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UHPC has been developed in the Czech republic for about 15 years. The paper shows some of the new footbridges with the deck made of UHPC and then focuses on repair and strengthening of existing structures. Extensive experimental work was carried out as a basis for applications. Different loading situations were examined so that the structural performance in serviceability and in ultimate limit states was investigated. Experience from the construction of structures made of UHPC, from extensive experimental campaign, and from literature resulted in development of the Technical conditions for production of UHPC, design and execution and for reconstruction of structures with UHPC, which were approved by the Ministry of Transport in 2024. The document provides a possibility to apply UHPC also in structures of the transport infrastructure. Finally, example of application of UHPC in repair of a heavily loaded road bridge is introduced. Now, the fourth stage of the repair is under construction. Experience from earlier stages led to minor modifications of the original technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From harvesting to consumption of the faba bean (Vicia faba), different plant residues such as stems, leaves, pods, and seed husks remain as by-products. The harvest residues constitute about 50% (w/w) of the whole aboveground biomass, while the empty pods and the seed husks account for 11% and 6% (w/w) on average, respectively. Due to the environmental and dietary benefits, the global production of faba beans is most likely to increase in the future. Concomitantly, the amounts of by-products will rise as well. So far, mainly the harvest residues have been widely studied, whereas the pods and husks have received less consideration. Therefore, the aim of this review was to provide an overview of the composition of the faba bean plant residues and to illustrate their potential of being used as feedstock in food, feed, or even non-food applications. This literature survey clearly reveals that all the residual materials of faba beans contain valuable compounds and might be suitable for a multitude of different applications. The residual material should thus not be disposed of but further valorized in order to exploit the full potential of the biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over recent decades, dietary patterns have changed significantly due to the increasing availability of convenient, ultra-processed refined foods. Refined foods are commonly depleted of key bioactive compounds, which have been associated with several deleterious health conditions. As the gut microbiome can influence the brain through a bidirectional communication system known as the 'microbiota-gut-brain axis', the consumption of refined foods has the potential to affect cognitive health. In this study, multi-omics approaches were employed to assess the effect of a refined diet on the microbiota-gut-brain axis, with a particular focus on bile acid metabolism. Mice maintained on a refined low-fat diet (rLFD), consisting of high sucrose, processed carbohydrates and low fibre content, for eight weeks displayed significant gut microbial dysbiosis, as indicated by diminished alpha diversity metrics (p < 0.05) and altered beta diversity (p < 0.05) when compared to mice receiving a chow diet. Changes in gut microbiota composition paralleled modulation of the metabolome, including a significant reduction in short-chain fatty acids (acetate, propionate and n-butyrate; p < 0.001) and alterations in bile acid concentrations. Interestingly, the rLFD led to dysregulated bile acid concentrations across both the colon (p < 0.05) and the brain (p < 0.05) which coincided with altered neuroinflammatory gene expression. In particular, the concentration of TCA, TDCA and T-α-MCA was inversely correlated with the expression of NF-κB1, a key transcription factor in neuroinflammation. Overall, our results suggest a novel link between a refined low-fat diet and detrimental neuronal processes, likely in part through modulation of the microbiota-gut-brain axis and bile acid dysmetabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses the microplastics in the sediment of areas surrounding shipwrecks on the Continental Shelf of Pernambuco, North eastern Brazil. The sediment collection was carried out around six wrecks. Flotation methodology was used to separate the possible microplastics from the sediment. Microplastics were classified by type and colour. Of the 6 shipwrecks analysed, 413 microplastic items were identified, with nylon fibre predominating. Fibres of blue colour were the most frequent, totalling 48.4%. The presence of microplastics in shipwrecks shows that this environment, even far from the coast, is subject to human activity. The accumulation of microplastics in the sediments surrounding the shipwrecks may pose a risk to marine life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A polymer processing method called rotational moulding is utilised to make hollow things without tension. Despite being the resin matrix of choice for rotational moulding, linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) performs only moderately in areas where sturdiness is required. In order to maintain the necessary strength, fibres might fill the gap. A variety of testing methods, including FTIR, particle size distribution, bulk density, MFI, DSC, and TGA, were used to support the requirement of processability for rotational moulding in the current study. Peanut shell powder (PSP) was combined with the LLDPE at amounts varying from 2 to 20%. The importance of both materials’ peaks can be seen in FTIR results, which suggested a range of 8% to 18% PSP in LLDPE. Particle size distribution and Bulk density measurement indicated that blends above 14% PSP are not recommended for rotational moulding. Based on MFI data, it was determined that PSP blends of 14% and above have values lower than 3 g/10min which is not suitable in terms of sufficient flow ability in rotational moulding. The inclusion of PSP was found to increase the blend’s crystallinity by 6.6% for 12% PSP blend. As per DSC and TGA data, adding peanut shell powder to LLDPE does not significantly alter the processing temperature range as compared to neat LLDPE, making rotational moulding appropriate for blends containing 8% to 12% PSP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focussed on the development of fully biodegradable composites based on polybutylene succinate (PBS) in combination with raw materials from different processing stages of the pulp and paper industry. Sulfite pulp (SP), kraft pulp (KP) and screened sludge residue (SL) from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) were investigated as reinforcing fibres contributing to a circular economy. We report a comparative study of the physicochemical properties and mechanical performance of PBS composites reinforced with these cellulosic raw fibres and commercial pure microcrystalline cellulose (MC). The composites were characterised in tensile strength, elongation at break, modulus of elasticity, water absorption and wettability. The incorporation of the fibres into the polymer matrix was also investigated using torque rheometry. Critical concentrations were obtained with maximum incorporation in the range of 15–20 wt% for SP/KP and 25–30 wt% for SL. SP and KP composites showed at least as good physicochemical and mechanical properties as MC at the concentrations studied (0–20 wt%). SP-composites showed the highest tensile strength and modulus of elasticity. It was shown that these fibres from the pulp and paper industry can be used as reinforcement for PBS matrices without additional chemical purification and provide a valuable alternative to commercial microcrystalline cellulose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hardwoods are complex heterogeneous and orthotropic structures that have evolved to the present day, adapting to successive climate episodes to prosper on Earth. Attributing a specific functionality to individual hardwood elements is difficult because of their interconnection in this heterogeneous three-dimensional network. However, tree physiology research is helping to enhance knowledge in this field. This work is a short review of the possible functionalities of hardwood elements, in some cases supported by experimentation and in others by comparative anatomy. It is intended for students or researchers starting out in the world of hardwood anatomy to aid their understanding of the functionality of hardwood elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: Microplastics (MPs) and microrubbers (MRs) determined in lichens and mosses around Shiraz. In lichens, MPs mainly thin fibres up to 1 MP g−1; MRs were < 0.1 MP g−1. In mosses, abundances were similar but with a greater fraction of larger, non-fibrous particles. Larger MPs and MRs decreased in abundance with distance and elevation from Shiraz. Around Shiraz, the common moss, Grimmia critina, would be the most suitable biomonitor. Lichens and mosses have been employed as biomonitors of atmospheric particulate pollutants, like metals and industrial solids, for many decades. Here, we evaluated the potential of nine species of crustose and foliose lichens and a widely distributed moss (Grimmia critina) to act as biomonitors of airborne microplastics (MPs) and microrubbers (MRs). About 200 lichens and 40 mosses were sampled across different altitudinal transects in the vicinity of Shiraz City, southwest Iran, and MPs and MRs were quantified and characterised after sample peroxidation. In most species of lichen, MP and MR abundance overall was < 1 g−1 and < 0.1 g−1, respectively, and the majority of plastics were fibres of < 10 µm in diameter and < 1000 µm in length. Respective weight normalised abundances of MPs and MRs were similar in G. critina, but there were greater proportions of both larger (> 1000 µm) and non-fibrous particles among the MPs. In both lichens and moss, there was a greater number of larger MPs and MRs at locations closest to and at the same elevation as Shiraz than at more distant and elevated locations, suggesting an inverse relationship between particle size and distance travelled. Among the lichens, members of the genus Acarospora, with their areolated form, appeared to act as the most suitable biomonitors for MPs and MRs. Overall, however, the wide distribution of the moss, G. crinita, and its ability to intercept and accumulate a broader range of sizes and shapes of MPs and MRs make this species a better choice, at least in the type of environment studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid externally-bonded reinforcements are considered a viable technique for strengthening existing concrete structures. They combine high-performance impregnated textiles with matrices containing dispersed microfibres to foster the ductility and toughness of the composite system. In this paper, the mechanical performance of textile-reinforced strain-hardening cement-based composites (TR-SHCC) is investigated in detail. A novel high-performance inorganic binder based on limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) is reinforced with both polyethylene (PE) dispersed microfibres and carbon fibre (CF) textiles as continuous biaxial reinforcement. The CF yarns are impregnated by an automated process to improve the monolithic response under uniaxial tensile loading and to ensure high production consistency. Fully inorganic suspensions, i.e., geopolymer and cement-based, are being investigated, as they can provide superior thermal stability compared to traditional polymeric impregnating agents. Interphase adhesion is investigated by single-yarn pull-out tests, microscopy and µCT at various micro scales. On the one hand, the improved adhesion promoted by cement impregnation resulted in the finest and most diffuse crack pattern. Conversely, the strength of the overall composite is mainly governed by the tensile failure of the yarns, irrespective of the bond, and dispersed fibres consistently improve the post-cracking stage and the strength of the hybrid composites.

The bottle gourd plant fibres (BGPF) and okra fibres were processed and refined (w/w 6 % NaOH) before being incorporated with polyolefin (polypropylene) for composite fabrication using a blending technique. The polyolefin matrix is used to develop composites with 5 % okra fibres and varying percentages (25, 30, 35 and 40 %) of BGPF. The results indicated that the ''35 % BGPF +5 % okra +60 % polypropylene'' composition achieved remarkable mechanical properties with tensile strength (26.95 MPa), tensile modulus (3.16 GPa), decreased elongation at break (1.71 %), bending strength (52.53 MPa), bending modulus (3.45 GPa), impact strength (14.25 kJ/m2), and hardness (69 D-shore). Moreover, these composites absorbed minimal water when a specific portion was submerged. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) test on the composites revealed good fibre adhesion and adherence content between BGPF and okra fibres. Additionally, the thermo-gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry exhibited weight loss of composites during maximum cellulose degradation (80 %) at 483 °C. In the composites of the fibre-PP matrix, two distinct physical changes were observed indicating glass transition and degradation. However, the mechanical properties decreased after soil degradation. Thus, remarkable properties were achieved for the fibres-fibres and fibres-polyolefin (polypropylene) interfacial interactions.

The effects of thermal behaviour on graphene nanoplatelets (GP) and multiwalled carbon nanotube (CN) nanofillers of glass fibre (GL)-reinforced epoxy composites were investigated. The paper aims at evaluating, through a single and hybrid carbon-based nanofiller on the thermal stability, mechanical properties, electromechanical properties at elevated temperature, and morphologies of the composites. The nanofillers were dispersed using a mechanical stirrer, Thinky mixer, and ultrasonic probe. Hand lay-up and vacuum bagging techniques were used in the manufacturing of composites. Real-time self-monitoring of the structural damage to the specimens under tensile and flexural tests was performed through electromechanical measurements. Using the GP–CN hybrid in the composite improved the adhesion between the hybrid nanofillers and matrix. The thermal properties of GP–GL, CN–GL, and GP–CN–GL hybrid composites increased with the hybrid nanofiller addition. Mechanical testing at elevated temperatures revealed a higher rate of strength degradation for the 1.5-mass% GP–CN–GL hybrid composite than for a single nanofiller composite. The GP–CN–GL hybrid composites exhibited a more pronounced nonlinear behaviour and lower resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research described in this paper identifies how the use of three-dimensional (3D) unwelded fibre reinforcement can provide protection against back-face spalling in the case of damage caused by impact, and contributes to understanding how such material specification can carry significant long-term benefits. When subjected to ballistic impact or explosion, reinforced concrete suffers back-face spalling caused by compressive stress waves, resulting in projectiles that can cause injury and collateral damage. This conceptual study seeks to reduce concrete projectiles and subsequent damage using 3D unwelded fibre-reinforcement. Conventional two-dimensional (2D) straight fibres rely on orientation and positioning for effective bridging of rupture planes, whereas 3D fibres benefit from inherent superiority of their orientation across a rupture plane. Twenty-five kilograms of 3D unwelded fibres (3DUWBL) and 2D fibres per m3 of concrete were used in the mix designs. Samples were tested for compressive strength, fibre pull-out, three-point and four-point flexural testing and ballistic impact. There was significant improvement in toughness and post-fracture control within the 3DUWBL specimens. The 3DUWBL fibres exceeded EN 14889 standards, outperforming the 2D fibre specimens, and controlled back-face spalling and reduced airborne projectiles in comparison to the 2D fibres. The study is limited to demonstrating proof of concept. The implication of these results will inform future research studies in this area. The results identify a current gap in research associated with 3D unwelded fibre use and the reduction of back-face spalling. 3D fibres overcome the significant failings of even dispersion and bond pull-out strength ordinarily associated with 2D fibres. This is due to the x y z orientation and omission of the welded connection. The implications are a reduction in manufacturing time and costs, making 3DUWBL fibres a more viable industry application. This research shows that 3D unwelded fibre reinforcement provides good resistance to back-face spalling of concrete elements when they are subjected to ballistic stresses. Such fibres are not currently commercially available, but they would be cheaper to produce, and their novel fibre shape provides enhanced post-crack toughness performance with the addition of lower variability, providing a lower-risk form of crack control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern concrete mix design is a complex process involving superplasticisers, fine powders, and fibres, requiring time and energy due to the high number of trial tests needed to achieve rheological properties in the fresh state. Concrete batching involves the extensive use of materials, time, and the testing of chemical admixtures, with various methodologies proposed. Therefore, in some instances, the required design properties (physical and mechanical) are not achieved, leading to the loss of resources. The concrete equivalent mortar (CEM) method was introduced to anticipate concrete behaviour at fresh and hardened states. Moreover, the CEM method saves time and costs by replacing coarse aggregates with an equivalent sand mass, resulting in an equivalent specific surface area at the mortar scale. This study aims to evaluate the performance of fibre in CEM and concrete and determine the relationships between the CEM and the concrete in fresh and hardened states. Steel and polypropylene fibres were used to design three series of mixtures (CEM and concrete): normal-strength concrete (NSC), high-strength concrete (HSC), high-strength concrete with fly ash (HSCFA), and equivalent normal-strength mortar (NSM), high-strength mortar (HSM), and high-strength mortar with fly ash (HSMFA). This study used three-point bending tests and digital image correlation to evaluate load and crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) curves. An analytical mode I crack propagation model was developed using a tri-linear stress–crack opening relationship. Post-cracking parameters were optimised using inverse analysis and compared to actual MC2010 characteristic values. The concrete slump is approximately half of the CEM flow; its compressive strength ranges between 78% and 82% of CEM strength, while its flexural strength is 60% of CEM strength. The post-cracking behaviour showed a significant difference attributed to the presence of aggregates in concrete. The fracture energy of concrete is 28.6% of the CEM fracture energy, while the critical crack opening of the concrete is 60% of that of the CEM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research proposes to include different percentages of recycled polypropylene (PP) fibers and polystyrene (PS) granules in the manufacture of concrete blocks. They are thermoplastic materials widely used in industry and are characterized by their lightness, their low thermal and electrical conductivity, and their low humidity absorption coefficient, factors that improve the efficiency of constructions. The results of this study show improvements in the mechanical behavior of the blocks with these plastic additives compared to the traditional ones, along with improvements in the structural behavior of the low (2-story) and medium-height (8-story) frames. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic pollution has been a widespread issue across the world ever since its invention in the early 1900s to its flourishment during the Industrial Revolution. The viciousness of plastics further elevates with the emergence of microplastics with smaller size and larger surface area than larger plastic debris. Smaller plastic particles of micro- and nano-size range are ubiquitous in all environmental compartments and have the potential to penetrate the biological system resulting in bioaccumulation and biomagnification. Evaluation of the presence of microplastics in the water and soil of an area is necessary for the implementation of precautionary and remedial measures. The present study attempts to evaluate the extent of microplastic pollution along the beaches of Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala, India. Surface sediment samples were collected from 25 locations across the coastal line of Thiruvananthapuram. Microplastics were quantified and categorized based on their colour, shape, size, and composition. Visual identification and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy were used for the estimation. The result revealed that the majority of plastic particles present were fibres accounting for around 80.80%. The maximum distribution of particles was reported from the sampling location at Thazhampalli-Chirayinkeezhu and Bheemapally. Around 78.05% of particles were coloured while the remaining were either white or colourless. Nylon fibres and polypropylene fragments were the dominant polymer types obtained. The results point to the role of fishing activities as the major source of microplastic input along the coastal beach sediments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NiCoP transition metal phosphide has been recognized as a most promising candidate to alternate the noble metals in hydrogen evolution reaction. Herein, it is first time presented the facile preparation of NiCoP electrocatalyst in form of fibers with dominant 1D structure formed by needle-less electrospinning technology and finalized by defined heat treatment process. The study provides a precise method for the preparation of NiCoP or similar phosphide fibers, together with an experimental proof of their excellent electrocatalytic performance in alkali and acidic environments. The as-prepared fibrous NiCoP electrocatalyst sintered in air at 900 °C followed by sintering at 700 °C in Ar/H 2 exhibits low hydrogen evolution reaction overpotential (η 10) of 141 mV in alkali and 146 mV in acidic environment corresponding with low Tafel slopes of 53 and 97.8 mV/dec, respectively. The bimetallic phosphide also shows superior oxygen evolution reaction activity in alkaline medium 1 M KOH with satisfying durability in long-term stability tests. The highly innovative fibrous form of the material not only plays a significant role in regulation of the electronic structure and boosting the electrochemical active sites and thus the electrocatalytic performance in water splitting technology, but also allows tuning of the electrode electric conductivity, occurrence of the active sites probability and thus utilisation of the electrode, together with its permeability and mechanical stability. [Display omitted] • NiCoP fibers as innovative and efficient HER catalysts were prepared. • Needle-less spinning technology was used for preparation of the catalysts. • NiCoP fibers exhibit exceptional HER and OER activity in alkaline environment. • NiCoP fibers exhibits superior HER activity and stability in acidic environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Team handball involves a tremendous amount of shoulder motion with high forces during repeated extended external range of motion. This causes shoulder complaints and overuse injuries. While eccentric training for the lower extremity shows preventive effects by improving strength, range of motion and fascicle length, there is a research gap for the shoulder joint and for advanced tissue characterization using diffusion tensor imaging. Objectives: To investigate the effects of 6-week eccentric isokinetic resistance training on strength, flexibility, and fiber architecture characteristics of the external rotators compared to an active control group in junior male handball players. Methods: 15 subjects were randomly assigned to the eccentric training group and 14 subjects to the active control group (conventional preventive training). Primary outcome measures were eccentric and concentric isokinetic strength of the external rotators, range of motion, and muscle fascicle length and fascicle volume. Results: The intervention group, showed significant changes in eccentric strength (+15%). The supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles showed significant increases in fascicle length (+13% and +8%), and in fractional anisotropy (+9% and +6%), which were significantly different from the control group. Conclusion: Eccentric isokinetic training has a significant effect on the function and macroscopic structure of the shoulder external rotators in male junior handball players. While strength parameters and muscle structure improved, range of motion did not change. This research helps understanding the physiology of muscle and the role of eccentric training on shoulder function and muscle structure. Furthermore, DTI was found to be a promising tool for advanced tissue characterization, and the in vivo derived data can also serve as model input variables and as a possibility to extend existing ex-vivo muscle models. Future research is needed for functional and structural changes following convenient eccentric field exercises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anatomical features that underlie tree functions in E. angolense and E. cylindricum were investigated in this study. Mechanical, hydraulic and storage functions, including their presumed dominance in either stem and root region were also stated. This study was carried out at Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria (FRIN), Jericho hills, Ibadan. Stem and root wood cores were obtained by non-destructive sampling from tree stem at breast height of 1.35m, while root samples were obtained from the lateral root of each mature tree at a radius of about 100cm to the trunk. Sectioning of sample materials was performed using a Reichert microtome sliding machine. Maceration was done by preparing wood samples into slivers in equal volume of glacial acetic acid (ethanoic acid) and hydrogen peroxide (1:1) in two hours (2hrs) at a temperature of 100°C. Microscopic investigations and measurements of wood cells were performed using a Zeis light microscope (Standard 25), and all data analyses were completed using R statistical software (R Core Team 2016). Results showed average values of vessel parameters, fibre parameters were higher at the stem region than at the root region in both wood species, while ray dimensions were higher at the root regions than at the stem regions of the two species. This suggested that the two wood species would rather trade off mechanical and hydraulic functions for storage function at the root region in order to be efficient in water conduction as large vessels will bring about embolism. Therefore, vessels were wider in the stem regions than in the root regions of the two wood species; rays were also wider in the root than in the stem, hence, this study revealed that storage functions could be dominance in the root region rather than the stem region of both E. angolense and E. cylindricum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific advancements in understanding the impact of bioactive components in foods on the gut microbiota and wider physiology create opportunities for designing targeted functional foods. The selection of bioactive ingredients with potential local or systemic effects holds promise for influencing overall well-being. An abundance of studies demonstrate that gut microbiota show compositional changes that correlate age and disease. However, navigating this field, especially for non-experts, remains challenging, given the abundance of bioactive ingredients with varying levels of scientific substantiation. This narrative review addresses the current knowledge on the potential impact of the gut microbiota on host health, emphasizing gut microbiota resilience. It explores evidence related to the extensive gut health benefits of popular dietary components and bioactive ingredients, such as phytochemicals, fermented greens, fibres, prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics. Importantly, this review distinguishes between the potential local and systemic effects of both popular and emerging ingredients. Additionally, it highlights how dietary hormesis promotes gut microbiota resilience, fostering better adaptation to stress—a hallmark of health. By integrating examples of bioactives, this review provides insights to guide the design of evidence-based functional foods aimed at priming the gut for resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research studies the influence of the addition of defatted press cakes (from the production of hazelnut, camelina, pumpkin, and hemp seed oil) on nutritionally important components: fibre, resistant starch, polyphenols, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), and acrylamide in directly and indirectly expanded snacks. The amounts of press cakes added to corn grits were 3, 6, and 9%. Extrusion was carried out in a laboratory single-screw extruder. For indirectly expanded products (SCFX), supercritical CO2 was injected during extrusion, and secondary expansion was completed in the microwave oven. The type and content of press cake, as well as the type of product, significantly influenced total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity. Press cakes increased the contents of both soluble and insoluble fibre (from 1.94% d. m. and 1.28% d. m. for extrudates without press cakes up to 3.17% d. m. and 6.94% d. m. for SCFX extrudates with press cakes, respectively), and resistant starch was not markedly influenced by their addition. The influence of the content of press cake on HMF was not significant, whereas the type of cake and the type of extrusion influenced HMF significantly. In a raw mixture of corn grits with 3% of pumpkin press cake, HMF was below the limit of detection, and the highest content was found in the classically extruded sample with the addition of 9% of camelina press cake (580 ppb). In all samples, the acrylamide content was below the limit of detection, indicating that safe products were obtained. This research shows potential for the implementation of supercritical CO2 extrusion in the production of safe, nutritionally improved snack products. Future research might bring about the design of cost-effective processes applicable in the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics (MPs) have been observed in the oceans, fresh waters, karstic water and remote water bodies. However, little is known on groundwater contamination, which is a natural resource of utmost importance for millions of people and is often perceived as a reliable source of water. Moreover, nanofiltration is perceived as a reliable technology to remove contaminants from water. In this study, large sample volumes of a silty-sandy gravel aquifer and the corresponding nanofiltered water were analysed for the presence of MPs (> 20 µm) using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microscopy. Concentration in ground water was 8 ± 7 MPs/m3 and increased to 36 ± 11 MPs/m3 in nanofiltered water. All MPs had a maximum Ferret diameter lower than 500 µm. Size distribution of MPs was towards the small size class (20–50 µm). In groundwater, 33% of MPs were detected in the smallest size class (20–50 µm) and 67% in the 50–100-µm-size class. In comparison, around 52% of MPs in nanofiltered water were observed in the 20–50 µm size class. Moreover, 33% of the MPs observed in nanofiltered water were in the 50–100 µm size class and 15% in the 100–500-µm-size class. From a chemical point of view, different plastic polymers were identified in groundwater and in nanofiltered water, such as polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), ethylene (vinyl acetate) copolymer (EVA), polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and other polymer materials (such as polystyrene-based copolymers, vinyl-based copolymers). Fibres were observed in all samples, but only a small number of fibres (near 1%) were identified as PP synthetic fibres in nanofiltered water. Furthermore, no clear difference of fibre concentrations was observed between groundwater (232 ± 127 fibres/m3) and nanofiltered water (247 ± 118 fibres/m3). Groundwater had extremely low levels of microplastics, and although the nanofiltration effectively removes suspended particulate matter, it slightly contaminates the filtered water with MPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Local defects in cellulose fibres, commonly referred to as microcompressions, increase the apparent strain to fracture in paper, an increasingly important parameter for products demanding stretch. This study presents an investigation into the origin of microcompressions by examining the behaviour of aspen wood under uniaxial compression applied along the grain, a process mimicking the action of a screw press and refiners during mechanical pulping. Using X-ray micro-computed tomography, a series of 10 tomograms with 30 µm of compressive deformation between images were acquired at 1.2 µm voxel size. For each tomogram, image analysis routines were developed to segment and label individual tracheids, vessel and ray elements, and track their motion between sequential frames. We classified the evolution of the axial trajectory of each element as either non-buckled or buckled, with a prominent presence of microcompression with axial deformations of less than 3%. We argue that microcompression precedes buckling. Significantly, we advance that localized deformation events (microcompressions, buckling, telescopic shortening) nucleate near vessel elements, and spread with increasing levels of compression; no particular structure appears to be immune to collapse. Finally, we liberated fibres in the compressed sample through chemical pulping and found that the damage occurring from compression was permanent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known about microplastics (MPs) in adult frogs. We investigated MPs in adult Common River Frogs (Amietia delalandii) from Potchefstroom, South Africa. Five kinds of samples were analysed: natural water, water used to rinse the skin, skin, intestine, and the remainder of the body (corpus). Tissues were digested. Microplastics occurred in all frogs and sample types (1128 MPs counted). Fibres were the most prevalent MP. Fibre lengths were between 28 and 4300 μm, either polyester or polyvinyl alcohol. MPs in skin were likely derived from the ambient, and MPs in the corpus from translocation via the skin. Fibres in tissues were significantly shorter in larger frogs, a phenomenon we provisionally assign to in situ biodegradation. Microplastics in frogs can potentially be transferred through the food web to higher trophic levels. This study provides the first evidence of MPs in adult frog tissues and avenues for further investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The recommended level of five fruits and vegetables per day is reached by a minority of French children. No-added sugars fruit puree (NASFP) can be consumed as a complement of fresh fruit to meet the recommendation for fruits and vegetables. The objective was to simulate the nutritional impact of an increase in consumption of NASFP among French children, together with a reduction in sweetened foods. Design: The study was conducted on French children aged 1–17 years. The simulation consisted in introducing NASFP on four different eating occasions (breakfast, lunch, snack and dinner) to reach one serving and removing the same serving of sweetened foods. Intakes in nutrients to favour, nutrients to limit and prevalence of adequacy to nutritional requirements were compared between observed and simulated diets in the whole sample and in five different age groups. Setting: France. Participants: Children from 1 to 17 years of age in the last available French representative dietary survey (INCA3). Results: Simulated diets were more nutrient-dense thanks to increases in nutrients to favour from NASFP (especially fibres, iodine, Se, and vitamin A and C) associated with reductions in energy and nutrients to limit (especially free sugars) coming from sweetened foods. Prevalence of adequacy increased from 2 to 14·5 points for fibres and from 4·5 to 12 points for free sugars according to age group and eating occasion. Conclusion: Promoting NASFP in replacement of sweetened products is a promising strategy to improve the nutritional quality of French children's diet through a better adherence to national guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Centrifugal spinning is a technology used to generate small diameter fibers and has been extensively studied for its vast applications in biomedical engineering. Centrifugal spinning is known for its rapid production rate and has inspired the creation of other technologies which leverage the high‐speed rotation, namely Pressurized Gyration. Pressurized gyration incorporates a unique applied gas pressure which serves to provide additional control over the fiber production process. The resulting fibers are uniquely suitable for a range of healthcare‐related applications that are thoroughly discussed in this work, which involve scaffolds for tissue engineering, solid dispersions for drug delivery, antimicrobial meshes for filtration and bandage‐like fibrous coverings for wound healing. In this review, the notable recent developments in centrifugal spinning and pressurized gyration are presented and how these technologies are being used to further the range of uses of biomaterials engineering, for example the development of core‐sheath fabrication techniques for multi‐layered fibers and the combination with electrospinning to produce advanced fiber mats. The enormous potential of these technologies and their future advancements highlights how important they are in the biomedical discipline. This article is categorized under:Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanotechnology in Tissue Repair and ReplacementNanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in BiologyBiology‐Inspired Nanomaterials > Lipid‐Based Structures [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of hybrid fibre-reinforced Self-compacting concrete (HFR-SCC) has escalated recently due to its significant advantages in contrast to normal concrete such as increased ductility, crack resistance, and eliminating the need for compaction etc. The process of determining residual strength properties of HFR-SCC after a fire event requires rigorous experimental work and extensive resources. Thus, this study presents a novel approach to develop equations for reliable prediction of compressive strength (cs) and flexural strength (fs) of HFR-SCC using gene expression programming (GEP) algorithm. The models were developed using data obtained from internationally published literature having eight inputs including water-cement ratio, temperature, fibre content etc. and two output parameters i.e., cs and fs. Also, different statistical error metrices like mean absolute error (MAE), coefficient of determination (R2) and objective function (OF) etc. were employed to assess the accuracy of developed equations. The error evaluation and external validation both approved the suitability of developed models to predict residual strengths. Also, sensitivity analysis was performed on the equations which revealed that temperature, water-cement ratio, and superplasticizer are some of the main contributors to predict residual compressive and flexural strength.

The washing of synthetic materials has been named as the largest contributor of microplastic pollution to our oceans. With the consumption of petrochemical-based synthetic materials expected to grow, due to an increased demand, the release of microplastic fibres to our environments is expected to also accelerate. To combat microplastic fibre release, this study explores source-directed interventions within the design and manufacturing process of textiles to reduce the amount of pollution released from the surface and the edges of the fabric structure. Using standardised wash tests and polyester fabric swatches that were created in-house with systematic structural adjustments, single jersey knit fabrics were shown to release over three times more microplastic pollution than twill woven fabric. This illustrates that increasing the tightness of a fabric could be implemented within the design of fabrics for environmental benefits. Additionally, the laser cutting technique reduced microplastic fibres released by over a third compared to scissor cutting and overlock serging, showing that the edge of the fabric is a significant source of microplastic pollution released during laundering. This research highlights the adaptable and innovative eco-design approaches to clothing production which is necessary to help the sector reach international sustainability targets and regulations.

Abstract Objective: The recommended level of five fruits and vegetables per day is reached by a minority of French children. No-added sugars fruit puree (NASFP) can be consumed as a complement of fresh fruit to meet the recommendation for fruits and vegetables. The objective was to simulate the nutritional impact of an increase in consumption of NASFP among French children, together with a reduction in sweetened foods. Design: The study was conducted on French children aged 1–17 years. The simulation consisted in introducing NASFP on four different eating occasions (breakfast, lunch, snack and dinner) to reach one serving and removing the same serving of sweetened foods. Intakes in nutrients to favour, nutrients to limit and prevalence of adequacy to nutritional requirements were compared between observed and simulated diets in the whole sample and in five different age groups. Setting: France. Participants: Children from 1 to 17 years of age in the last available French representative dietary survey (INCA3). Results: Simulated diets were more nutrient-dense thanks to increases in nutrients to favour from NASFP (especially fibres, iodine, Se, and vitamin A and C) associated with reductions in energy and nutrients to limit (especially free sugars) coming from sweetened foods. Prevalence of adequacy increased from 2 to 14·5 points for fibres and from 4·5 to 12 points for free sugars according to age group and eating occasion. Conclusion: Promoting NASFP in replacement of sweetened products is a promising strategy to improve the nutritional quality of French children’s diet through a better adherence to national guidelines.

Modern concrete mix design is a complex process involving superplasticisers, fine powders, and fibres, requiring time and energy due to the high number of trial tests needed to achieve rheological properties in the fresh state. Concrete batching involves the extensive use of materials, time, and the testing of chemical admixtures, with various methodologies proposed. Therefore, in some instances, the required design properties (physical and mechanical) are not achieved, leading to the loss of resources. The concrete equivalent mortar (CEM) method was introduced to anticipate concrete behaviour at fresh and hardened states. Moreover, the CEM method saves time and costs by replacing coarse aggregates with an equivalent sand mass, resulting in an equivalent specific surface area at the mortar scale. This study aims to evaluate the performance of fibre in CEM and concrete and determine the relationships between the CEM and the concrete in fresh and hardened states. Steel and polypropylene fibres were used to design three series of mixtures (CEM and concrete): normal-strength concrete (NSC), high-strength concrete (HSC), high-strength concrete with fly ash (HSCFA), and equivalent normal-strength mortar (NSM), high-strength mortar (HSM), and high-strength mortar with fly ash (HSMFA). This study used three-point bending tests and digital image correlation to evaluate load and crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) curves. An analytical mode I crack propagation model was developed using a tri-linear stress–crack opening relationship. Post-cracking parameters were optimised using inverse analysis and compared to actual MC2010 characteristic values. The concrete slump is approximately half of the CEM flow; its compressive strength ranges between 78% and 82% of CEM strength, while its flexural strength is 60% of CEM strength. The post-cracking behaviour showed a significant difference attributed to the presence of aggregates in concrete. The fracture energy of concrete is 28.6% of the CEM fracture energy, while the critical crack opening of the concrete is 60% of that of the CEM.

Scientific advancements in understanding the impact of bioactive components in foods on the gut microbiota and wider physiology create opportunities for designing targeted functional foods. The selection of bioactive ingredients with potential local or systemic effects holds promise for influencing overall well-being. An abundance of studies demonstrate that gut microbiota show compositional changes that correlate age and disease. However, navigating this field, especially for non-experts, remains challenging, given the abundance of bioactive ingredients with varying levels of scientific substantiation. This narrative review addresses the current knowledge on the potential impact of the gut microbiota on host health, emphasizing gut microbiota resilience. It explores evidence related to the extensive gut health benefits of popular dietary components and bioactive ingredients, such as phytochemicals, fermented greens, fibres, prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics. Importantly, this review distinguishes between the potential local and systemic effects of both popular and emerging ingredients. Additionally, it highlights how dietary hormesis promotes gut microbiota resilience, fostering better adaptation to stress—a hallmark of health. By integrating examples of bioactives, this review provides insights to guide the design of evidence-based functional foods aimed at priming the gut for resilience.

This research studies the influence of the addition of defatted press cakes (from the production of hazelnut, camelina, pumpkin, and hemp seed oil) on nutritionally important components: fibre, resistant starch, polyphenols, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), and acrylamide in directly and indirectly expanded snacks. The amounts of press cakes added to corn grits were 3, 6, and 9%. Extrusion was carried out in a laboratory single-screw extruder. For indirectly expanded products (SCFX), supercritical CO2 was injected during extrusion, and secondary expansion was completed in the microwave oven. The type and content of press cake, as well as the type of product, significantly influenced total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity. Press cakes increased the contents of both soluble and insoluble fibre (from 1.94% d. m. and 1.28% d. m. for extrudates without press cakes up to 3.17% d. m. and 6.94% d. m. for SCFX extrudates with press cakes, respectively), and resistant starch was not markedly influenced by their addition. The influence of the content of press cake on HMF was not significant, whereas the type of cake and the type of extrusion influenced HMF significantly. In a raw mixture of corn grits with 3% of pumpkin press cake, HMF was below the limit of detection, and the highest content was found in the classically extruded sample with the addition of 9% of camelina press cake (580 ppb). In all samples, the acrylamide content was below the limit of detection, indicating that safe products were obtained. This research shows potential for the implementation of supercritical CO2 extrusion in the production of safe, nutritionally improved snack products. Future research might bring about the design of cost-effective processes applicable in the industry.

[Display omitted] • The affinity of cement impregnation with the matrix leads to a higher bond strength. • A denser interphase zone is seen for cement-impregnated yarns in a cement-based matrix. • Hybrid composites exhibit distinctive bilinear σ-ε response due to SHCC ductility. • Mineral impregnations clearly outperform epoxy one in reducing crack width. Hybrid externally-bonded reinforcements are considered a viable technique for strengthening existing concrete structures. They combine high-performance impregnated textiles with matrices containing dispersed microfibres to foster the ductility and toughness of the composite system. In this paper, the mechanical performance of textile-reinforced strain-hardening cement-based composites (TR-SHCC) is investigated in detail. A novel high-performance inorganic binder based on limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) is reinforced with both polyethylene (PE) dispersed microfibres and carbon fibre (CF) textiles as continuous biaxial reinforcement. The CF yarns are impregnated by an automated process to improve the monolithic response under uniaxial tensile loading and to ensure high production consistency. Fully inorganic suspensions, i.e., geopolymer and cement-based, are being investigated, as they can provide superior thermal stability compared to traditional polymeric impregnating agents. Interphase adhesion is investigated by single-yarn pull-out tests, microscopy and µCT at various micro scales. On the one hand, the improved adhesion promoted by cement impregnation resulted in the finest and most diffuse crack pattern. Conversely, the strength of the overall composite is mainly governed by the tensile failure of the yarns, irrespective of the bond, and dispersed fibres consistently improve the post-cracking stage and the strength of the hybrid composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Microplastics (MPs) and microrubbers (MRs) measured in soil and storm dusts in Sarakhs, Iran. • MPs enriched in dusts relative to soil and in dusts relative to MRs. • Fibrous MPs are more readily suspended and transported than fragmented MPs and MRs. • MP classification suggests fibres of specific characteristics subject to long-range transport. • HYSPLIT modelling suggests secondary (soil) sources to south and southwest. Dust storms are important vehicles for the erosion and translocation of geogenic material in arid and semi-arid climates but little is known about their role in transporting microplastics (MPs). In this study, local soils (n = 20) and dusts deposited from a storm (n = 41) have been sampled from a remote region of northeastern Iran (Sarakhs) and the quantities and characteristics of MPs and microrubbers (MRs) determined using established techniques. In dusts, MPs and MRs were detected in 33 and 17 cases, respectively, with respective median and maximum concentrations of 0.48 and 23.0 MP g−1 and 0.50 and 6.48 MR g−1 and depositional fluxes of up to about 12 MP m−2 h−1 and 7 MR m−2 h−1. In soils, MPs and MRs were detected in ten and eight cases, respectively, with respective median and maximum concentrations of 0.25 and 1.90 MP g−1 and 3.27 and 14.3 MR g−1. Overall, the ratio of MPs in dusts to soils relative to MRs in dusts to soils was about 20, reflecting the greater mobility of the former type of particle. This can be attributed to the ready suspension and more favourable aerodynamic properties of fibrous MPs compared with fragmented MRs. A comparison of MPs in dusts and soils suggests a preferential long-range transport of fibres with certain characteristics (e.g., long, red and constructed of polypropylene), with HYSPLIT back trajectory modelling suggesting secondary (e.g., soil) sources to the south and southwest. Dust storms are important regional transporters of atmospheric MPs and MRs whose role is predicted to increase as desertification and the demands for potable water and plastics rise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]