from normal to diseased tissue. However, the mechanisms underlying immunophenotypic alterations of CK5 expression in MECs remain unclear., Methods: CK5 expression in MECs of 20 normal breast samples, 58 ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS; including 21 DCIS with extensive lobular involvement), 11 atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH), 18 non-invasive lobular neoplasia consisting of 11 atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH) and 7 lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), 20 cystic lobules and 10 usual ductal hyperplasia (UDH) involving lobules were observed to evaluate the effects of contact with benign hyperplastic or cancerous luminal cells and pressure of dilated glands on CK5 expression., Results: CK5 expression in normal ductal MECs was exclusively positive, whereas most normal lobular MECs were negative. In DCIS, cancerous ducts were primarily surrounded by CK5-positive MECs (91.0%), as were lobular acini involved by DCIS (89.2%), while the remaining normal acini maintained CK5-negative. CK5-positive MECs were found in 57.5% of acini in ALH and were more prevalent in LCIS (70.7%). CK5 expression was occasionally positive in both cystic lobules (16.7%) and lobules involved by UDH (14.3%), while an increase of CK5-positive MECs was found in ADH (38.2%)., Conclusions: These results suggest that CK5 expression in lobular MECs may be altered by contact with cancerous luminal cells rather than benign hyperplastic luminal cells or pressure from dilated glands., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Background: The purpose of this study was to prepare neutrophil membrane-engineered Panax ginseng root-derived exosomes (N-exo) and investigate the effects of N-exo microRNA (miRNA) 182-5p (N-exo-miRNA 182-5p) on acute lung injury (ALI) in sepsis., Methods: Panax ginseng root-derived exosomes were separated by differential centrifugation. Neutrophil membrane engineering was performed on exo to obtain N-exo. miRNA182-5p was transmitted into N-exo by electroporation technology to obtain N-exo-miRNA 182-5p. LPS was used to establish an in-vivo and in-vitro model of ALI of sepsis to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of N-exo-miRNA 182-5p., Results: The results of transmission electron microscope showed that exo was a double-layer membrane structure like a saucer. Nanoparticle size analysis showed that the average particle size of exo was 129.7 nm. Further, compared with exo, the level of miRNA182-5p was significantly increased in N-exo. The experimental results showed that N-exo-miRNA 182-5p significantly improved ALI via target regulation of NOX4/Drp-1/NLRP3 signal pathway in vivo and in vitro ., Conclusion: In conclusion, this study prepared a novel engineered exosome (N-exo and N-exo-miRNA 182-5p significantly improved ALI in sepsis via target regulation of NOX4/Drp-1/NLRP3 signal pathway, providing new ideas and methods for treatment of ALI in sepsis., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)