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The deep sea fuels the world’s largest ecosystem, and a deep knowledge of its relevant evolutionary patterns can support the sustainable development of human society. It is difficult to carry out in-situ experiments under the extreme environmental conditions in the deep sea, which puts forward harsh requirements for the development of deep-sea scientific experiment equipment.This study summarizes the development status and problems regarding deep-sea scientific experiment equipment in China and abroad from the aspects of deep-sea test equipment and test sites, deep-sea in-situ exploration and experiment equipment, and experimental equipment for deep-sea environment simulation. China has independently developed a serial of equipment and technologies in the field of deep-sea scientific experiment equipment, and some of its advantageous directions have reached the international advanced level, which has promoted the progress of deep-sea scientific research. However, the country fails to build a mature industrial chain in terms of sophisticated equipment and associated key technologies, resulting in the restricted development of some equipment and prominent technological weaknesses. Therefore, we propose the following suggestions to promote deep-sea scientific research and the high-quality development of the deep-sea scientific experiment equipment: (1) strengthening top-level planning to coordinate technical research; (2) establishing incentive mechanisms to encourage innovation transformation; (3) building demonstration platforms and forming a standards system; (4) developing sensing technologies and accelerating the localization process; and (5)strengthening international cooperation to enhance innovation capacities.

The engineering general contracting mode is an advanced engineering transaction mode, and design optimization is one of the important driving forces for vigorously promoting the general contracting mode. The application proportion of the general contracting mode in infrastructure projects is not high, the number of successful projects is not large, and the implementation effect is not ideal. One of the main reasons is that the design optimization theory and practice of international standard general contracting projects cannot adapt to the general contracting projects in the Chinese context, making local general contracting projects face huge challenges such as low enthusiasm for design optimization from all parties and unsatisfactory design optimization effects. Therefore, under the premise of bounded rationality, when the owner adopts control methods of different intensities, an evolutionary game study on the selection of design optimization strategies between the design and construction parties is carried out, and stability control strategies are proposed through case experiments and simulations. The research results indicate the following: firstly, the design optimization of general contracting projects in the Chinese context is feasible, but it depends on the distribution ratio of benefits obtained from the design optimization. Compared with general civil construction general contracting projects, the design optimization allocation ratio of industrial construction general contracting projects is more significant; secondly, the mixed control method of strong control and weak control is the optimal choice for the owner of the general contracting project; and thirdly, there are multiple evolutionary stable points, and mechanism design or incentive measures should be used to guide owners to choose weak control strategies, while design and construction parties should choose their design optimization strategies. The research results provide a reference for owners to determine the proportion and scheme of design optimization allocation, and for construction parties to determine design optimization strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water environment governance of large rivers is an essential measurement of ecological protection in China. The effectiveness of governance depends highly on the fulfillment of strategic CSR (corporate social responsibility) of Chinese leading enterprises. However, the fulfillment of strategic CSR often brings economic burden to the leading enterprises and needs government compensation support. Therefore, this paper explores the impact of government compensation on the fulfillment of strategic CSR of Chinese leading enterprises by constructing a multi-stage portfolio model. The main results show that (1) the prerequisite for leading enterprises to fulfill strategic CSR is sufficient profits; (2) the increase in government compensation can significantly affect the proportion of strategic CSR fulfillment of leading enterprises; (3) only when the portfolio considers both strategic CSR and project benefits, can the leading enterprises obtain the highest economic returns and better fulfill strategic CSR. The results can provide policy reference for the government to stimulate the fulfillment of leading enterprises' strategic CSR and also give suggestions for the leading enterprises to alleviate the economic pressure brought by fulfilling strategic CSR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]