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Abstract Smart packaging, also known as intelligent packaging, is responsive to external stimuli, moisture, light, oxygen, heat, pH, and bacterial growth. In this study, polyvinyl alcohol/nanochitosan/phycocyanin nanocomposite (PVA/NCH/PC-NC) for fish fillets of Oncorhynchus mykiss rainbow trout coating was prepared. Five treatments were prepared over a period of 14 days (0, 1, 7 and 14 days) under treatments of T1: fish coated with PVA/NCH-NC without PC; T2, T3, T4 and T5 fish coated with PVA/NCH/PC-NC (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2% PC respectively). Moreover, the results showed that higher concentrations of PC in PVA/NCH polymer matrix resulted in a net-like morphology on the film's surface. Also, after 21 days of storage, the T4 treatment had the lowest levels of mesophilic, psychrophilic, and Enterobacteriaceae bacteria (8.17 ± 0.02, 7.90 ± 0.04, and 60.67 ± 0.02 log cfu/g, respectively). Additionally, it was seen that PVA/NCH/PC-NC improved the Sensory evaluation of fish fillet samples during 14 days of storage (p

This study aimed to estimate the effects of chitosan/ corn starch (CH/ CS equal 62:38) film in combination with nettle essential oil nanoemulsions (0.41 wt% NEONEs) and starch nanocrystals (6 wt% SNCs) on the microbial and qualitative characteristics of the Eleutheronema tetradactylumfillets during refrigeration storage (4 ± 1 °C). The fillets were covered by biopolymeric films (CH/CS, CH/CS/SNCs, CH/CS/ NEONEs, CH/CS/SNCs/NEONEs). The qualitative analysis of refrigerated fillets was performed on days 1, 7, and 10. The incorporation of NEONEs and SNCs into CH/CS made an active film with antimicrobial effects. The decrease in pH (5.89 %), PV (44.72 %), FFA (10.41 %), TVB-N (35.01 %), TBA (27.07 %) and increase in moisture (5.38 %) were observed in the covered fillets by CH/CS/SNCs/NEONEs film in compared to uncovered fillets at 4 °C on day 10. The results revealed that incorporating SNCs (6 %) and NEONEs (0.41 %) into CH/CS could increase the storage time of the refrigerated fish fillets.

The objective of this research is to develop a natural macromolecules-based smart double-layer film using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) film containing pomegranate peel anthocyanins (PPA) and cellulose acetate nanofibers (CANFs) with Artemisia sieberi Besser essential oil-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (ABNLCs). Based on the performance as a color indicator, and other studied properties, the CMC/PPA 8 % film was selected as the optimized film. The double-layer film was constructed by electrospinning the CANFs containing ABNLCs on the optimized CMC film. The average diameter of the CANFs was 332.87 ± 65.80 nm. Furthermore, the XRD patterns of CA/ABNLCs NFs showed many diffraction peaks that the sharp peaks at 2θ of 25° and 28°, indicating its crystalline structure. In addition, the Young's modulus and elongation at break point values of the CMC/PPA 8 % double-layered film were reached to 151.47 MPa and 11.39 %, respectively. The intelligent layer demonstrated acceptable performance in detecting the freshness of shrimp and fish fillets. The double-layered film showed good antibacterial activity with inhibition zones of 10 and 12 mm against E. coli and S. aureus pathogens, respectively., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (Copyright © 2025. Published by Elsevier B.V.)