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Replicability is widely regarded as one of the defining features of science and its pursuit is one of the main postulates of meta-research, a discipline emerging in response to the replicability crisis. At the same time, replicability is typically treated with caution by philosophers of science. In this paper, we reassess the value of replicability from an epistemic perspective. We defend the orthodox view, according to which replications are always epistemically useful, against the more prudent view that claims that it is useful in very limited circumstances. Additionally, we argue that we can learn more about the original experiment and the limits of the discovered effect from replications at different levels. We hold that replicability is a crucial feature of experimental results and scientists should continue to strive to secure it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is the relationship between kindness and happiness at work? Previous research has shown that kindness is a cause and a correlate of happiness in general, and that kinder companies have happier employees. Here we build on this research by using a new measure—the The Kindness Questionnaire (KQ)—to look at the relationship between kindness to and from specific individuals at work, and workplace happiness. In Study 1 (n = 1151) we find that kindness to and from bosses, colleagues and subordinates, and a more general measure of kindness at work, predicts happiness at work. In Study 2 (n = 781) we find that kindness to bosses, colleagues and subordinates, and kindness from bosses, colleagues but not subordinates, as well as more general measures of kindness at work, predict happiness at work. However, in both studies, the simpler general measures of kindness at work are better predictors of happiness at work than the more complicated specific measures. We also find that fair pay, meaningful work, and a competent boss predict happiness at work. The implications, limitations and future directions of this research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Possessing a calling to teach is a core and essential quality of good kindergarten teachers, and it is critical to explore which factors positively impact kindergarten teachers' career calling. Developing a career calling is a meaning-making process that can be influenced by the actions of others in the workplace. During the frequent parent-teacher interactions, parent-initiated support may serve as significant interpersonal cues for kindergarten teachers in developing their career calling. Thus, the present study examined the effect of parent-initiated support on kindergarten teachers' career calling. Further, we investigated the multiple mediating roles of global and specific basic psychological need satisfaction based on the self-determination theory (SDT). Methods: Cross-sectional data were collected from 629 kindergarten teachers in China and analyzed using Mplus 8.3 software and the Process 3.5 macro of SPSS 26.0 software. Before testing the hypothesis, we used Mplus 8.3 to save factor scores from the Bifactor model of basic psychological need satisfaction and two uni-dimensional models of parent-initiated support and career calling. Subsequently, using the Process 3.5 macro within SPSS 26.0 software, we conducted path analysis to examine the total and mediating effects between parent-initiated support and kindergarten teachers' career calling. Results: The results revealed a positive effect of parent-initiated support on teachers' career calling. Teachers' global and specific competence need satisfaction partially mediated this positive effect, while the mediating effects of teachers' specific autonomy and relatedness need satisfaction were non-significant. Conclusion: These findings suggest that parent-initiated support is an important job resource for kindergarten teachers' development of career calling. In addition to satisfying global psychological needs, satisfying specific needs (eg, competence need) provides additional benefits to kindergarten teachers' experience of career calling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The many benefits of online research and the recent emergence of open-source eye-tracking libraries have sparked an interest in transferring time-consuming and expensive eye-tracking studies from the lab to the web. In the current study, we validate online webcam-based eye-tracking by conceptually replicating three robust eye-tracking studies (the cascade effect, n = 134, the novelty preference, n = 45, and the visual world paradigm, n = 32) online using the participant's webcam as eye-tracker with the WebGazer.js library. We successfully replicated all three effects, although the effect sizes of all three studies shrank by 20–27%. The visual world paradigm was conducted both online and in the lab, using the same participants and a standard laboratory eye-tracker. The results showed that replication per se could not fully account for the effect size shrinkage, but that the shrinkage was also due to the use of online webcam-based eye-tracking, which is noisier. In conclusion, we argue that eye-tracking studies with relatively large effects that do not require extremely high precision (e.g., studies with four or fewer large regions of interest) can be done online using the participant's webcam. We also make recommendations for how the quality of online webcam-based eye-tracking could be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public policy is often about numbers that affect people's lives in fundamental ways. Given the central importance of numbers, we examine anchoring, a heuristic in which people are influenced by an initial number in expressing a preference. Across a series of experiments and three unique surveys, we find evidence of anchoring effects, but not uniformly so. In contrast to experiments in psychology and behavioral economics, we find no evidence that irrelevant or arbitrary anchors shape policy preferences. Yet, when provided politically relevant anchors that clearly correspond to the policy proposal, we find evidence of strong effects, even in the face of party cues or in the absence of a status quo policy point. Taken together, our results demonstrate that there is a psychological explanation for why the status quo occupies a powerful position in policy debates as well as why agenda setting is so influential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates whether career calling protects individuals from the challenges posed by fear of COVID-19 and job demands on burnout and turnover intentions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cross-sectional data were collected from February to March 2021, involving a sample of 275 healthcare workers in Italy responsible for treating COVID-19 patients. Path analysis was employed to test direct, indirect, and conditional associations. The findings revealed a significant sequential mediation: Job demands partially mediated the relation between fear of COVID-19 and burnout, while burnout completely mediated the relation between fear of COVID-19 and turnover intentions. Furthermore, career calling moderated the relation between fear of COVID-19 and job demands, as well as between burnout and turnover intentions. When an individual's sense of calling was high, the relation between fear of COVID-19 and perceived job demands, as well as between burnout and turnover intentions, was null. This study supports the notion that career calling acts as a personal resource, providing protection for individuals in the face of highly stressful work environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]