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In the present study, we report the green synthesis of manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanoparticles using Lyngbya Majuscula by the single-step co-precipitation method. The green synthesised MnO2 nanoparticles were characterised by a mix of microscopy, and spectroscopic methods such as X-Ray diffraction analysis, Fourier transform infrared Spectroscopy, Field emission scanning electron microscope, and High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy, analysis. The photocatalytic degradation ability of the as-prepared sample was investigated against the methylene blue (MB) dye under different light sources such as LED, UV, and sunlight irradiation. According to the photocatalytic degradation analysis, the green synthesised MnO2 nanoparticles show high photocatalytic degradation under UV light irradiation. Similarly, the antibacterial activity of the green synthesised MnO2 nanoparticles are investigated against the Trichodermaviride, Micrococcus Luteus, Staphylococcus Aureus, Aspergillus Niger, and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa. Furthermore, the green synthesised MnO2 nanoparticles show high efficacy of the agar well diffusion method in eradicating dangerous microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of nanoscience and nanobiotechnology, the use of plant extracts in synthesising metal sulphide nanoparticles has lately come to light as an intriguing issue with several benefits over traditional physicochemical methods. Herein, bio-mediated novel β-In2S3 quantum dots were fabricated using Camellia sinensis var. assamica (tea) leaf extract as a stabilising and capping agent through a facile solvothermal technique to evaluate the photocatalytic and antioxidant characteristics. The prepared green β-In2S3 quantum dots (g-β-In2S3), having a bandgap of 2.0 eV, were employed for the degradation of three major categories of dyes Xanthane (Rhodamine B), Triphenylmethane (Malachite Green), and Azo (Biebrich Scarlet). It also showed excellent antioxidant properties compared to standard ascorbic acid and pure chemically synthesised β-In2S3. The g-β-In2S3 quantum dots were characterised for their crystal structure, morphology, surface functional groups, charge recombination delay, and chemical composition using XRD, PL, FTIR, UV-DRS, SEM, TEM, and XPS analyses. The fabricated material showed high crystallinity of 77.17%, a particle size of 6.97 nm, and spherical morphology. The greenly synthesised β-In2S3 displayed enhanced photocatalytic performance, indicating that bio-synthesis can be a superb method to create flexible and environmentally friendly goods. About 75.28 ± 1.69%, 72.31 ± 1.43%, and 62.21 ± 1.14% for Rhodamine B, Malachite Green, and Biebrich Scarlet could be degraded within 60 min of visible light irradiation via β-In2S3/H2O2 system. The kinetics and the mechanism of the degradation of dyes by g-β-In2S3 are also discussed. This work highlighted the potential of g-β-In2S3 quantum dots for enhanced visible light, advanced oxidation process-assisted degradation of dyes, and outstanding antioxidant properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein we have reported the fabrication of green SnS2 (g-SnS2) granules via a facile precipitation technique employing Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi) extract as a stabilising and capping agent. The prepared g-SnS2 nanoparticles were characterised through XRD, UV-DRS, PL, BET, XPS, SEM and TEM for their surface morphology and physicochemical properties. It showed enhanced Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) assisted photodegradation of a cationic (Bismarck Brown R) and anionic (Methyl Orange) azo dyes in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Maximum degradation of 72.54 ± 1.23% of Bismarck Brown R (BBR) and 69.34 ± 1.22% of methyl orange (MO) with a pseudo-first-order rate constant of 0.02833 min−1 and 0.02576 min−1 for BBR and MO, respectively, within 60 min of visible light irradiation higher than SnS2 nanoparticles synthesised without the use of capping agent. The improved photocatalytic activity was attributed to the rough and defect-rich morphology of the prepared g-SnS2. The humic acid (HA) concentration showed a reduction in the photocatalytic degradation efficiency. The as-synthesised g-SnS2 nanoparticles could serve as a potential material for the degradation of azo dyes from waste water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of solid wastes as an adsorbent for dye removal from wastewater is one of the leading steps of sustainable waste management. In this research, the removal of Methylene Blue dye by cuttlefish bone waste was examined by using peppermint extract. Zn-doped cuttlefish bone was prepared by the green synthesis method in laboratory conditions for the comparison of cuttlefish bone in adsorption and ultrasonically-assisted adsorption processes. The results of this study exhibited that Methylene Blue removal with Zn-doped cuttlefish bone was higher than that with cuttlefish bone at all pH values. The qmax values obtained from the Langmuir isotherm model were calculated as 8.96 mg/g and 12.74 mg/g in the adsorption process with cuttlefish bone and Zn-doped cuttlefish bone, respectively. The qmax value relatively improved to 18.05 mg/g in the ultrasonically-assisted adsorption with Zn-doped cuttlefish bone. With the green synthesis, the qmax increased by 1.42 times, while this increase was 2.01 times with the application of the ultrasonically-assisted adsorption process using Zn-doped cuttlefish bone compared to the adsorption process using cuttlefish bone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were fabricated at room temperature using Grewia asiatica leaf extract. Photocatalytic activity (degradation of organic dye) and biological activities (antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-arthritic) of AgNPs were also unveiled. The optical and physicochemical properties of silver nanoparticles were characterised using UV-Visible spectrophotometer, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analysis, and Dynamic light scattering (DLS) techniques. The green synthesis was justified using UV-visible spectroscopy. XRD confirmed the crystalline structure of AgNPs. The reducing and capping nature of leaf extract was explained by FTIR. The relative capping of AgNPs was studied using FESEM. The hydrodynamic size and polydispersity index of the fabricated silver nanoparticles were analysed using DLS. The photocatalytic activity of AgNPs was observed over crystal violet dye under visible light resulting in efficient removal. AgNPs were also employed to biological activities indicating good antibacterial activity (against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria), efficient anti-inflammatory activity, and excellent anti-arthritic activity. This work explains the various applications of AgNPs: an efficient photocatalyst as well as a biomedical weapon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles, iron oxide chitosan (Fe3O4-CS) and iron oxide alginate (Fe3O4-AT) nanocomposite beads were synthesised using green synthesis method. They were used as both adsorbents for the adsorption of methyl orange (MO) dye from the wastewater and heterogeneous catalysts for the catalytic wet peroxidation (CWPO) of MO. While the dye removal was successfully performed with Fe3O4NPs, Fe3O4-CS and Fe3O4-AT in both adsorption studies and CWPO, the highest removal efficiency (99%) in the shortest time (8 min for adsorption, 20 min for CPWO) was obtained with Fe3O4-CS for MO removal. The adsorption experiments were performed with the batch techniques at different contact time, pH, initial dye concentration, temperature, amount of adsorbent and foreign ion effect parameters by Fe3O4-CS adsorbent. The equilibrium was quickly reached after 30 min at pH 3 and 298 K. Fitting equilibrium data to Langmuir, Temkin and Freundlich isotherms showed that Langmuir model was more suitable to describe MO adsorption with a maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 132 mg/g at 298 K. The Experimental data were analysed using intra particle diffusion, pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models and it was found that the adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order equation. Based on thermodynamic studies, adsorption process occurred as spontaneous and exothermic. The effects of the amount of catalyst, pH, temperature and H2O2 concentration were investigated to determine their catalytic activities for the decomposition of MO with CWPO technique. The reusability of Fe3O4-CS for both adsorption and CWPO techniques for MO removal was performed, and the adsorption and oxidation efficiency was found to be 97%. Moreover, the reaction kinetics was also investigated and the oxidation reaction was in good agreement with the pseudo-first order kinetic model. The activation energy (Ea) of the reaction was found to be 10.72 kJ/mol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the scope of this study, the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solution with SiNH2@FeNP nanocomposite, which was synthesised by green synthesis method using liquorice root (Glycyrrhiza Glabra) extract, was investigated by applying Box-Behnken experimental design method. With this newly synthesised material, solution pH value, adsorbent dosage and initial dye concentration parameters affecting the adsorption process in methylene blue removal from aqueous solutions were investigated. FTIR, SEM, BET and XRD techniques were applied to characterise the structure of the obtained SiNH2@FeNP nanocomposite. According to the data obtained from the experimental design results, in order to obtain approximately 87% methylene blue dye removal efficiency, pH, initial methylene blue concentration and adsorbent dosage values should be kept constant at 8.8, 35.8 and 3.38 g L−1, respectively. Meanwhile, to achieve an MB adsorption of 22 mg g−1, the initial adsorbent dose and pH should be kept at 0.5 g l−1 and 10, respectively. SiNH2@FeNP nanocomposite produced by the green synthesis method is an environmentally friendly and effective adsorbent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple, green, and scalable approach, utilizing dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma in lieu of chemical reductants, is presented for producing Pt/C catalysts. The results revealed crystalline well-dispersed Pt nanoparticles of small sizes were generated on the surface of carbon support, where the Pt loading can be regulated by adjusting the H2PtCl6 concentration. The resulting Pt/C catalysts demonstrated excellent catalytic activity in both acidic and alkaline electrolytes for hydrogen evolution reactions (HER) and methanol oxidation reactions (MOR). With the rise of the Pt loading, the catalytic activity gradually improves. Specifically, for HER, an overpotential value of 120 mV was measured for the 8 wt% Pt/C-modified electrode at a geometric current density of −10 mA cm−2, with a Tafel slope of 45.4 mV dec−1 in acidic electrolyte. The values became 208 mV and 83.7 mV dec−1 in alkaline electrolyte. Same phenomenon was also observed in MOR, where the increase of the Pt loading results in faster electron transport rate and stronger methanol oxidation peak. Besides, the catalytic activity of the plasma-prepared Pt/C catalysts is better than the commercial samples with the same Pt loading. This work demonstrates a DBD plasma-assisted strategy for the preparation of Pt/C catalysts in an efficient and environmentally friendly manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs), pivotal in cutting‐edge research, are examined comprehensively in this article. Encompassing definition, types, and applications, the focus intensifies on synthesis methods. Detailed discussions include chemical synthesis approaches for silver oxide, zinc oxide, nickel oxide, copper oxide, and tin oxide NPs. Additionally, the article emphasizes the burgeoning significance of green synthesis methods in tailoring these NPs. The applications section underscores their pivotal role in wastewater treatment, water splitting, and biomedical fields. This targeted resource offers in‐depth insights into MONP synthesis, bridging the gap between traditional and environmentally conscious methodologies, for researchers and practitioners in emerging technologies. In this article, future perspectives are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractDental biomaterials are integral in modern dentistry, with an increasing focus on biocompatibility and efficacy for restoration and regenerative applications. Green synthesis techniques, employing natural extracts, offer the potential for creating nanoparticles with enhanced biological properties. Titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) have gained attention for their unique physicochemical features across various biomedical uses, while quercetin’s antimicrobial and antioxidant characteristics provide therapeutic promise. This study aims to develop quercetin-coated TiO2NPs using Hemidesmus indicus (HQTN) root extract as a capping agent. The synthesized nanoparticles are characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, XRD, FT-IR, SEM, and EDX analysis. Biocompatibility is assessed through hemolytic assays, and bioactivity is evaluated via antioxidant and antimicrobial assays. Characterization confirms nanoparticle morphology, crystallinity, functionalization, elemental composition, size, and stability. In vitro studies reveal HQTN’s substantial antioxidant activity, significant antimicrobial efficacy, and minimal hemolytic potential. The facile and eco-friendly synthesis of HQTN underscores their potential as innovative dental biomaterials, capitalizing on quercetin attributes and TiO2NPs’ stability. This work represents progress in utilizing green nanotechnology for dental biomaterial advancement. While further research is needed to determine clinical potential, this study marks a step forward in developing dental biomaterials through the amalgamation of green synthesis and nanotechnology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cubic spinel ferrites have developed significant attention in materials science owing to their distinctive characteristics and diverse applications. The present review emphasizes on the cubic spinel ferrites fabricated via green synthesis routes focusing on their structural characteristics and their influence on the potential biomedical applications. Various green synthesis approaches, including sol-gel, hydrothermal, microwave irradiated, microorganism and plant-mediated methods, are discussed in detail, highlighting their eco-friendly approach allows for the fabrication of ferrites with customizable properties. Metal conjugate ferrites such as zinc, manganese, magnesium, cobalt, copper, nickel, and magnetite are synthesised using these green routes, highlighting the versatility and efficacy of green synthesis techniques in materials fabrication. Furthermore, the biomedical applications of cubic spinel ferrites are elucidated, illustrating their utility in cancer therapy, antibacterial properties, biosensing and drug delivery systems. This review emphasizes the importance of using green chemistry principles and natural resources to advance sustainable material development methods, as well as fully utilising cubic spinel ferrites in various medicinal domains to enhance innovation and tackle global challenges in a sustainable way. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water pollution, exacerbated by the improper disposal of non-biodegradable dyes from textile and paper industries, poses a significant global threat. Addressing this challenge, the present study focuses on the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB), a harmful azo dye, using novel Gd-doped CaO NPs synthesized with waste lemon peel extract (LPE) as a green stabilizing agent. The CaO NPs, calcined at 700 °C and subsequently doped with gadolinium (Gd) at concentrations of 2, 4, and 6 mmol via hydrothermal method, were characterized using various techniques. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed presence of Ca-O and Gd-O with the bond lengths of 1.7 Å and 1.2 Å, respectively. UV–Visible spectra revealed a bandgap in the range of 3.28 to 2.50 eV. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns confirmed crystallinity with the crystallite size estimated using the Scherrer and William sons-Hall (W-H) methods ranging from 18 to 38 nm and XRD deduced specific surface area between 47 and 98 m2/g. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) showed particle size distribution from 38 to 130 nm, and zeta potential values ranging from −13.5 to −19.9 mV. The photocatalytic activity against MB was tested under UV light and natural sunlight at dye concentrations of 10, 15, and 20 ppm. The 4 mmol Gd-doped CaO NPs achieved a remarkable 98 % degradation efficiency within 2 h of sunlight exposure at a 10 ppm dye concentration. The degradation followed a pseudo-first-order reaction, and a possible degradation pathway was proposed for methylene blue. This study concludes that Gd-doped CaO NPs are highly effective, sustainable, and cost-efficient photocatalysts for wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, we report the NiCo2 O4-nanoparticle-catalyzed dehydrogenative direct oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acid in the presence of KOH under microwave irradiation in the absence of any oxidant in good to excellent yields (75–99%) within a short reaction time (5–10 min). The polycrystalline cubic spinel phase of NiCo2 O4 nanoparticles (NPs) with an average size of 25 nm were synthesized by the co-precipitation method and analyzed properly by using powder X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy measurements. The NiCo2 O4 NPs were stable under the reaction conditions and reused for up to eight cycles without appreciable loss in the yield of benzoic acid. According to mechanistic insight, the KOH acts as a second oxygen source and is essential for the synthesis of carboxylic acid from alcohols. The hydrogen gas was found to be the only byproduct of this method detected by chemical reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacteria are present in the environment around us, including in the air, water, and soil. Moreover, infection-causing bacteria are transmitted indirectly through the air, food, and water, as well as through direct contact. Upon entering the human body, they multiply and cause various discomforts or diseases. To combat such diseases, antibiotics are the current choice of the primary treatment. However, their overuse has led to a major issue referred to as bacterial resistance. Metal NPs possess great potential in microbial detection along with disease diagnosis and treatment. Zinc is an essential trace element crucial for human growth and development, and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) are an inorganic material with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Therefore, in this review article, we provide a detailed overview of the antibacterial mechanisms of ZnONPs, thereby providing theoretical support for their application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To enhance monolithic dye-sensitized solar cell's (MDSSC) photovoltaic performance, the nanoparticles and nanocomposite of green-synthesized copper oxide (CuO) and iron oxide (FeO) were effectively generated and inserted into nanoporous carbon counter electrode in this research. XRD studies carried out showed that the produced nanoparticles and nanocomposite were crystalline in nature. Furthermore, the possible chemical linkages that might be in charge of the nanoparticle generation were found using FTIR studies. Between 290 and 600 nm, the nanoparticles and nanocomposite showed optical absorption. Rod-like features were visible in the synthesized CuO–FeO nanocomposite's FE-SEM images. As a result, with 5.2% conversion efficiency, the CuO–FeO nanocomposite-based MDSSC performed better than any of the cells made using CuO and FeO nanoparticles alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Central nervous system disorders impact over 1.5 billion individuals globally, with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases being particularly prominent. These conditions, often associated with aging, present debilitating symptoms including memory loss and movement difficulties. The growing incidence of neurological disorders, alongside a scarcity of effective anti-amyloidogenic therapies, highlights an urgent need for innovative treatment methodologies. Nanoparticles (NPs), derived from medicinal plants and characterized by their favorable pharmacological properties and minimal side effects, offer a promising solution. Their inherent attributes allow for successful traversal of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), enabling targeted delivery to the brain and the modulation of specific molecular pathways involved in neurodegeneration. NPs are crucial in managing oxidative stress, apoptosis, and neuroinflammation in ND. This study reviews the efficacy of green-synthesized nanoparticles in conjunction with various medicinal plants for treating neurodegenerative diseases, advocating for further research to refine these formulations for enhanced clinical applicability and improved patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study described a quick, efficient, and eco-friendly method for producing Fe3O4-Ag nanocomposite (NC) using Mentha pulegium L. plant extract. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) was employed to prepare an aqueous extract due to its speed and effectiveness. During the manufacture of Fe3O4-Ag NC, the prepared plant extracts were utilized as naturally occurring stabilizing precursors. The study also employed several methods for characterizing the synthesized NC, including X-ray diffraction patterns, which estimated the mean particle size to be 52 nm using the Deby-Scherrer equation. The successful synthesis of Fe3O4-Ag NC was approved by a broad absorption band from 400 to 425 nm in the absorption spectrum. Subsequently, the samples' antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant potentials (Fe3O4 NPs, Ag NPs, Fe3O4-Ag NC, and the extract) were investigated. Notably, the NP and NC samples showed higher antibacterial activity than the extract, wherein gram-negative bacteria were more significantly affected than gram-positive bacteria. The Fe3O4-Ag NC had MIC values of 0.062 mg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The Fe3O4-Ag NC was found to have a significant detrimental impact on the bacterial membranes of E. coli and S. aureus, as evidenced by the quick release of cytoplasmic components such as protein, nucleic acid, and potassium. The results also showed that the extract and Fe3O4-Ag NC samples exhibited strong antioxidant activity. The study recommends further investigation on the application of these metal nanoparticles in the water remediation, agriculture, and food industries due to their strong biological activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The abundance of plants as a renewable bioresource has captured the significant attention of researchers, driving them to explore new biodegradable polymeric materials. However, there are still many biobased materials with untapped potential, offering opportunities to synthesize novel biodegradable polymers with multifunctional properties. This work provides a unique solvent and catalyst‐free melt polycondensation process to prepare a series of polyesters using zingerol (Zing‐OH), a reduced form of zingerone, as a primary component for the first time. Briefly, Zing‐OH (a ginger‐based component) is employed in conjunction with a variety of renewable resources, such as citric acid (CA), sebacic acid (SA), and xylitol (Xy), to synthesize multifunctional soft tissue‐like ZCSX polyesters. Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) and 1H‐nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy are used to validate the synthesis of the polyesters, while thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and universal testing machine (UTM) are employed to investigate their physicochemical properties. Moreover, the synthesized polyester's thermal, mechanical, and biodegradation properties can be fine‐tuned by simply varying the Zing‐OH feed ratio. The mechanical properties of the synthesized polymer resemble various human tissues, including the liver, uterus, bladder, breast, and temporal and nasal cartilage. This suggests that the synthesized polyesters can potentially be useful in tissue engineering applications. Furthermore, the polyester demonstrated exceptional recovery responses and good shape memory behavior at ambient body temperature. Additionally, as observed from Alamar blue, live/dead assays, and time‐dependent in vitro wound images, the synthesized polyester demonstrated antibacterial activity, good in vitro cytocompatibility, cell proliferation, and wound healing capabilities against mouse fibroblast cells (NIH/3T3). The developed biocompatible polyester also exhibits excellent hemocompatibility for human blood, indicating its potential use in the field of regenerative medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the United Nations, around 53 million metric tons of electronic waste is produced every year, worldwide, the big majority of which goes unprocessed. With the rapid advances in AI technologies and adoption of smart gadgets, the demand for powerful logic and memory chips is expected to boom. Therefore, the development of green electronics is crucial to minimizing the impact of the alarmingly increasing e‐waste. Here, it is shown the application of a green synthesized, chemically stable, carbonyl‐decorated 2D organic, and biocompatible polymer as an active layer in a memristor device, sandwiched between potentially fully recyclable electrodes. The 2D polymer's ultramicro channels, decorated with C═O and O─H groups, efficiently promote the formation of copper nanofilaments. As a result, the device shows excellent bipolar resistive switching behavior with the potential to mimic synaptic plasticity. A large resistive switching window (103), low SET/RESET voltage of ≈0.5/−1.5 V), excellent device‐to‐device stability and synaptic features are demonstrated. Leveraging the device's synaptic characteristics, its applications in image denoising and edge detection is examined. The results show a reduction in power consumption by a factor of 103 compared to a traditional Tesla P40 graphics processing unit, indicating great promise for future sustainable AI‐based applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unique properties of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), such as size, surface charge, and the ability to release silver ions, contribute to DNA damage, inducing of oxidative stress, and apoptosis in cancer cells. Thus, the potential application of AgNPs in the field of biomedicine, and cancer therapy are rapidly increasing day by day. Therefore, in this study, AgNPs were synthesized by extract of Chuanminshen violaceum, and then the synthesized CM-AgNPs were fully characterized. The biological activity of CM-AgNPs was investigated for antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. The cytotoxic activity of CM-AgNPs was tested for various kinds of cancer cells including MKN45 gastric cancer cells, HCT116 human colon cancer cells, A549 human lung cancer cells, and HepG2 liver cancer cells. Among these cancer cells, the induced apoptosis activity of CM-AgNPs on HCT116 cancer cells was better and was used for further investigation. Besides, the CM-AgNPs exhibited great antioxidant activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) with 50% free radical scavenging activity, and CM-AgNPs also showed a significant antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Thus, our pilot data demonstrated that the green synthesis of CM-AgNPs would be considered a good candidate for the treatment of HCT116 cancer cells, with its strong antioxidant activity and antibacterial effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The choice of plant species is crucial, as different plants provide unique biomolecules that influence nanoparticle characteristics. Biomolecules in plant extracts, such as proteins, amino acids, enzymes, polysaccharides, alkaloids, tannins, phenolics, saponins, terpenoids, and vitamins, act as stabilizing and reducing agents. This study explores the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using leaf extracts from collard greens (Brassica oleracea var. acephala), hazelnut (Corylus avellana var. avellana), and green tea (Camellia sinensis). NPs were synthesized using silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution at two different molarities (1 mM and 5 mM) and characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy, XRD, TEM, and FTIR. The Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) peaks appeared rapidly for hazelnut and green tea extracts, within 30 and 15 min, respectively, while collard greens extract failed to produce a distinct SPR peak. X-Ray Diffraction confirmed the formation of face-centered cubic silver. TEM analysis revealed high polydispersity and agglomeration in all samples, with particle size generally decreasing at higher AgNO3 concentrations. However, hazelnut extract showed a slight increase in size at higher molarity. Among all samples, green tea-derived AgNPs synthesized with 5 mM AgNO3 were the smallest and least polydisperse, highlighting the significant role of plant type in optimizing nanoparticle synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research achieved the successful synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs through an eco-friendly method, utilizing the leaf extract of Leonotis ocymifolia (L.O.). This innovative approach not only highlights the potential of green synthesis but also underscores the effectiveness of natural resources in nanoparticle production. The influence of annealing temperature on the properties and performance of the synthesized ZnO NPs was evaluated by varying the annealing temperatures as follows: unannealed (000), 350 °C (350), 550 °C (550), and 750 °C (750). The XRD analysis of L.O-mediated ZnO NPs confirmed the synthesis of highly crystalline wurtzite-structured ZnO NPs, with calculated average crystallite sizes that ranged between 13.8 and 20.4 nm. The UV–Vis spectra revealed a single strong absorption peak ranging from 354 to 375 nm, and the absorption peaks red-shifted with an increase in annealing temperature. The SEM micrographs showed that annealing temperature had an effect on the morphology, particle size, and distribution, with the average particle of 53.7–66.3 nm. The BET analysis revealed that the surface area of the prepared ZnO NPs was between 31.6 and 13.2 m2/g. In addition to its significant impact on the characteristics of the L.O-mediated, annealing temperature notably boosts the L.O-mediated capacity to photodegrade Methylene blue (MB) dye. Moreover, it exhibited significant antibacterial efficacy against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The photodegradation studies under UV irradiation and in 180 min revealed 750 (71.1%) had the highest degradation efficiency compared to 000, 350, and 550. The antibacterial tests showed that 000 had greater antibacterial efficacy than 350, 550, and 750. The results from this work suggest that annealing temperature had a significant effect on the structural, morphological, and optical properties and performance of L.O-mediated ZnO NPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens, persistent biofilms, oxidative stress, and cancerous cell proliferation poses significant challenges in healthcare and environmental settings, highlighting the urgent need for innovative and sustainable therapeutic solutions. The exploration of nanotechnology, particularly the use of green-synthesized nanoparticles, offers a promising avenue to address these complex biological challenges due to their multifunctional properties and biocompatibility. Utilizing a green synthesis approach, Mauritia flexuosa Mf-Ag2ONPs were synthesized and characterized using dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy coupled with scanning electron microscopy (EDS-SEM), UV-Vis spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The Mf-Ag2ONPs exhibited potent antibacterial effects against both non-resistant and MDR bacterial strains, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 11.25 to 45 µg/mL. Mf-Ag2ONPs also demonstrated significant antifungal efficacy, particularly against Candida glabrata, with an MIC of 5.63 µg/mL. Moreover, the nanoparticles showed strong biofilm inhibition capabilities and substantial antioxidant properties, underscoring their potential to combat oxidative stress. Additionally, Mf-Ag2ONPs exhibited pronounced anticancer properties against various cancer cell lines, displaying low IC50 values across various cancer cell lines while maintaining minimal hemolytic activity at therapeutic concentrations. These findings suggest that Mf-Ag2ONPs synthesized via an eco-friendly approach offer a promising alternative for biomedical applications, including antimicrobial, antifungal, antioxidant, and anticancer therapies, warranting further in vivo studies to fully exploit their therapeutic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chiral gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) have been investigated widely and have shown great potential in biomedical applications, such as biosensing, combating bacterial infections and tissue regeneration. However, some stabilizers and reducing agents for the synthesis of chiral Au NPs can produce toxicity in living organisms. Therefore, it is interesting to design green methods to prepare chiral gold nanoparticles that are nontoxic, environment-friendly, and low-cost. Herein, novel biocompatible chiral Au NPs with a diameter of 54.4 ± 14.9 nm were prepared by the in situ reduction of HAuCl4 with alginates as the green reducing agent and chiral-inducing and stabilizing agent. XPS, TGA, UV-Vis and CD analyses demonstrated that alginate-stabilized chiral Au NPs (ALG-Au NPs) were successfully prepared, while biocompatibility assessment showed that cell viability was 116.0% when the concentration of ALG-Au NPs arrived at 300 μg/mL, which indicated that ALG-AuNPs showed excellent biocompatibility. Furthermore, the ALG-Au NPs can respond to metal ions, such as Ca2+, Cu2+, Mn2+ and so on, implying potential application for biosensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The root bark extract of the Maerua oblongifolia plant in the green synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) for photocatalytic degradation of toxic pollutants and antibacterial activities was implemented in this study. The root bark extract served as a novel capping and reducing agent for the first time. Characterization of the TiO2 NPs was conducted by using visual observation, ultraviolet visible spectrometry (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques, confirming their successful synthesis. The TiO2 NPs exhibited maximum absorbance at 323 nm and an average particle size of 19.58 nm; the conjugations and existences of Ti-O and OH vibrational bands were revealed by the FTIR spectrum. The photocatalytic activities of the TiO2 NPs were investigated by using solar irradiation as an energy source for aqueous solutions of methyl orange (MO) and methylene blue (MB) dyes. The TiO2 NPs showed strong photocatalytic activities by degrading 97.23% MB and 91.8% MO under optimized conditions. Degradation behavior was investigated by isotherms and kinetics models, with the Langmuir isotherms (R2: 0.996, 0.979) and Langmuir–Hinshelwood (R2: 0.998, 0.997) highest correlation coefficients for MB and MO, respectively. Moreover, the antibacterial efficacy of the green-synthesized TiO2 NPs and the results indicated higher antibacterial activities on Gram-negative bacteria (27 ± 0.52). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the structural, chemical, and morphological properties of CuO nanoparticles synthesized via a green synthesis route using Opuntia ficus-indica cladode extract, with a focus on the effects of stepwise versus direct calcination. Raman spectroscopy revealed the presence of CuO, Na2CO3, and Na2SO3, with the latter two being associated with elements inherited from the cactus extracts. XRD patterns confirmed the presence of crystalline CuO and Na2CO3 phases, with the low content of Na2SO3 inferred to be amorphous. Rietveld refinement estimated a CuO content of approximately 77% in the stepwise-calcined sample and 75% in the directly calcined sample, with lattice parameters closely aligning with reference values. SEM micrographs revealed a tendency for CuO nanoparticles to aggregate, likely due to high surface energy and interaction with the viscous plant extract used in the green synthesis. Crystallite size estimates, along with morphological observations, suggest that stepwise calcination enhances crystallinity and particle definition without altering the fundamental nanoparticle morphology. These findings highlight the influence of calcination method and natural extracts on the composition and morphology of green-synthesized CuO nanoparticles, offering insights into potential applications, namely in microelectronics, due to their promising dielectric properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study evaluates the biosynthesis of AgNPs and AuNPs using aqueous and ethanolic Geum urbanum L. rhizome extracts. The biosynthesized metal nanoparticles (MNPs) were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, DLS, SEM, EDX, and TEM. The UV-Vis spectra confirmed the synthesis of AgNPs and AuNPs through peaks corresponding to the surface plasmon effect of metallic Ag (400–430 nm) and Au (530–570 nm). FTIR analysis indicated that alcohols, phenols, proteins, and carbohydrates from G. urbanum rhizome extracts composition are involved in MNPs synthesis. In DLS analysis, AgNPs (34.26–41.14 nm) showed smaller hydrodynamic diameters than AuNPs (46.26–70.29 nm). At the same time, all values for zeta potential were negative, between − 21 and − 13 mV, suggesting good stabilities for all the colloidal MNPs systems in dispersion. TEM analysis showed that the biosynthesized AgNPs had a spherical morphology, while AuNPs were quasi-spherical, polygonal, and triangular. According to TEM data, AgNPs synthesized using aqueous and ethanolic G. urbanum rhizome extracts were characterized by mean diameters of 9.82 ± 3.68 and 14.29 ± 3.46 nm, while AuNPs by 15.88 ± 6.28 and 24.89 ± 10.75 nm, respectively. EDX analysis confirmed the presence of metallic Ag and Au in the MNPs composition by detecting strong signals at 3 (AgNPs) and 2.2 keW (AuNPs). In disc diffusion assay, MNPs showed good antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive (S. aureus MSSA, S. aureus MRSA, S. epidermidis) and Gram-negative (E. coli, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae) bacteria and yeasts (C. albicans). AgNPs and AuNPs were also characterized by a significant antioxidant potential, evaluated through in vitro assays (lipoxygenase inhibition, DPPH radical scavenging activity, metal ion chelating activity, and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays). An overall better activity was obtained for the ethanolic G. urbanum rhizome extract and its derived AgNPs (EC50 = 34.2 ± 1.86 mg/mL in lipoxygenase inhibition assay). Therefore, the G. urbanum rhizome extracts proved to be excellent sources for biologically active AgNPs and AuNPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the past few years, the synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) and other metal oxide nanoparticles has been carried out using plant tissues, extracts, and other plant parts. The green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles has many advantages over other processes, and the primary areas of application are drug delivery, food additives, and surface coatings. The use of nanoparticles as an alternative antimicrobial agent in the health and biomedical sectors has increased significantly in recent years. This study explores the antimicrobial activities of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized via a green method using Salvadora persica L., which is commonly known as miswak plant extracts, and their potential application in a mouthwash formulation. First, we produced the nanoparticles with green synthesis, and the second was merging the nanoparticles with the mouthwash formulation. In post-production of nanoparticles, antimicrobial activities were screened using the agar well diffusion method on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterococcus faecalis, Proteus vulgaris. In addition, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), UV–VIS spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscope were used for the characterization of the synthesized nanoparticles. In summary, polymorphic and spherical morphologies of zinc oxide nanoparticles were generated. While mouthwash made with NP-3 coded nanoparticles and mouthwash made with NP-9 coded nanoparticles had the highest antibacterial activity on S. aureus, NP-3 coded ZnO nanoparticles and NP-9 coded ZnO nanoparticles had the highest antimicrobial activity on S. mutans. Diverse effects of the nanomaterials were observed; it is intended to lead future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of plant extract to synthesize nanoparticles has transformed the area of nanotechnology. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were generated in this work using the leaves of Cocculus pendulus as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The extract of C. pendulus was analyzed using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-visible), Fourier Transform Infrared, Zeta potential, and Transmission Electron Microscopy were used to analyze the bio-fabricated AgNPs. In addition, we describe the antibacterial and antioxidant characteristics of AgNPs produced. Analyses were used to describe the morphology of produced AgNPs, which had a typical size of 45 nm. AgNP was discovered to be extremely poisonous to gram-positive bacteria and was a promising antibiotic against bacterial infections. Furthermore, antioxidant assays revealed the greatest free radical scavenging activity. Finally, our findings show that C. pendulus can be used as a source for green synthesis of AgNPs with strong antioxidant and antibacterial properties in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Harnessing the power of nature, this study delves into the remarkable influence of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on biomass production and bioactive chemical synthesis in Ricinus communis callus. Leveraging the eco-friendly properties of Calligonum comosum leaf aqueous extract as both reducing and capping agents, the synthesis of AgNPs was meticulously characterized through an array of analytical techniques, including FTIR, UV-vis spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, TEM, and EDS, confirming the triumphant creation of biogenic AgNPs. Unveiling a landscape of possibilities, the assessment of R. communis biomass and phytochemical substances unraveled intriguing insights. Results unveiled a resounding enhancement in biomass production upon the introduction of biosynthesized AgNPs to the plant media. Noteworthy is the revelation that increasing concentrations of silver NPs acted as catalysts for heightened plant growth and enriched physiological parameters. Moreover, the application of silver nitride elicited a profound amplification in both biomass and antioxidant enzyme activities within plant cells. However, amidst these triumphs, a curious observation emerged: the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) exhibited a notable decline with escalating doses of AgNPs. In essence, this groundbreaking study not only underscores the potential of biosynthesized AgNPs to orchestrate a symphony of growth and biochemical synthesis within R. communis callus but also beckons forth an era of exploration. By charting a course for future research, it beckons scientists to delve deeper into the intricate pathways of phytochemical production and bioactive molecule synthesis under the influence of AgNPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lens culinaris L., has been widely recognized for its medical applications. LC-ESI-TOF-MS identified 22 secondary metabolites including phenolics, flavonoids, and anthocyanidin glycosides among its total extract (LCTE). The study aimed to apply LCTE as a biogenic material for reducing and capping the silver nanoparticles (LC-AgNPs). The ynthesized LC-AgNPs were characterized using different techniques. The UV absorption was observed at λmax 379 nm. LC-AgNPs were spherical, with 19.22 nm average size. The face cubic centre nature was demonstrated by HR-TEM and XRD. The LC-AgNPs were then evaluated for their anticancer and antimicrobial potentials. LC-AgNPs showed an extremely potent cytotoxic activity against MCF-7, HCT-116 and HepG2 cell lines (IC50= 0.37, 0.35 and 0.1 µg/mL, respectively). LC-AgNPs induced significant apoptotic effects in the three examined cancer cell lines. LC-AgNPs resulted in sequestration of cells in G1 phase of the cell cycle in both MCF-7 and HCT-116 cells, meanwhile it trapped cells at the G2 phase in HepG2 cells. Moreover, the antimicrobial activity of LC-AgNPs was highly confirmed against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii. Molecular docking study designated Kaempferol-3-O-robinoside-7-O-rhamnoside and Quercetin-3-D-xyloside as the topmost LCTE active constituents that caused inhibition of both Bcl-2 and IspC cancer targets in combination with the produced silver nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a disease of significant concern with higher mortality rates. Conventional treatment approaches have several drawbacks, leading to the opening of new research avenues in the field of nanoparticle-based cancer therapeutics. The study aimed at the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (Pm-AuNPs) from the aqueous bark extract of Pterocarpus marsupium, followed by its characterization and in vitro anticancer evaluation against OSCC. The synthesized Pm-AuNPs were characterized using UV–visible spectroscopy, particle size analyser, zeta potential, FTIR and SEM techniques. The anticancer potential of the Pm-AuNPs was evaluated against OSCC cell lines (SCC29b, SSC154 and OECM-1) through in vitro assays. The IC50 value was found to be 25 ± 1.2, 45 ± 1.5 and 75 ± 2.1 µg/mL for the three OSCC cell lines, elucidating Pm-AuNPs cytotoxic effects and mechanism of action. Intracellular ROS and SOX detection, mitochondrial transmembrane potential analysis and apoptosis detection were used to confirm the activity of Pm-AuNPs against OSCC. Acute toxicity studies on Wistar rats confirmed the non-toxic nature of the Pm-AuNPs at a higher dose concentration up to 2000 mg/kg body weight. The findings underscore Pm-AuNPs as promising candidates for future anticancer therapeutics, providing insights into their mechanism of action and therapeutic efficacy against OSCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses the aerial parts of Panicum maximum total extract (PMTE) to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in an environmentally friendly manner. TEM, SEM, FTIR, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Zeta potential, UV, and FTIR were used to characterize the green silver nanoparticles (PM-AgNPs). PM-AgNPs were evaluated as anticancer agents compared to (PMTE) against breast (MCF-7), lung (A549), and ovary adenocarcinoma (SKOV3) human tumour cells. The antibacterial activity of AgNPs was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus isolates. The PM-AgNPs had an absorbance of 418 nm, particle size of 15.18 nm, and zeta potential of −22.4 mV, ensuring the nanosilver's stability. XRD evaluated the crystallography nature of the formed PM-AgNPs. The cytotoxic properties of PM-AgNPs on MCF-7 and SKOV 3 were the strongest, with IC50s of 0.13 ± 0.015 and 3.5 ± 0.5 g/ml, respectively, as compared to A549 (13 ± 3.2 µg/mL). The increase in the apoptotic cells was 97.79 ± 1.61 and 96.6 ± 1.91% for MCF-7 and SKOV3 cell lines, respectively. PM-AgNPs were found to affect the membrane integrity and membrane permeability of 50 and 43.75% of the tested isolates, respectively. Also, PM-AgNPs have recorded a reduction in the biofilm formation of S. aurues. These results suggest using PM-AgNPs to treat breast and ovarian cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were synthesized using three red wine extracts (RW-Es); by varying temperature, pH, concentrations of RW-Es and gold salt. The RW-AuNPs were characterized by UV–vis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and the Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy (FT–IR). Their stability was evaluated in water, foetal bovine serum (FBS), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) by UV–Vis. The effect of the RW-Es and RW-AuNPs on KMST-6 cell cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay; and their wound healing effects were monitored by scratch assay. RW-AuNPs synthesis was observed by colour change, and confirmed by UV–Vis spectrum, with an absorption peak around 550 nm. The hydrodynamic sizes of the RW-AuNPs ranged between 10 and 100 nm. Polyphenols, carboxylic acids, and amino acids are some of functional groups in the RW-Es that were involved in the reduction of RW-AuNPs. The RW-AuNPs were stable in test solutions and showed no cytotoxicity to the KMST-6 cells up to 72 h. AuNPs synthesized from Pinotage and Cabernet Sauvignon enhanced proliferation of KMST-6 cells and showed potential as wound healing agents. Further studies are required to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in the potential wound-healing effect of the RW-AuNPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that is caused by the Plasmodium parasite. Most of the available medication are losing their efficacy. Therefore, it is crucial to create fresh leads to combat malaria. Green silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have recently attracted a lot of attention in biomedical research. As a result, green mediated AgNPs from leaves of Terminalia bellirica, a medicinal plant with purported antimalarial effects, were used in this investigation. Initially, cysteine-rich proteins from Plasmodium species were studied in silico as potential therapeutic targets. With docking scores between −9.93 and −11.25 kcal/mol, four leaf constituents of Terminalia bellirica were identified. The green mediated silver nanoparticles were afterward produced using leaf extract and were further examined using UV-vis spectrophotometer, DLS, Zeta potential, FTIR, XRD, and FESEM. The size of synthesized TBL-AgNPs was validated by the FESEM results; the average size of TBL-AgNPs was around 44.05 nm. The zeta potential study also supported green mediated AgNPs stability. Additionally, Plasmodium falciparum (3D7) cultures were used to assess the antimalarial efficacy, and green mediated AgNPs could effectively inhibit the parasitized red blood cells (pRBCs). In conclusion, this novel class of AgNPs may be used as a potential therapeutic replacement for the treatment of malaria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alcohols are common alkylating agents and starting materials alternative to harmful alkyl halides. In this study, a simple, benign and efficient pathway was developed to synthesize 1,3‐diphenylpropan‐1‐ols via the β‐alkylation of 1‐phenylethanol with benzyl alcohols. Unlike conventional borrowing hydrogen processes in which alcohols were activated by transition‐metal catalyzed dehydrogenation, in this work, t‐BuONa was suggested to be a dual‐role reagent, namely, both base and radical initiator, for the radical coupling of aromatic alcohols. The cross‐coupling reaction readily proceeded under transition metal‐free conditions and an inert atmosphere, affording 1,3‐diphenylpropan‐1‐ol with an excellent yield. A good functional group tolerance in benzyl alcohols was observed, leading to the production of various phenyl‐substituted propan‐1‐ol derivatives in moderate‐to‐good yields. The mechanistic studies proposed that the reaction could involve the formation of reactive radical anions by base‐mediated deprotonation and single electron transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents an innovative method for the synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) and iron-doped zinc oxide (Fe-doped ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs), employing extracts derived from tobacco stems. The environmentally friendly green synthesis process here represents the novelty of production and applications. Various analytical techniques including FT-IR, XRD, EDX, SEM and TEM were used to characterise ZnO and Fe-doped ZnO NPs. The study reveals that 1% Fe-doped ZnO NPs demonstrate markedly improved photocatalytic performance, attributed to a narrower band gap and enhanced charge separation. These NPs effectively promote the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue, a promising approach for wastewater treatment and pollution control. Furthermore, the investigation of Fe-doped ZnO NPs in solar cells demonstrates their potential to substantially improve solar energy conversion efficiency. This novel approach paves the way for sustainable and eco-friendly advancements in both photocatalysis and photovoltaic technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of Co-Cr(0) and Co-Cr-B nanocatalysts on sodium borohydride hydrolysis was investigated. The extract obtained from the pods of the bean plant was produced using the environmentally friendly green synthesis method, along with the chemical reduction method as the production procedure for the catalysts. The analyses used to study the structure and surface morphology of catalysts are SEM, TEM, EDX, XRD, FTIR, and XPS. From the SEM and TEM pictures, the shape of the catalysts comprises of tiny spheres and has a porous nanostructure, and the particle size is 35–40 nm. The XRD investigation revealed that the catalysts had an amorphous structure. The catalysts' structure has been confirmed to include the components Co, Cr, and B using EDX and XPS analyses. It was examined how different amounts of catalyst, different NaBH4/NaOH concentrations, and different solution temperatures affected the hydrolysis of sodium borohydride. The n-th order kinetic model was utilized to determine the activation energies of Co-Cr(0) and Co-Cr-B nanocatalysts, which were found to be 24.39 kJ/mol and 43.09 kJ/mol, respectively. Also, the turnover frequency (TOF) values of synthesized nanocatalysts Co-Cr(0) and Co-Cr-B at 60 °C were calculated as 19,210 mLmin− 1g− 1 and 12,410 mLmin− 1g− 1, respectively. The repeatability of catalysts in NaBH4 hydrolysis showed high activity even after the fifth use. Highlights: • Green synthesis provides an environmentally friendly, simple, economical and reproducible approach for faster metal nanoparticle production. • Green synthesis method increased the activity of Co-based catalysts • In kinetic studies, activation energies were calculated using the n-th order and Langmuir–Hinshelwood models. • Co-Cr(0) and Co-Cr-B nanocatalysts, the activation energies were calculated to be 24.39 kJ/mol and 43.09 kJ/mol, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Parthenium hysterophorus Linnaeus is one of the anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic ethnomedicine. Therefore the formulation of this plant as nanoparticles will be fruitful anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic as compared to conventional extract. In the current study, the aqueous kernel extract from Parthenium hysterophorus Linnaeus was subjected to synthesize iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) and explored their anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic potentials. The results indicate that the aqueous kernel extract effectively produced IONPs, which were verified using standard analytical methods. UV-visible spectrophotometer analysis was used to check the formation of IONPs. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to check numerous functional groups from the valuable phytochemicals present in the extract. These functional groups play crucial roles as reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents during the synthesis of IONPs. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were utilized to investigate the surface characteristics of the nanoparticles. Notably, the IONPs fabricated from the extract demonstrated promising anti-inflammatory activity, inhibiting Human RBC by 79% and Heat Induced Hemolysis by 72%, as well as showing anti-diabetic potential with 60% inhibition of yeast glucose uptake and 72% inhibition of α-amylase activity, all at a concentration of 100 μg mL-1. These effects were partly comparable to standard drugs with anti-inflammatory activity of 85% inhibition of Human RBC and 78% inhibition of Heat Induced Hemolysis, and anti-diabetic activity of 67% inhibition of yeast glucose uptake and 78% inhibition of alpha amylase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesized Ag-SeO2-doped (Fu) nanocomposites are novel therapeutic approaches against multidrug-resistant bacteria. The present study explores the synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of the antibacterial, antioxidant, and in vivo cytotoxic activities of novel nanocomposites. The distinguishing characteristics of Ag-Se/Fu nanocomposites were revealed through the use of UV-visible spectroscopy, EDX, and FTIR analysis. The result of the SEM micrograph shows that Ag-Se NPs and Fu nanocomposites, with average nanoparticle diameters that vary from 97.28 ± 7.14 nm, display spherical shapes. It was found that the potency of antioxidant and antimicrobial agents against Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Moreover, the cytotoxicity assay indicates the nanocomposite has shown a survival rate of 98% in zebrafish embryos at 150 mg/mL. Compared to the control group, the embryos from the nanocomposite group had normal morphology, which is evidence of its safety and effectiveness. The results of this research reveal a promising strategy for multidrug-resistant bacteria with less cytotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerium-doped Silymarin nanoparticles (Ce-Sil NPs) were synthesised through green methods employing Melothria maderaspatana aqueous extract in a one-pot synthesis. The confirmation of the biosynthesis was evident through a colour change from dark black to brown. Ce-Sil NPs underwent characterisation using UV-Vis, FT-IR, XRD, SEM and EDAX. UV–Visible spectrophotometry detected Ce-Sil NPs at 350 nm. FT-IR analysis revealed the presence of four functional groups in the synthesised nanoparticles: Nitrile, Alcohol (ROH), C-O-C and N-H. XRD analysis indicated that Ce-Sil NPs were more crystalline (82.5%) and less amorphous (17.5%). SEM and EDX spectra offer distinct signals used to detect the morphology of Ce-Sil NPs. Ce-Sil NPs shown noteworthy antibacterial activity when tested against clinical pathogens such as E. coli, MRSA, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis. Furthermore, at 50 μg/ml concentration, Ce-Sil NPs exhibited a maximum cancer cell death rate (40.6%). These findings suggest that the synthesised Ce-Sil NPs hold promise as potential drugs for future treatments against bacterial infections and cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles (NPs) are being used in the rapidly developing field of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology research involves manipulating materials at the nano-scale to create new structures and devices that are beneficial to humans. Owing to their unique characteristics, nanomaterials have revolutionized numerous sectors and sped up numerous scientific breakthroughs while remaining at the nanometer scale. Research in this area is flourishing and of great interest to scientists. The present review offers researchers a comprehensive introduction to nanotechnology, focusing on nanoparticle biosynthesis routes, factors influencing the synthesis process, characterization methods, and current applications. Microbial nanobiotechnology, is a fast-growing area of research that holds the potential to revolutionize diverse fields such as bioremediation, energy generation, healthcare, and agriculture. Biological manufacturing of nanoparticles is more feasible than chemical synthesis, which can be costly and result in harmful repercussions. Microbes, particularly bacteria, are among the best options for the efficient production of nanoparticles because of their rapid growth rate, ability to be manipulated through genetics to achieve optimum efficiency, and relative lack of both expense and toxicity. It specifically explores the microbe-mediated biological synthesis of nanoparticles. This article presents an updated understanding of how biological synthesis can support innovative nanotechnology applications. [Display omitted] • Eco-friendly biosynthesis of nanoparticles via bacteria, fungi, and yeast. • Key factors: pH, temperature, metal ion concentration, and incubation time. • Techniques: TEM, SEM, XRD, and DLS for nanoparticle characterization. • Applications: medicine, environment, electronics, and energy sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green nanomaterials have been extensively used in the environmental and agricultural applications due to their advantages of biocompatibility, eco-friendly, and cost-effectiveness. In this study, we have employed P. granatum leaf extract as a capping and stabilizing agent for the biofabrication of nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles to remove dyes effectively. The key factors which influenced the removal of Methylene Blue (MB) and Congo Red (CR) dyes under both visible and UV light exposure were identified. The experimental findings demonstrated the significant degradation efficiencies, with MB and CR reaching degradation levels of 91.7 % and 81.2 %, respectively. Furthermore, the face-centered cubic (fcc) structure with a space group of (Fm3m) of NiO was observed from the powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Additionally, the morphology of NiO nanoparticles were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Morphological analysis using high-resolution transmission electron microscopes (HR-TEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), revealed the formation of spherical, cylindrical, and rod-shaped, nanoparticles and their elemental composition respectively. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis has provided valuable insights into the molecular vibrations and the formation of Ni-O bonds within the NiO lattice. In the PL spectrum, the observed emission peaks at 484 and 545 nm indicate the presence of defects within the NiO structure. Raman spectroscopy further confirms the 2M vibrational mode and a reduction in antiferromagnetic coupling in the samples. Additionally, investigations on NiO nanoparticles at concentrations ranging from 50 to 500 mg/ml have exhibited their influence on bacterial activity against Bacillus cereus and Bacteroides fragilis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a novel approach for environmentally friendly paint removal, focusing on the efficient removal of methylene blue from aqueous environments using iron nanoparticles embedded in polyvinyl alcohol nanofibers. Iron nanoparticles were synthesized via a green method employing green tea extract under optimized conditions and characterized by FESEM, DLS, TGA, DTG, EDS, FTIR, and XRD. The average size of synthesized iron nanoparticles was 22 nm. Two fabrication techniques were employed to embed the nanoparticles into polyvinyl alcohol nanofibers: electrospinning of a solution containing iron nanoparticles, and in situ synthesis of nanoparticles on the PVA nanofibers. Comparative analyses revealed superior methylene blue adsorption rates when nanoparticles were synthesized in situ on the nanofibers. Characterization techniques, including FESEM, XRD, and FTIR, confirmed the successful formation of nanoparticles on the nanofibers. Response surface method using central composite design (CCD) was performed to find the optimal removal conditions. Optimal removal (85%) occurred under adsorption conditions of pH 8.6, an initial methylene blue concentration of 30 mg/L, a nanofiber dose of 1.6 g/L, and a contact time of 100 min. Kinetic studies demonstrated a pseudo-second-order adsorption model, while Langmuir isotherm analysis indicated a maximum adsorption capacity of 24.509 mg/g. Thermodynamic analysis suggested the spontaneous and exothermic nature of the adsorption process. This composite membrane is an efficient and economical method for removal dye from wastewaters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing an eco-friendly method for producing nanomaterials is an area of significant research and commercial interest owing to its numerous applications in various disciplines. This study used a simple green synthesis approach to produce silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Porella pinnata L. aqueous extract. Phytochemical constituents of P. pinnata were identified by Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). The optical, structural, and morphological characteristics of the AgNPs were found using UV visible absorption spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Zeta Potential, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The AgNPs had an average size of 76–84 nm and were mostly spherical. Considering the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity results, both aqueous extract and AgNP have significant activities against different microorganisms based on the disc diffusion, broth microdilution, and antibiofilm methods. The P. pinnata and AgNPs extracts were significantly inhibited all test culture especially Acinetobacter baumanii ATCC 19606. The agarose gel electrophoresis method showed that extract and AgNP both cleaved DNA by hydrolytic and oxidative. Although both P. pinnata and AgNP extracts have dose-dependent antioxidant activity, AgNP is more effective. Thus, green synthesis AgNPs may be a new alternative therapeutic agent for infection therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we present a novel green synthesis method for magnesium oxide/magnesium peroxide nanocomposite using citric acid, enhancing both photocatalytic degradation and antioxidant activity. The physical properties and light absorption of the nanostructure were examined using X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy techniques. A cubic phase was identified, with a nano-size of 25 nm, and a bandgap energy of 2.45 eV was determined. In the photocatalytic degradation tests, the nanostructure achieved an 85% removal rate of Brilliant Cresyl Blue dye after 120 min, with a pseudo-first-order rate constant of 0.014 min⁻¹. Computational simulations revealed a high adsorption energy of -131.552 eV for Brilliant Cresyl Blue on the magnesium oxide/magnesium peroxide nanocomposite, indicating strong binding affinity and supporting the experimental degradation efficiency. Antioxidant assays revealed a half-maximal inhibitory concentration value of 45.81 µg/mL, showcasing substantial free radical scavenging capabilities comparable to established antioxidants. The antibacterial properties of magnesium oxide/magnesium peroxide nanocomposite were assessed against Staphylococcus aureus through the agar well diffusion method. The results demonstrated significant antibacterial efficacy, with inhibition zones ranging from 7.9 ± 0.4 mm to 14.9 ± 1.5 mm, indicating a dose-dependent antibacterial effect. This research advances green synthesis methods for multifunctional nanomaterials, offering promising solutions for environmental remediation and highlighting the potential of magnesium oxide/magnesium peroxide nanocomposite in wastewater treatment, antioxidant applications, and as a potent antibacterial agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotechnology is increasingly recognized for its crucial role in addressing challenges in agriculture and environmental management, with nano-scaled materials central to this advancement. Conventional physical and chemical synthesis methods for nanomaterials often involve hazardous chemicals, posing safety and environmental risks, and are frequently cost-ineffective. This review investigates the innovative biosynthesis of magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles, emphasizing their production through eco-friendly approaches involving biomolecules, plant-derived phytoconstituents, polyphenols, bacteria, algae, and fungi. We highlight how biosynthesized MgO nanoparticles exhibit exceptional properties, including unique morphology, high surface area, controlled particle size, and effective stabilization. The review also explores recent advances in their application as nanocatalysts, particularly for environmental remediation tasks such as photocatalytic degradation of dyes and removal of heavy metal ions and pesticides from contaminated environments. By underscoring the significance of green synthesis techniques, this study illustrates their potential in advancing sustainable nanotechnology solutions. It provides a promising foundation for future research in addressing pressing environmental challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research outlines the development, comprehensive analysis, and assessment of the photocatalytic and antibacterial properties of ZnO/ZnSnO₃ nanocomposite (NC). The nanocomposite was synthesized using an eco-friendly green synthesis method with lemon peel extract. Techniques such as XRD, SEM, and FTIR verified the formation of dual-phase ZnO/ZnSnO₃ NC with an energy gap of ~ 1.9 eV and an average crystallite size of ~ 25.45 ± 1.24 nm. Photocatalytic degradation evaluated for Evans Blue (EB) dye under solar light indicated high degradation efficiency ~ 99.57% during 90 min, following pseudo-first-order kinetics with a rate constant ~ 0.11 min⁻¹. Furthermore, ZnO/ZnSnO₃ NC exhibited notable antibacterial potential with inhibition zones ranging from (10.0 ± 1.3 to 12.0 ± 0.5) mm for E. coli and (9.0 ± 0.8 to 14.0 ± 0.6) mm for P. aeruginosa, with improved activity against K. pneumoniae and S. aureus. The as-prepared NC exhibited significant antifungal activity against C. albicans with inhibition zones ~ 22.0 ± 0.3 mm. The results obtained categorized ZnO/ZnSnO₃ NC as a potential candidate to be utilized for environmental cleanup and wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]