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Oriental hybrid lilies, known for their vibrant colors, diverse flower shapes, and long blooming seasons, require annual bulb propagation in horticultural production. This necessity can lead to higher production costs and limit their use in landscaping. The LA hybrid lily 'Aladdin' has shown strong self-reproduction capabilities in optimal cultivation environments, producing numerous high-quality underground stem bulblets. This makes it a valuable model for studying bulblet formation in lilies under natural conditions. Through transcriptome data analysis of different developmental stages of 'Aladdin' bulblets, the LaLBD37 gene, linked to bulblet formation, was identified. Bioinformatics analysis, subcellular localization studies, and transcriptional activation activity tests were conducted to understand the characteristics of LaLBD37. By introducing the LaLBD37 gene into 'Sorbonne' aseptic seedlings via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, resistant plants were obtained. Positive plants were identified through various methods such as GUS activity detection, PCR, and fluorescence quantitative PCR. Phenotypic changes in positive plants were observed, and various physiological indicators were measured to confirm the role of LaLBD37 in bulblet formation, including soluble sugar content, starch content, sucrose synthase activity, and endogenous hormone levels. The findings suggest that the LaLBD37 gene plays a significant role in promoting the development of lily bulblets, offering insights for enhancing the reproductive capacity of Oriental hybrid lilies and exploring the molecular mechanisms involved in lily bulb regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stem strength plays a crucial role in the growth and development of plants, as well as in their flowering and fruiting. It not only impacts the lodging resistance of crops, but also influences the ornamental value of ornamental plants. Stem development is closely linked to stem strength; however, the roles of the SPL transcription factors in the stem development of herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) are not yet fully elucidated. In this study, we obtained and cloned the full-length sequence of PlSPL14, encoding 1085 amino acids. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that the expression level of PlSPL14 gradually increased with the stem development of P. lactiflora and was significantly expressed in vascular bundles. Subsequently, utilizing the techniques of virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and heterologous overexpression in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), it was determined that PlSPL14-silenced P. lactiflora had a thinner xylem thickness, a decreased stem diameter, and weakened stem strength, while PlSPL14-overexpressing tobacco resulted in a thicker xylem thickness, an increased stem diameter, and enhanced stem strength. Further screening of the interacting proteins of PlSPL14 using a yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assay revealed an interactive relationship between PlSPL14 and PlSLR1 protein, which acts as a negative regulator of gibberellin (GA). Additionally, the expression level of PlSLR1 gradually decreased during the stem development of P. lactiflora. The above results suggest that PlSPL14 may play a positive regulatory role in stem development and act in the xylem, making it a potential candidate gene for enhancing stem straightness in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The isopentenyl transferase（IPT）enzyme plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of trans-zeatin（tZ）, a cytokinin that regulates plant growth, development, and resistance to stress. It significantly contributes to bud growth promotion and regulation of lateral branch development in plants. Exploring the function of IPT provides a theoretical basis for the subsequent improvement of new wheat grass yield traits. [Method] Through phylogeny and multiple sequence alignment, the features and homology of the coding amino acid sequence were explored. PjIPT-overexpressed Arabidopsis thaliana plants were obtained by pollen tube passage, and the transgenic plants were verified by reverse PCR（RT-PCR）and protein blot（Western blot, WB）, their tissue expression patterns were analyzed by real-time quantitative reverse PCR（RT-qPCR）, and trans-zeatin was determined by liquid mass combination system. [Result] The IPT proteins in Psathyrostachys juncea with Triticum dicoccoides and other wheat crops had high homology, and AtIPT9 is a homologous protein of PjIPT. PjIPT-overexpressed in A. thaliana plants was achieved through the pollen tube pathway method, demonstrating an upregulation in the number of branches. RT PCR and Western blot analysis confirmed the normal expressions of PjIPT at both transcriptional and protein levels. Spatial-specific expression analysis using RT-qPCR indicated that PjIPT demonstrated specific expression patterns in the tillering nodes and leaves of Arabidopsis. Furthermore, quantitative analysis of tZ revealed that PjIPT regulated the number of branches in Arabidopsis by participating in the biosynthesis of tZ. [Conclusion] PjIPT is a key gene involved in upregulating plant branching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to screen candidate aquaporin genes involved in resisting osmotic stress, we analyzed the physiological responses and the expression levels of aquaporin genes in garlic under drought and salt stress with 'Er Shuizao' as plant material. Different physiological indicators were detected under drought and salt stress treatments. RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression levels of the candidate aquaporin genes in specific tissues. Finally, we screened AsPIP1-3 as a candidate gene and analyzed its function. The results showed that the relative water content and chlorophyll content of leaves decreased, the O2− production rate increased, and H2O2 accumulated in garlic under drought and salt stress. The activities of SOD, POD, and CAT enzymes first increased and then decreased in garlic. The content of soluble sugar and proline increased to maintain cell osmotic balance, and the content of MDA and relative conductivity continued to increase. Most aquaporin gene expression first increased and then decreased in garlic under drought and salt stress. AsPIP1-3 gene expression is up-regulated under drought and salt stress in garlic. The relative expression was the highest on the 6th day of stress, being related to antioxidant enzyme activity and osmotic regulation. The consistent changes in gene expressions and physiological responses indicated that AsPIP1-3 played a role in resisting garlic osmotic stress. AsPIP1-3 was located on the cell membrane, being consistent with the predicted results of subcellular localization. The germination rate and root length of transgenic Arabidopsis under drought stress were significantly different from the wild type. Drought stress reduced the ROS accumulation of transgenic Arabidopsis, and the antioxidant enzyme activity was significantly higher than the wild type. The relative conductivity and MDA content significantly decreased, and the proline content increased under drought stress. The expression level of the genes related to drought stress response (AtRD22, AtP5CS, AtABF3, and AtLEA) significantly increased. The overexpression of AsPIP1-3 genes improved the drought tolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis plants, showing that AsPIP1-3 proteins enhanced drought tolerance. Our study laid a foundation for exploring the regulatory mechanism of garlic to abiotic stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the production of electronics increases exponentially each year, the need for them to be able to function properly (according to the documentation) is critical. The functional verification process is a complex and time consuming step when delivering a proper System-On-a–Chip, which makes it a great candidate for different AI implementations and try-outs. In functional verification the UVM Methodology, where UVM stands for Universal Verification Methodology is vastly used combined with a hardware verification language such as System Verilog. Writing various, elaborated testbenches for difficult architectures such as RDMA (Remote Direct Memory Access), USB (Universal Serial Bus), etc. and achieving 100% functional coverage is laborious. Here, Generative AI may be able to help to improve this process by a considerable amount. This paper aims to present the different trials, aspects and challenges of producing an APB UVM testbench with Generative AI, using ChatGPT.

Abstract Background White clover (Trifolium repens L.) is an excellent leguminous cool-season forage with a high protein content and strong nitrogen-fixing ability. Despite these advantages, its growth and development are markedly sensitive to environmental factors. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is the major growth hormone in plants, regulating plant growth, development, and response to adversity. Nevertheless, the specific regulatory functions of Aux/IAA genes in response to abiotic stresses in white clover remain largely unexplored. Results In this study, we identified 47 Aux/IAA genes in the white clover genome, which were categorized into five groups based on phylogenetic analysis. The TrIAAs promoter region co-existed with different cis-regulatory elements involved in developmental and hormonal regulation, and stress responses, which may be closely related to their diverse regulatory roles. Collinearity analysis showed that the amplification of the TrIAA gene family was mainly carried out by segmental duplication. White clover Aux/IAA genes showed different expression patterns in different tissues and under different stress treatments. In addition, we performed a yeast two-hybrid analysis to investigate the interaction between white clover Aux/IAA and ARF proteins. Heterologous expression indicated that TrIAA18 could enhance stress tolerance in both yeast and transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. Conclusion These findings provide new scientific insights into the molecular mechanisms of growth hormone signaling in white clover and its functional characteristics in response to environmental stress.

The rising interest in Artificial Intelligence and the increasing time invested in functional verification processes are driving the demand for AI solutions in this field. Functional verification is the process of verifying that the Register Transfer Layer (RTL) implementation behaves according to the specifications provided. This is performed using a hardware verification language (HVL) such as SystemVerilog combined with the Universal Verification Methodology (UVM). Reading, identifying the key elements from multiple documentations, creating the verification plan, building the verification environment, implementing the tests defined, and achieving 100% coverage are usually the steps performed in order to complete the verification process. The verification process is considered finalized when functional coverage is at 100%. There are multiple ideas on how the process can be aided by AI, such as underlining the essential information from documentation, which would help in understanding faster how the Register Transfer Layer implementation works, thus vastly reducing time. In this paper, to greatly reduce the time spent on functional verification, two Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architectures are implemented to properly classify the information across different documents; both approaches have significant and promising results. The database used for this classification task was created by the researchers using different documentations available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mixed-signal applications have emerged as a significant trend in the semiconductor industry, with considerable efforts directed towards developing fast and accurate designs that integrate both analog and digital components. However, mixed-signal verification presents a major challenge due to the slow verification time and limited robustness of traditional verification techniques. In this study, a verification architecture for a successive-approximation register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter (ADC) real number model (Real Number Modeling – RNM) using SystemVerilog is presented, which utilizes an efficient UVM-based methodology. The proposed approach combines the UVM capabilities with the RNM model of the SAR ADC to generate a reusable, fast, and robust verification environment with a reduced time-to-market. The testbench creation and simulation were carried out using Cadence Xcelium. The proposed verification architecture employs constrained-random stimulus generation, analog assertions, and coverage metrics to enhance verification effectiveness. Additionally, aim of this work is to emphasize on the RNM efficiency with SystemVerilog, and apply its modeling capabilities for a SAR ADC. The presented real number model was compared to a Verilog-AMS model. The conducted experiments provided evidence that the proposed RNM model exhibits a significant improvement in simulation efficiency compared to previous works documented in the literature (simulation time was at 0.5 s, compared to a Verilog-AMS reference model's simulation at 20 s). This improvement in efficiency is achieved without compromising on the accuracy of the simulation, ensuring that the model maintains a satisfactory level of precision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Soil microorganisms play a crucial role in promoting growth and development, nutrient absorption, and disease resistance in poplar plantations. Long-term planting decays soil nutrient contents and changes the microfloral structure, and pathogenic microorganisms accumulate. It is of great significance to clarify the distribution and synergistic relationships between beneficial and pathogenic microorganisms in plantation soil for solving the long-term planting obstacles of poplar plantation. Methods: High-throughput sequencing, culture, pure bacterial identification, functional verification, and bioinformatics methods were used to explore the population and functional characteristics of the soil microorganisms in the perennial poplar forest, identify the main pathogenic and beneficial microorganisms in the soil, and investigate the synergistic relationships among the microorganisms in the system. Results: An evaluation of soil from a perennial poplar plantation revealed the presence of many beneficial microbes, such as Bacillus, Sphingomonas, Variovorax, and Streptomyces, as well as pathogenic microorganisms, including Fusarium and Alternaria. Most of these microorganisms were enriched in the rhizosphere soil. The study found that phosphorus was the driving factor affecting soil microorganisms, with available phosphorus (K = 0.189) and pH value (K = 0.113) significantly affecting fungal phylogeny. Bacterial community assembly processes were deterministic (βNTI < − 2), while those of fungi were stochastic (− 1 > βNTI > − 2). The microbial network in the rhizosphere was more stable than that in the bulk soil. This study expands our knowledge of the functional microbial germplasm resources of forest plantations and provides a theoretical basis for soil remediation in perennial poplar plantations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: White clover (Trifolium repens L.) is an excellent leguminous cool-season forage with a high protein content and strong nitrogen-fixing ability. Despite these advantages, its growth and development are markedly sensitive to environmental factors. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is the major growth hormone in plants, regulating plant growth, development, and response to adversity. Nevertheless, the specific regulatory functions of Aux/IAA genes in response to abiotic stresses in white clover remain largely unexplored. Results: In this study, we identified 47 Aux/IAA genes in the white clover genome, which were categorized into five groups based on phylogenetic analysis. The TrIAAs promoter region co-existed with different cis-regulatory elements involved in developmental and hormonal regulation, and stress responses, which may be closely related to their diverse regulatory roles. Collinearity analysis showed that the amplification of the TrIAA gene family was mainly carried out by segmental duplication. White clover Aux/IAA genes showed different expression patterns in different tissues and under different stress treatments. In addition, we performed a yeast two-hybrid analysis to investigate the interaction between white clover Aux/IAA and ARF proteins. Heterologous expression indicated that TrIAA18 could enhance stress tolerance in both yeast and transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. Conclusion: These findings provide new scientific insights into the molecular mechanisms of growth hormone signaling in white clover and its functional characteristics in response to environmental stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we obtained and cloned VvSnRK2.7 by screening transcriptomic data to investigate the function of the grape sucrose non-fermenting kinase 2 (SnRK2) gene under stress conditions. A yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assay was used to further screen for interaction proteins of VvSnRK2.7. Ultimately, VvSnRK2.7 was heterologously expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana, and the relative conductivity, MDA content, antioxidant enzyme activity, and sugar content of the transgenic plants were determined under drought treatment. In addition, the expression levels of VvSnRK2.7 in Arabidopsis were analyzed. The results showed that the VvSnRK2.7-EGFP fusion protein was mainly located in the cell membrane and nucleus of tobacco leaves. In addition, the VvSnRK2.7 protein had an interactive relationship with the VvbZIP protein during the Y2H assay. The expression levels of VvSnRK2.7 and the antioxidant enzyme activities and sugar contents of the transgenic lines were higher than those of the wild type under drought treatment. Moreover, the relative conductivity and MDA content were lower than those of the wild type. The results indicate that VvSnRK2.7 may activate the enzyme activity of the antioxidant enzyme system, maintain normal cellular physiological metabolism, stabilize the berry sugar metabolism pathway under drought stress, and promote sugar accumulation to improve plant resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The BrMLP328 gene of Chinese cabbage（Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis）was cloned, its expression pattern was analysed, and its function in regulating flowering was verified. This may lay the basis for further investigation into the mechanism of the role of this gene in regulating flower formation in Chinese cabbage.【Method】BrMLP328 was cloned by RT-PCR and analysed by bioinformatics. RT-qPCR was used to determine the relative expression of the BrMLP328. An overexpression vector was constructed and transformed into wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana by flower-dipping method, and the difference in flowering time between the T2 generation plants and the wild type was compared.【Result】The coding sequence（CDS）of BrMLP328 has a total length of 456 bp, encoding 151 amino acids. The relative molecular weight of the protein was 17 493.82 Da and was localized in the nucleus. The expression of BrMLP328 was the highest in the stems of Chinese cabbage, followed by roots and lowest in flower buds. The expression in the growing point of the stem tip showed an elevated level after vernalization, after which it declined rapidly at the stage of flower bud differentiation and was maintained at a very low level. Compared with the wild type, the flowering time of the BrMLP328 of T2 generation of transgenic plants delayed by 1.46-3.09 d.【Conclusion】BrMLP328 was cloned from Chinese cabbage. The expression of BrMLP328 was different in different tissues and different flowering stages, and the gene could delay flowering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanian Journal of Information Technology & Automatic Control / Revista Română de Informatică și Automatică is the property of National Institute for Research & Development in Informatics - ICI Bucharest and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Adrenoleukodystrophy is a rare neurogenetic disease, and adrenomyeloneuropathy is the most common phenotype in adults. The clinical data of a patient with adrenoleukodystrophy and spinal-peripheral neuropathy caused by a novel point mutation in exon 4 of the ABCD1 gene (c.1256T > G (p.Val419Gly)) were retrospectively analyzed. Furthermore, we constructed wild-type and mutant vectors of the ABCD1 (NM0000334) gene to validate the effect of this mutation on the expression of the ABCD1 gene and protein and to explore the mechanism of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy occurrence and development to identify therapeutic targets for clinical treatment.

Abstract Background Focusing on key indicators of drought resistance is highly important for quickly mining candidate genes related to drought resistance in cotton. Results In the present study, drought resistance was identified in drought resistance-related RIL populations during the flowering and boll stages, and multiple traits were evaluated; these traits included three key indicators: plant height (PH), single boll weight (SBW) and transpiration rate (Tr). Based on these three key indicators, three groups of extreme mixing pools were constructed for BSA-seq. Based on the mapping interval of each trait, a total of 6.27 Mb QTL intervals were selected on chromosomes A13 (3.2 Mb), A10 (2.45 Mb) and A07 (0.62 Mb) as the focus of this study. Based on the annotation information and qRT‒PCR analysis, three key genes that may be involved in the drought stress response of cotton were screened: GhF6'H1, Gh3AT1 and GhPER55. qRT‒PCR analysis of parental and extreme germplasm materials revealed that the expression of these genes changed significantly under drought stress. Cotton VIGS experiments verified the important impact of key genes on cotton drought resistance. Conclusions This study focused on the key indicators of drought resistance, laying the foundation for the rapid mining of drought-resistant candidate genes in cotton and providing genetic resources for directed molecular breeding of drought resistance in cotton.

Abstract Background B-box (BBX) family is a class of zinc finger transcription factors (TFs) that play essential roles in regulating plant growth, development, as well as abiotic stress. However, no systematic analysis of BBX genes has yet been conducted in alfalfa (Medica go sativa L.), and their functions have not been elucidated up to now. Results In this study, 28 MsBBX genes were identified from the alfalfa genome, which were clustered into 4 subfamilies according to an evolutionary tree of BBX proteins. Exon-intron structure and conserved motif analysis reflected the evolutionary conservation of MsBBXs in alfalfa. Collinearity analysis showed that segmental duplication promoted the expansion of the MsBBX family. Analysis of cis-regulatory elements suggested that the MsBBX genes possessed many growth/development-, light-, phytohormone-, and abiotic stress-related elements. MsBBX genes were differentially expressed in leaves, flowers, pre-elongated stems, elongated stems, roots and nodules, and most MsBBXs were remarkably induced by drought, salt and various plant growth regulators (ABA, JA, and SA). Further functional verification demonstrated that overexpressing of the MsBBX11 gene clearly promoted salt tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis by regulating growth and physiological processes of seedlings. Conclusions This research provides insights into further functional research and regulatory mechanisms of MsBBX family genes under abiotic stress of alfalfa.

[Objective] Fatty acid export(FAX)can mediate the transport of fatty acids from plant cells to the outer plastid, and play an important role in plant growth and development and response to abiotic stress. This work is to study the FAX family gene and function analysis of upland cotton(Gossypium hirsutum), and to provide new ideas for clarifying the molecular mechanism of oil accumulation and oil metabolism engineering of upland cotton. [Method] In order to reveal the potential function of the upland cotton FAX gene family, the GhFAX gene family was identified at the whole genome level, and the GhFAX1 protein was to have subcellular localization, and the function of GhFAX1 was verified by the genetic transformation of yeast and tobacco.[Result] A total of 12 GhFAXs genes were identified in the genome of upland cotton, and all members of the family had similar gene structure and protein physicochemical properties. Sequence alignment analysis showed that only a few amino acids of GhFAX protein were highly conserved in evolution, suggesting their importance to function. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that GhFAX gene was closely related to Asian cotton(Gossypium arboreum)and Raymond's cotton(G. raimondii). Transcriptome data suggested that GhFAXs may be involved in the regulation of upland cotton response to stress. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR showed that GhFAX4 was highly expressed in flowers, suggesting that GhFAX4 was involved in pollen development. The expression of GhFAX9 was high in the stems and GhFAX1 was high in all tissues of upland cotton. GhFAX1 was selected for subcellular localization analysis, and it was confirmed that GhFAX1 was localized in plastid. The GhFAX1 vector was constructed to overexpress GhFAX1 in Saccharobacteria cerevisiae. The results showed that the total fat of GhFAX1 overexpressed yeast was increased by 3.53%. Substrate bias experiments showed that GhFAX1 was selective to C16:0. GhFAX1 overexpressing tobacco was cultivated through genetic transformation of tobacco. The results showed that the chlorophyll of overexpressed tobacco increased by 13.24%, the fluorescence parameters NPQ increased by 14.17%, Fm increased by 34.94%, F0 decreased by 35.28%. The total fatty acids of the leaves and seeds increased by 5.2% and 6.52% respectively. The 1 000-grain weight of seeds increased by 19.1%. At the same time, the protein content decreased significantly.[Conclusion] GhFAXs can increase the oil content of yeast and tobacco, participated in the transfer of palmitic acid from plastid, and causing the carbon source from protein synthesis pathway to oil synthesis pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PAP2 (Production of anthocyanin segment 2) encodes MYB transcription factor, and regulates anthocyanin synthesis by forming MYB-bHLH-WD40 complex with bHLH and WD40. In this study we cloned PAP2 gene in Brassica, and preliminarily verified the function of PAP2, providing a reference for further understanding the regulatory mechanism of anthocyanin synthesis in Brassica. Two and one copies of PAP2 gene were cloned from Brassica carinata and Brassica nigra, respectively, and named as BcaB.PAP2, BcaC.PAP2, BniB.PAP2. These three genes are composed of 3 exons and 2 introns, encoding 247 amino acids. Based on the PAP2 gene sequences cloned in this study and other reported PAP2 gene sequences of Brassica, three pairs of primers were designed to detect the PAP2 gene of A, B and C genomes respectively, and the genomic origin of PAP2 of six species in the U's Triangle of Brassica could be distinguished by allele specific PCR. The BjuB.PAP2 gene from the B genome of Brassica juncea was selected to construct an overexpression vector and transformed into Arabidopsis thaliana. The transgenic Arabidopsis leaves turned purple, indicating that PAP2 gene is regulating anthocyanin synthesis. After shading treatment for 10 days, the purple color of Brassica carinata lightened, and the anthocyanin content decreased by 41.22%. Quantitative PCR and transcriptomic studies showed that the expression of BcaB.PAP2 and BcaC.PAP2 in the leaves of shading plants decreased. The expression of structural genes for anthocyanin synthesis, such as chalcone synthase gene (CHS), chalcone isomerase gene (CHI), flavanone 3-hydroxylase gene (F3H), dihydroflavonol reductase gene (DFR), anthocyanin synthase gene (ANS), flavonoid 3-glucosyltransferase gene (UFGT) and other genes were also decreased. This study completed the cloning of PAP2 gene of Brassica carinata and Brassica nigra, and carried out their evolutionary analysis. Allele specific PCR primers were designed according to the sequences of PAP2 gene cloned in this experiment and other reported genes to provide molecular markers for the genomic transmission identification of PAP2 gene in Brassica interspecific hybrids. Through the transformation of BjuB.PAP2 gene into Arabidopsis plants, it was found that PAP2 gene was involved in the accumulation of anthocyanins. It was found that the expression of BcaPAP2 gene and anthocyanin synthesis structure gene were induced by light after shading. This study cloned the PAP2 gene in Brassica and preliminarily verified its function, providing a reference for further understanding the regulatory mechanism of anthocyanin synthesis in Brassica plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Focusing on key indicators of drought resistance is highly important for quickly mining candidate genes related to drought resistance in cotton. Results: In the present study, drought resistance was identified in drought resistance-related RIL populations during the flowering and boll stages, and multiple traits were evaluated; these traits included three key indicators: plant height (PH), single boll weight (SBW) and transpiration rate (Tr). Based on these three key indicators, three groups of extreme mixing pools were constructed for BSA-seq. Based on the mapping interval of each trait, a total of 6.27 Mb QTL intervals were selected on chromosomes A13 (3.2 Mb), A10 (2.45 Mb) and A07 (0.62 Mb) as the focus of this study. Based on the annotation information and qRT‒PCR analysis, three key genes that may be involved in the drought stress response of cotton were screened: GhF6'H1, Gh3AT1 and GhPER55. qRT‒PCR analysis of parental and extreme germplasm materials revealed that the expression of these genes changed significantly under drought stress. Cotton VIGS experiments verified the important impact of key genes on cotton drought resistance. Conclusions: This study focused on the key indicators of drought resistance, laying the foundation for the rapid mining of drought-resistant candidate genes in cotton and providing genetic resources for directed molecular breeding of drought resistance in cotton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthocyanin content determines fruit color, which serves as a significant indicator for assessing the commercial value of fruits. The biosynthesis of anthocyanin is regulated by MYB transcription factors, however, the precise mechanism underlying the negative regulation of MYB on anthocyanin synthesis in pear fruit remains to be fully elucidated. Based on the previous transcriptomic data, a member of the MYB gene family, PbrMYB19, was screened out from the differentially expressed genes, suggesting that it may be involved in the regulation of fruit anthocyanin biosynthesis. To clarify its structure and function, and lay the foundation for further elucidating the regulatory mechanism of PbrMYB19 on fruit anthocyanins, in this study, the full-length PbrMYB19 was cloned by using the cDNA of Yuluxiang pear peel as a template. The structure, genetic relationship, conserved domain, and cis-acting elements of this gene were predicted via bioinformatics software. The expression level of PbrMYB19 gene in peels with different colors was analyzed by fluorescence quantitative PCR, and its function was verified by the fruit transient expression system. The results showed that the open reading frame of PbrMYB19 gene was 714 bp, encoding 237 amino acids, with a relative molecular weight of 26.85 ku, and the subcellular localization was predicted in the nucleus. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that PbrMYB19 was on the same evolutionary branch as the reported anthocyanin transcription inhibitors FaMYB1 and PbrMYB120, and there was an EAR-like inhibitory sequence at the C-terminal of its protein. In addition, the promoter sequence of PbrMYB19 gene contained light regulation elements and plant hormone response elements. QRT-PCR analysis showed that the expression level of PbrMYB19 gene in red and yellow peels was significantly higher than that in green peels. Overexpression vector of PbrMYB19 gene was constructed, and the fruit was transiently transformed. It was found that PbrMYB19 overexpression significantly inhibited anthocyanin accumulation in peels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Ordnance Equipment Engineering is the property of Chongqing University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: B-box (BBX) family is a class of zinc finger transcription factors (TFs) that play essential roles in regulating plant growth, development, as well as abiotic stress. However, no systematic analysis of BBX genes has yet been conducted in alfalfa (Medica go sativa L.), and their functions have not been elucidated up to now. Results: In this study, 28 MsBBX genes were identified from the alfalfa genome, which were clustered into 4 subfamilies according to an evolutionary tree of BBX proteins. Exon-intron structure and conserved motif analysis reflected the evolutionary conservation of MsBBXs in alfalfa. Collinearity analysis showed that segmental duplication promoted the expansion of the MsBBX family. Analysis of cis-regulatory elements suggested that the MsBBX genes possessed many growth/development-, light-, phytohormone-, and abiotic stress-related elements. MsBBX genes were differentially expressed in leaves, flowers, pre-elongated stems, elongated stems, roots and nodules, and most MsBBXs were remarkably induced by drought, salt and various plant growth regulators (ABA, JA, and SA). Further functional verification demonstrated that overexpressing of the MsBBX11 gene clearly promoted salt tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis by regulating growth and physiological processes of seedlings. Conclusions: This research provides insights into further functional research and regulatory mechanisms of MsBBX family genes under abiotic stress of alfalfa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Computer Measurement & Control is the property of Magazine Agency of Computer Measurement & Control and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The constant evolution of high-speed digital inter- faces has created a demand for robust and reliable designs. As a key component in ensuring reliable data transfer, receiver training sequence modules play a critical role in high-speed serial communication protocols like USB (Universal Serial Bus). Formal verification and Simulation based verification are two different methods for verifying the correctness of any digital design. The Simulation based verification checks the correctness of the design through the simulation of the design. It includes building of test bench architecture using System Verilog (SV) and Universal Verification Methodology (UVM), whereas Formal verification is a mathematical approach of verifying the design exhaustively. This paper gives a comparative analysis of a design using the two different verification methods. The block subjected for the verification has been taken from the Universal Serial Bus 3.2 (USB) controller. Using formal verification two corner case bugs were found and fixed at the early stage of the project and 100% code coverage is achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Main conclusion: It was proved for the first time that the miR172e–LbrAP2 module regulated the vegetative growth phase transition in Lilium, which provided a new approach to shorten the juvenile stage of Lilium, improved the reproduction rate, and reduced the propagation cost of Lilium commercial bulbs. Lilium is an ornamental bulb plant that takes at least 3 years to cultivate into commercial seed bulbs under natural conditions. The aim of this study was to shorten the Lilium expansion cycle. In this study, the growth cycle of lily tubers induced by low temperature of 15 °C was significantly shorter than that of tubers grown at a conventional temperature. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that the expression patterns of miR172e and LbrAP2 were negatively correlated. GUS histochemical staining confirmed that miR172e and LbrAP2 in tobacco leaves interacted with each other after co-transformation. The shear sites of miR172e and its target gene, LbrAP2, upon binding, were identified by RLM 5′ RACE analysis. In addition, miR172e and LbrAP2 showed opposite expression patterns after the transformation of Arabidopsis. miR172e overexpression accelerated the transition from juvenile to adult plants, whereas LbrAP2 overexpression inhibited this process, thus indicating that miR172e negatively regulated the target gene LbrAP2. Upregulation of the transcription factor LbrAP2 delayed the phase transition of plants, whereas miR172 inhibited the transcriptional translation of LbrAP2, thereby accelerating the phase transition. Low-temperature treatment of Lilium bulbs can shorten Lilium development, which provides a new approach to accelerating Lilium commercial bulb breeding and reducing breeding costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oriental hybrid lilies, known for their vibrant colors, diverse flower shapes, and long blooming seasons, require annual bulb propagation in horticultural production. This necessity can lead to higher production costs and limit their use in landscaping. The LA hybrid lily ‘Aladdin’ has shown strong self-reproduction capabilities in optimal cultivation environments, producing numerous high-quality underground stem bulblets. This makes it a valuable model for studying bulblet formation in lilies under natural conditions. Through transcriptome data analysis of different developmental stages of ‘Aladdin’ bulblets, the LaLBD37 gene, linked to bulblet formation, was identified. Bioinformatics analysis, subcellular localization studies, and transcriptional activation activity tests were conducted to understand the characteristics of LaLBD37. By introducing the LaLBD37 gene into ‘Sorbonne’ aseptic seedlings via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, resistant plants were obtained. Positive plants were identified through various methods such as GUS activity detection, PCR, and fluorescence quantitative PCR. Phenotypic changes in positive plants were observed, and various physiological indicators were measured to confirm the role of LaLBD37 in bulblet formation, including soluble sugar content, starch content, sucrose synthase activity, and endogenous hormone levels. The findings suggest that the LaLBD37 gene plays a significant role in promoting the development of lily bulblets, offering insights for enhancing the reproductive capacity of Oriental hybrid lilies and exploring the molecular mechanisms involved in lily bulb regeneration.

Stem strength plays a crucial role in the growth and development of plants, as well as in their flowering and fruiting. It not only impacts the lodging resistance of crops, but also influences the ornamental value of ornamental plants. Stem development is closely linked to stem strength; however, the roles of the SPL transcription factors in the stem development of herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) are not yet fully elucidated. In this study, we obtained and cloned the full-length sequence of PlSPL14, encoding 1085 amino acids. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that the expression level of PlSPL14 gradually increased with the stem development of P. lactiflora and was significantly expressed in vascular bundles. Subsequently, utilizing the techniques of virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and heterologous overexpression in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), it was determined that PlSPL14-silenced P. lactiflora had a thinner xylem thickness, a decreased stem diameter, and weakened stem strength, while PlSPL14-overexpressing tobacco resulted in a thicker xylem thickness, an increased stem diameter, and enhanced stem strength. Further screening of the interacting proteins of PlSPL14 using a yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assay revealed an interactive relationship between PlSPL14 and PlSLR1 protein, which acts as a negative regulator of gibberellin (GA). Additionally, the expression level of PlSLR1 gradually decreased during the stem development of P. lactiflora. The above results suggest that PlSPL14 may play a positive regulatory role in stem development and act in the xylem, making it a potential candidate gene for enhancing stem straightness in plants.

In order to screen candidate aquaporin genes involved in resisting osmotic stress, we analyzed the physiological responses and the expression levels of aquaporin genes in garlic under drought and salt stress with ‘Er Shuizao’ as plant material. Different physiological indicators were detected under drought and salt stress treatments. RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression levels of the candidate aquaporin genes in specific tissues. Finally, we screened AsPIP1-3 as a candidate gene and analyzed its function. The results showed that the relative water content and chlorophyll content of leaves decreased, the O2− production rate increased, and H2O2 accumulated in garlic under drought and salt stress. The activities of SOD, POD, and CAT enzymes first increased and then decreased in garlic. The content of soluble sugar and proline increased to maintain cell osmotic balance, and the content of MDA and relative conductivity continued to increase. Most aquaporin gene expression first increased and then decreased in garlic under drought and salt stress. AsPIP1-3 gene expression is up-regulated under drought and salt stress in garlic. The relative expression was the highest on the 6th day of stress, being related to antioxidant enzyme activity and osmotic regulation. The consistent changes in gene expressions and physiological responses indicated that AsPIP1-3 played a role in resisting garlic osmotic stress. AsPIP1-3 was located on the cell membrane, being consistent with the predicted results of subcellular localization. The germination rate and root length of transgenic Arabidopsis under drought stress were significantly different from the wild type. Drought stress reduced the ROS accumulation of transgenic Arabidopsis, and the antioxidant enzyme activity was significantly higher than the wild type. The relative conductivity and MDA content significantly decreased, and the proline content increased under drought stress. The expression level of the genes related to drought stress response (AtRD22, AtP5CS, AtABF3, and AtLEA) significantly increased. The overexpression of AsPIP1-3 genes improved the drought tolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis plants, showing that AsPIP1-3 proteins enhanced drought tolerance. Our study laid a foundation for exploring the regulatory mechanism of garlic to abiotic stress.

In this study, we obtained and cloned VvSnRK2.7 by screening transcriptomic data to investigate the function of the grape sucrose non-fermenting kinase 2 (SnRK2) gene under stress conditions. A yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assay was used to further screen for interaction proteins of VvSnRK2.7. Ultimately, VvSnRK2.7 was heterologously expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana, and the relative conductivity, MDA content, antioxidant enzyme activity, and sugar content of the transgenic plants were determined under drought treatment. In addition, the expression levels of VvSnRK2.7 in Arabidopsis were analyzed. The results showed that the VvSnRK2.7-EGFP fusion protein was mainly located in the cell membrane and nucleus of tobacco leaves. In addition, the VvSnRK2.7 protein had an interactive relationship with the VvbZIP protein during the Y2H assay. The expression levels of VvSnRK2.7 and the antioxidant enzyme activities and sugar contents of the transgenic lines were higher than those of the wild type under drought treatment. Moreover, the relative conductivity and MDA content were lower than those of the wild type. The results indicate that VvSnRK2.7 may activate the enzyme activity of the antioxidant enzyme system, maintain normal cellular physiological metabolism, stabilize the berry sugar metabolism pathway under drought stress, and promote sugar accumulation to improve plant resistance.

• A total of 56 MATE genes were identified and characterized in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L). • Phytozome and qRT-PCR data analysis revealed tissue-specific expression profiles of PvMATE genes. • Some PvMATE genes in roots were respond to heavy metal, organic pollutant and drought stress. Multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) family plays an important role in the detoxification process of plants under various stresses. Nevertheless, a comprehensive study on MATE family members has thus far not been performed in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris Linn.), limiting our understanding of its functions in common bean acclimation to stressful environments. In this study, a total of 56 PvMATEs members with uneven distribution on all chromosomes were identified from the common bean genome, with the most on chromosome 4 (10 members) and the least on chromosome 6 and 10 (1 members). Based on their orthologous relationship with those from Arabidopsis and rice, PvMATEs were classified into Clades I, II, III and Ⅳ, wherein 19, 15, 14, and 8 members were included, respectively. Gene ontology (GO) term and cis-regulatory element (CRE) analyses results indicated that the potential functions of PvMATEs were involved in hormonal response, developmental regulation and multiple stress response of common bean. The results of Phytozome and qRT-PCR analyze showed that the expression of PvMATEs in common bean are tissue specificity, with the most in root. Furthermore, 75 mM NaCl, 75 mM CuCl 2 , 0.35uM HgCl 2 , 16uM CdCl 2 , 4.38uM Benzo[c]-phenanthrene (C 18 H 12) and 10 % PEG6000 treatments significantly up-regulated the expression levels of some PvMATEs in common bean roots, indicating that these genes are involved in multiple abiotic stresses respond of common bean. Taken together, these observations enriched our knowledge of MATE family in the common bean and benefit for breeding improved cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The metal tolerance protein (MTP) gene family plays an essential role in the transport of heavy metals, however the function of the MTP family in transporting lead (Pb) was still unclear in plants. In this study, we identified and characterized 12 ZmMTPs in the whole genome of maize. These ZmMTP genes were divided into three subfamilies in evolution, namely Zn-CDF, Zn/Fe-CDF, Mn-CDF subfamilies, which showed diverse expression patterns in different tissues of maize. Using gene-based association analyses, we identified a Pb accumulation-related MTP member in maize, ZmMTP11, which was located in plasma membrane and had the potential of transporting Pb ion. Under the Pb treatment, ZmMTP11 showed a generally decreased expression relative to the normal conditions. Heterologous expressions of ZmMTP11 in yeast, Arabidopsis, and rice demonstrated that ZmMTP11 enhanced Pb accumulation in the cells without affecting yeast and plant growth under Pb stress. Remarkably, the increased Pb concentration in the plant roots did not cause changes in Pb content in the shoots. Our study provides new insights into the genetic improvement of heavy metal tolerance in plants and contributes to bioremediation of Pb-contaminant soils. • Twelve ZmMTP genes were identified via whole-genome bioinformatics analysis in Zea mays L. • The ZmMTP11 was identified as a novel Pb accumulation-associated gene through gene-based association analysis. • The ZmMTP11 protein was identified to be localized in the plasma membrane. • Heterologous expression of ZmMTP11 increased Pb accumulation in yeast, Arabidopsis, and rice without affecting seedling growth under Pb stress. • Increased ZmMTP11 promoted maize adaption to Pb stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aconitum vilmorinianum is an authentic and superior medicinal herbal in Yunnan, which is rich in yunaconitine and other diterpene alkaloids. Diterpene alkaloids are its main active components. Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase(FPS) is a key enzyme in the terpene biosynthetic pathway and plays an important role in diterpene alkaloid biosynthesis. Functional studies of FPS help to reveal the molecular mechanism of diterpene alkaloid biosynthesis. In this study, one FPS gene(AvFPS) was selected based on the transcriptome data of A. vilmorinianum. Its full-length sequence was cloned, and bioinformatic analysis, functional verification, and gene expression analysis were performed. The open reading frame(ORF) of AvFPS was 1 056 bp, encoding 351 amino acids. Its molecular weight was 41 kDa. AvFPS had two typical conserved functional domains of isopentenyl transferase, &quot; DDIMD&quot; and &quot; DDYXD&quot;. The recombinant protein of AvFPS was expressed in Escherichia coli, and purified recombinant protein was used for in vitro enzymatic reaction. The results revealed that AvFPS was able to catalyze the synthesis of farnesyl pyrophosphate(FPP). The results of qRT-PCR analysis showed that AvFPS was expressed in the roots, stems, leaves, and flowers of A. vilmorinianum, with the highest expression level in the roots. The expression level of AvFPS was significantly up-regulated by MeJA induction. This study clarified the catalytic function of AvFPS, revealed the expression pattern of AvFPS in different tissue, as well as at different time induced by MeJA, and provided a reference for a deeper understanding of the function of FPS in the biosynthesis of diterpenoid components.

Background: This study aimed to identify the causative genetic variant in a Chinese family with orofacial clefts., Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical information of a family with orofacial clefts. Then, we performed an etiological genetic analysis of the family using whole exome sequencing analysis and Sanger sequencing. We created a hybrid code-shifting mutation cell line (293T-462het) and evaluated its impact on cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis, as well as E-cadherin and vimentin expression., Results: Whole exome sequencing revealed a novel heterozygous variant c.1386del (p.A462Pfs*28) in the interferon regulatory transcription factor 6 ( IRF6 ) gene in a family with orofacial clefts. Sanger sequencing further confirmed that this heterozygous variant was the genetic cause of orofacial clefts in this family. The c.1386del variant of IRF6 was classified as likely pathogenic. The heterozygous mutation IRF6 (c.1386del) enhanced cell proliferation and migration while inhibiting cell apoptosis and regulating the expression of E-cadherin and vimentin., Conclusion: This study identified a novel c.1386del mutation in the IRF6 gene and explored how this mutation leads to lip and palate defects. Our results provide a solid theoretical foundation for future genetic detection of these orofacial defects., Competing Interests: None., (AJTR Copyright © 2024.)

• A total of 38 HD-Zips were identified at the whole genome level in R. roxburghii. • The high expression of the RrGL2 gene in the HD-Zip IV family has been found to be associated with the absence or minimal presence of prickles in R. roxburghii. Additionally, when overexpressed in arabidopsis thaliana , it leads to a decrease in leaf trichomes. • Naturally mutated peduncles, which have fewer prickles compared to normal prickly peduncles, would be an excellent material for further studying prickles in woody plants. Rosa roxburghii Tratt., a member of the Rosaceae family and the Rosa genus, bears prickles on its fruits. The HD-Zip gene family is known to play a role in trichome formation and prickles development. However, a complete identification of the HD-Zip gene family in R. roxburghii has not been achieved. Therefore, this study systematically identified and classified 38 HD-Zip genes in R. roxburghii into four subfamilies (HD-Zip I to HD-Zip IV) based on gene structure, conserved sequences in evolution, phylogenetics, and predicted biological functions. Among these genes, RrGL2 and RrHDG2 were found to belong to the HD-Zip IV family. Transcriptome data and qRT-PCR analysis revealed significantly higher expression levels of these genes in flowers and mesophyll tissues without prickles compared to stems, fruits, and leaf veins with prickles. Additionally, the expression of the RrGL2 gene was significantly higher in naturally mutated peduncles, which have fewer prickles, compared to normal prickly peduncles. Furthermore, a non- HD-Zip family gene, RrGL1 , positively regulated prickles formation, and its expression significantly decreased in the mutated peduncles. Moreover, both RrGL2 and RrHDG2 were introduced into Arabidopsis thaliana. The transgenic A. thaliana leaves exhibited lower trichome density. Following RrGL2 transfection, the relative expression levels of endogenous genes (AtHDG2 and AtGL2) in A. thaliana significantly decreased. Conversely, after transfection with RrHDG2 , the endogenous expression of AtHDG2 in A. thaliana significantly decreased, whereas the relative expression of AtGL2 significantly increased. Furthermore, AtGL1 also decreased in A. thaliana transfected with RrGL2 and RrHDG2. These findings provide valuable insights into the regulatory mechanism of trichome density in R. roxburghii , shed light on the evolution and expression patterns of RrHD-Zip genes, and lay the groundwork for future functional characterization of RrHD-Zip genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]