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The new compounds R2TaO4–xNxwith R = La, Ce, Nd, and Eu and 1.20 ≤ x≤ 2.81 have been obtained by a solid-state reaction between metal nitrides and oxides or oxynitrides under N2gas at temperatures between 1200 and 1700 °C. They are the first examples of rare earth transition metal oxynitrides with an n= 1 Ruddlesden–Popper structure and show different anion stoichiometries, crystal structures, and magnetic properties. Synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction and electron diffraction indicate that the lanthanum, cerium, and neodymium compounds crystallize in the orthorhombic space group Pccn, with cell parameters a= 5.72949(2), b= 5.73055(5), and c= 12.77917(6) Å for La2TaO1.31N2.69, a= 5.70500(5), b= 5.71182(4), and c= 12.61280(7) Å for Ce2TaO1.19N2.81, and a= 5.70466(3), b= 5.70476(5), and c= 12.32365(5) Å for Nd2TaO1.46N2.54. In contrast, Eu2TaO2.80N1.20shows a tetragonal I41/acdsuperstructure doubling the caxis, with parameters a= 5.71867(2) and c= 25.00092(19) Å. Refinement of neutron powder diffraction data of Ce2TaO1.19N2.81indicated the nitrogen order in the two equatorial positions of the tantalum octahedron, with refined N/O occupancies of 0.930(7)/0.070 and 0.876(13)/0.124, and the axial position is occupied by 50% of each anion. This anion ordering agrees with the distribution predicted by Pauling’s second crystal rule. Magnetization measurements show that the cerium and europium compounds are ordered magnetically at low temperatures, while the neodymium compound remains paramagnetic down to 2 K, as a consequence of suppression of the effective magnetic moment of the latter when reducing the temperature.