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Grain sizes of Martian sand dunes are critical sedimentological data on sand provenance and transport pathways. Thermal inertia values are used to characterize the grain sizes of dune sand. Most early characterizations involved single dune fields. Recent work based on global data sets has provided more wide‐spread dune sand locations, though these data sets include the non‐sandy interdune areas. To provide a more accurate grain size characterization, we leverage a global thermal inertia data set, a global dune database and a global imaging mosaic to develop a freeware‐based methodology for deriving grain sizes. This methodology involves delineation of sand‐only areas within dune fields and collection of thermal inertia values from those areas. We consider a unimodal histogram of values with a mode <∼350 thermal inertia units (J m−2 K−1 s−1/2) to imply an effective exclusion of non‐sand surfaces. Application of this methodology to dune fields for which thermal inertia values have been previous derived shows our results fall within the envelope of those values. We apply our methodology to tropical dune fields on Mars for which Dust Cover Index data imply dust‐free surfaces. Conversion of these thermal inertia values to sand grain sizes yields a range of sand classifications of fine sand to granules. Comparison of sand size classifications with geographic location shows grain size ranges that are distinctive by location, consistent with local sourcing. This work points toward geographically diverse sand formation mechanisms yielding diverse grain sizes, while providing a freeware‐based and thus widely accessible method for expanding the derivation of these critical data. Plain Language Summary: Knowing the sizes of sand grains on Mars provides information on the history of that sand, such as where it came from and how far it has traveled to where it is now. Sand grains of different sizes respond to heat differently, with larger sand grains heating up and cooling down more slowly than smaller grains or dust. This response to heating—termed "thermal inertia"—has been used for decades to estimate the grain sizes of dune sand on Mars. However, previous methods have been focused on only a few dune fields at a time. To increase the amount of grain size data we can collect from sand dunes on Mars, we have developed a freeware‐based approach using global data sets and software that are accessible to anyone. Applying our approach to all the dunes for which grains sizes based on thermal inertia were previously derived, we show that our values are similar to those from the previous work. Applying our approach to 75 dune fields on Mars, we see different dune fields have different grain sizes, which suggests different sand formation mechanisms in these different locations. Thus, our freeware‐based approach provides an accessible opportunity to learn about sand characteristics and sand histories across Mars. Key Points: We develop and test a fully freeware‐based method for estimating grain sizes of Martian dune sand and apply it to tropical dune fieldsOur grain size values fit within the envelope of grain size values from decades of previous work, indicating the validity of our methodOur results also reveal geographic variability in grain sizes, indicating geospatial variability in sand‐forming mechanisms on Mars [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate trends in incidence and histological distribution of oesophageal carcinoma in Kingston and St Andrew (KSA), Jamaica, over the 30-year period 1978-2007. Methods: All oesophageal carcinomas registered in residents of KSA during the study period were extracted from the Jamaica Cancer Registry, and the following were collected for each case: gender, age, basis of diagnosis, year of diagnosis, histological subtype and subsite. The data were used to calculate age-specific incidence rates and age-standardized incidence rates (ASRs). The results were compared to those from other countries. Results: Oesophageal carcinoma was more common among males than females, and both genders showed decreasing incidence over the 30-year period. The highest ASRs (males, 4.0 per 100 000; females 2.6 per 100 000 per year) were recorded in the 1978-1982 reporting period and the lowest (males, 1.7 per 100 000 per year; females 0.6 per 100 000 per year) in the 2003-07 period. The leading histological subtype among both genders was squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and this subtype showed a decrease in incidence in both genders over the period of review. Adenocarcinomas, the second commonest histological subtype, showed a decrease in ASR over time in females and a rise in males. Conclusion: Incidence rates of oesophageal carcinomas overall have decreased in KSA, Jamaica, and this trend is mirrored by the SCC subtype. However, while adenocarcinoma ASR is decreasing in females, it is increasing in males. These data support the need for investigation into the risk factors for oesophageal adenocarcinoma in Jamaica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of acute lower respiratory infections in children <2 years of age. Prior infection in a child is usually determined by RSV antibodies; however, in young children, persisting maternal immunoglobulin G antibodies can incorrectly indicate past RSV infection. We developed and evaluated 4 immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibody enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) with the RSV F, subgroup G (Ga or Gb proteins) or RSV lysate antigens to distinguish infection induced from persisting maternal RSV antibodies., Methods: We tested the EIAs against 62 cord blood specimens (group A), 39 plasma specimens from infants not exposed to an RSV season (group B), 102 plasma specimens from infants with a documented RSV infection (group C), and 124 plasma specimens from infants exposed to their first RSV season but without a documented RSV infection (group D)., Results: Among the 2 negative control groups, no group A specimens and 1 of the group B specimens were positive in all 4 IgA EIAs, giving a specificity of 100% and 97%, respectively. The sensitivity of the F, Ga, Gb, and Lysate IgA EIAs were 88%, 31%, 26%, and 61%, respectively, for group C specimens. Forty-four percent of the 124 specimens in group D were positive in the RSV-F IgA EIA., Conclusions: The RSV-F protein IgA EIA exhibited a high level of sensitivity and specificity for detecting previous RSV infections in the presence of maternal antibodies and can help in RSV clinical trials and epidemiologic studies in young children., Competing Interests: Potential conflicts of interest. L. J. A. has done paid consultancies on RSV vaccines for AstraZeneca, Bavarian Nordic, GSK, and Janssen and on influenza virus vaccines for Pfizer. His laboratory is currently receiving funding through Emory University from Pfizer for RSV surveillance and maternal infant studies and from Advac, Sciogen, and Vernagen for RSV vaccine-related studies. L. J. A. is co-inventor on several Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) or Emory patents or patent filings on the RSV G protein and its CX3C chemokine motif relative to immune therapy and vaccine development and a patent filing for use of RSV platform VLPs, virus-like particles, with the F and G proteins for vaccines. E. J. A. has consulted for Pfizer, Sanofi Pasteur, GSK, Janssen, Moderna, and Medscape, and his institution receives funds to conduct clinical research unrelated to this manuscript from MedImmune, Regeneron, PaxVax, Pfizer, GSK, Merck, Sanofi Pasteur, Janssen, and Micron. He serves on a safety monitoring board for Kentucky BioProcessing, and Sanofi Pasteur. He serves on a data adjudication board for WCG and ACI Clinical. His institution has also received funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to conduct clinical trials of COVID-19 vaccines. C. A. R. has received institutional research support from Pfizer, BioFire, GSK plc, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, MedImmune, Micron Technology, ModernaTX, Merck & Co, Inc, Novavax, PaxVax, Regeneron, Sanofi Pasteur, CDC, and NIH. She is co-inventor of patented RSV vaccine technology that has been licensed to Meissa Vaccines. All other authors report no potential conflicts. All authors have submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Conflicts that the editors consider relevant to the content of the manuscript have been disclosed., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)

In the "method of four coefficients," electrical resistivity (ρ), Seebeck coefficient (S), Hall coefficient (RH), and Nernst coefficient (Q) of a material are measured and typically fit or modeled with theoretical expressions based on Boltzmann transport theory to glean experimental insights into features of electronic structure and/or charge carrier scattering mechanisms in materials. Although well-defined and readily available reference materials exist for validating measurements of ρ and S, none currently exists for RH or Q. We show that measurements of all four transport coefficients-ρ, S, RH, and Q-can be validated using a single reference sample, namely, the low-temperature Seebeck coefficient Standard Reference Material® (SRM) 3451 (composition Bi2Te3+x) available from the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) without the need for inter-laboratory sample exchange. RH and Q data for NIST SRM 3451 reported here for the temperature range 80-400 K complement the data already available for ρ and S and will therefore be of interest to researchers desiring to validate new or existing galvanomagnetic and thermomagnetic transport properties measurement systems., (© 2024 Author(s). Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing.)

Vestibular hair cells are mechanoreceptors critical for detecting head position and motion. In mammals, hair cell loss causes vestibular dysfunction as spontaneous regeneration is nearly absent. Constitutive expression of exogenous ATOH1, a hair cell transcription factor, increases hair cell regeneration, however, these cells fail to fully mature. Here, we profiled mouse utricles at 14 time points, and defined transcriptomes of developing and mature vestibular hair cells. To mimic native hair cells which downregulate endogenous ATOH1 as they mature, we engineered viral vectors carrying the supporting cell promoters GFAP and RLBP1. In utricles damaged ex vivo, both CMV-ATOH1 and GFAP-ATOH1 increased regeneration more effectively than RLBP1-ATOH1, while GFAP-ATOH1 and RLBP1-ATOH1 induced hair cells with more mature transcriptomes. In utricles damaged in vivo, GFAP-ATOH1 induced regeneration of hair cells expressing genes indicative of maturing type II hair cells, and more hair cells with bundles and synapses than untreated organs. Together our results demonstrate the efficacy of spatiotemporal control of ATOH1 overexpression in inner ear hair cell regeneration., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Nursing tests are considered a high-stakes method of evaluating students' mastery of learned concepts and a means to prepare students for the licensing examination. After observing a downward trend in nursing program graduates' NCLEX-RN pass rates, an increase in test question issues, and anticipating the NCLEX-RN changes to the NGN format in 2023, the department sought to increase test quality., Method: Using shared governance, faculty mentorship, and evidence-based test practices, a testing methodology and process was created by implementing a test review committee., Results: Implementation of the test review committee demonstrated a significant improvement in the quality of tests administered, facilitated improved faculty test development, and increased student preparedness for the 2023 NGN examination by demonstrating a 100% pass rate., Conclusion: Although implementing the test review committee and changing test practice required continued faculty support and mentorship, the outcome produced a standardized quality testing process that demonstrated student success. [ J Nurs Educ . 2024;63(10):679-685.] .

Energy transfer processes among units of light-harvesting homo-oligomers impact the efficiency of these materials as components in organic optoelectronic devices such as solar cells. Perylene diimide (PDI), a prototypical dye, features exceptional light absorption and highly tunable optical and electronic properties. These properties can be modulated by varying the number of PDI units and linkers between them. Herein, atomistic nonadiabatic excited state molecular dynamics is used to explore the energy transfer during the internal conversion of acetylene and diacetylene bridged dimeric and trimeric PDIs. Our simulations reveal a significant impact of the bridge type on the transient exciton localization/delocalization between units of PDI dimers. After electronic relaxation, larger exciton delocalization occurs in the PDI dimer connected by the diacetylene bridge with respect to the one connected by the shorter acetylene bridge. These changes can be rationalized by the Frenkel exciton model. We outline a technique for deriving parameters for this model using inputs provided by nonadiabatic dynamics simulations. Frenkel exciton description reveals an interplay between the relative strengths of the diagonal and off-diagonal disorders. Moreover, atomistic simulations and the Frenkel exciton model of the PDI trimer systems corroborate in detail the localization properties of the exciton on the molecular units during the internal conversion to the lowest-energy excited state when the units become effectively decoupled. Overall, atomistic nonadiabatic simulations in combination with the Frenkel exciton model can serve as a predictive framework for analyzing and predicting desired exciton traps in PDI-based oligomers designed for organic electronics and photonic devices.

Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of acute respiratory illness (ARI) in older adults. Optimizing diagnosis could improve understanding of RSV burden., Methods: We enrolled adults ≥50 years of age hospitalized with ARI and adults of any age hospitalized with congestive heart failure or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations at two hospitals during two respiratory seasons (2018-2020). We collected nasopharyngeal (NP) and oropharyngeal (OP) swabs (n=1558), acute and convalescent sera (n=568), and expectorated sputum (n=153) from participants, and recorded standard-of-care (SOC) NP results (n=805). We measured RSV antibodies by two immunoassays and performed BioFire testing on respiratory specimens., Results: Of 1,558 eligible participants, 92 (5.9%) tested positive for RSV by any diagnostic method. Combined NP/OP PCR yielded 58 positives, while separate NP and OP testing identified 11 additional positives (18.9% increase). Compared to Study NP/OP PCR alone, the addition of paired serology increased RSV detection by 42.9% (28 vs 40) among those with both specimen types, while the addition of SOC swab RT-PCR results increased RSV detection by 25.9% (47 vs 59)., Conclusions: The addition of paired serology testing, SOC swab results, and separate testing of NP and OP swabs improved RSV diagnostic yield in hospitalized adults., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)

It is important to understand real-world BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (VE), especially among racial and ethnic minority groups. We performed a test-negative case-control study to measure BNT162b2 COVID-19 VE in the prevention of COVID-19-associated acute respiratory illness (ARI) hospitalizations at two Atlanta hospitals from May 2021-January 2023 and adjusted for potential confounders by multivariate analysis. Among 5139 eligible adults with ARI, 2763 (53.8%) were enrolled, and 1571 (64.5%) were included in the BNT162b2 analysis. The median age was 58 years (IQR, 44-68), 889 (56.6%) were female, 1034 (65.8%) were African American, 359 (22.9%) were White, 56 (3.6%) were Hispanic ethnicity, 645 (41.1%) were SARS-CoV-2-positive, 412 (26.2%) were vaccinated with a primary series, and 273 (17.4%) had received ≥1 booster of BNT162b2. The overall adjusted VE of the BNT162b2 primary series was 58.5% (95% CI 46.0, 68.1), while the adjusted VE of ≥1 booster was 78.9% (95% CI 70.0, 85.1). The adjusted overall VE of primary series for African American/Black individuals was 64.0% (95% CI 49.9, 74.1) and 82.7% (95% CI 71.9, 89.4) in those who received ≥1 booster. When analysis was limited to the period of Omicron predominance, overall VE of the primary series decreased with widened confidence intervals (24.5%, 95% CI -4.5, 45.4%), while VE of ≥1 booster was maintained at 60.9% (95% CI 42.0, 73.6). BNT162b2 primary series and booster vaccination provided protection against COVID-19-associated ARI hospitalization among a predominantly African American population.

The time-periodic modulation of a temperature gradient can alter the heat transport properties of a physical system. Oscillating thermal gradients give rise to behaviors such as modified thermal conductivity and controllable time-delayed energy storage that are not present in a system with static temperatures. Here, we examine how the heat transport properties of a molecular lattice model are affected by an oscillating temperature gradient. We use analytical analysis and molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the vibrational heat flow in a molecular lattice system consisting of a chain of particles connected to two heat baths at different temperatures, where the temperature difference between baths is oscillating in time. We derive expressions for heat currents in this system using a stochastic energetics framework and a nonequilibrium Green's function approach that is modified to treat the nonstationary average energy fluxes. We find that emergent energy storage, energy release, and thermal conductance mechanisms induced by the temperature oscillations can be controlled by varying the frequency, waveform, and amplitude of the oscillating gradient. The developed theoretical approach provides a general framework to describe how vibrational heat transmission through a molecular lattice is affected by temperature gradient oscillations., (© 2024 Author(s). All article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).)

Background: Data are limited on influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) in the prevention of influenza-related hospitalizations in older adults and those with underlying high-risk comorbidities., Methods: We conducted a prospective, test-negative, case-control study at 2 US hospitals from October 2018-March 2020 among adults aged ≥50 years hospitalized with acute respiratory illnesses (ARIs) and adults ≥18 years admitted with congestive heart failure (CHF) or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations. Adults were eligible if they resided in 1 of 8 counties in metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia. Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs were tested using BioFire FilmArray (bioMérieux, Inc.) respiratory panel, and standard-of-care molecular results were included when available. Influenza vaccination history was determined from the Georgia vaccine registry and medical records. We used multivariable logistic regression to control for potential confounders and to determine 95% confidence intervals (CIs)., Results: Among 3090 eligible adults, 1562 (50.6%) were enrolled. Of the 1515 with influenza vaccination history available, 701 (46.2%) had received vaccination during that season. Influenza was identified in 37 (5.3%) vaccinated versus 78 (9.6%) unvaccinated participants. After adjustment for age, race/ethnicity, immunosuppression, month, and season, pooled VE for any influenza-related hospitalization in the eligible study population was 63.1% (95% CI, 43.8-75.8%). Adjusted VE against influenza-related hospitalization for ARI in adults ≥50 years was 55.9% (29.9-72.3%) and adjusted VE against influenza-related CHF/COPD exacerbation in adults ≥18 years was 80.3% (36.3-93.9%)., Conclusions: Influenza vaccination was effective in preventing influenza-related hospitalizations in adults aged ≥50 years and those with CHF/COPD exacerbations during the 2018-2020 seasons., Competing Interests: Potential conflicts of interest. C. A. R. has received institutional research support from Pfizer, Inc, BioFire, Inc, GSK plc, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, MedImmune, Micron Technology, Inc, ModernaTX, Inc, Merck & Co, Inc, Novavax, PaxVax, Regeneron, and Sanofi Pasteur, and from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Institutes of Health (NIH). She reports royalties as coinventor of patented respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine technology, which has been licensed to Meissa Vaccines, Inc. C. A. R. also reports planned, issued, or pending patents for Chimeric RSV, Immunogenic Compositions, and Methods of Use (International PTC application no. PCT/US2016/058976) and RSV Live-Attenuated Vaccine Candidates with Deleted G-Protein Mucin Domains (US patent application 63/411,251). S. K. has received institutional research support from Pfizer, Meissa, Emergent BioSolutions, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the NIH. S. K. also reports payment or honoraria for speaking engagements from the American Academy of Pediatrics. I. Y. reported funding to her institution to conduct clinical research from Pfizer, Merck, and Moderna (outside the submitted work) and from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, NIH, and Gates Foundation, and consulting fees for advisory board participation from Merck and Sanofi Pasteur outside the submitted work. E. J. A. has consulted for Pfizer, Sanofi Pasteur, GSK, Janssen, Moderna, and Medscape, and his institution receives funds to conduct clinical research unrelated to this manuscript from MedImmune, Regeneron, PaxVax, Pfizer, GSK, Merck, Sanofi-Pasteur, Janssen, Moderna, and Micron. He serves on a safety monitoring board for Kentucky BioProcessing, Inc, and Sanofi Pasteur and serves on a data adjudication board for WIRB-Copernicus Group and ACI Clinical. His institution has also received funding from NIH to conduct clinical trials of COVID-19 vaccines, and holds stock or stock options as a current employee of Moderna. N. R. reports institutional grants or contracts from Merck, Sanofi, Pfizer, Vaccine Company, Immorna, Quidel, and Lilly; consulting fees from Krog; payment or honoraria for speaking engagements from Virology Education; travel support from Sanofi and Moderna; payment for participation on advisory boards from Moderna, Sanofi, Seqirus, and Pfizer; payment for participation on Emmes, ICON plc, and Micron Safety Committees; advisory roles with Antibacterial Resistance Leadership Group, Tropical Medicine Research Centers, and CDC-Pertussis challenge; an Associate Editor role for Clinical Infectious Diseases; and receipt of equipment, material, drugs or other services from Georgia Research Alliance. R. H., E. B., Q. L., and B. G. report stocks or stock options as employees of Pfizer, Inc. D. L. S. reports stock or stock options as a former employee of Pfizer, Inc. All other authors report no potential conflicts. All authors have submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Conflicts that the editors consider relevant to the content of the manuscript have been disclosed., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: Recent studies indicate that melphalan percutaneous hepatic perfusion (M-PHP) for liver metastases from ocular melanoma (mUM) improves survival. Importantly, this benefit must be carefully balanced with changes in a patient's quality of life (QoL). This study examines the QoL changes post-M-PHP., Methods: Retrospective analysis of the change in QoL using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G) with mUM patients receiving M-PHP ( n  = 20). The FACT-G scores, which comprise physical (PWB), social (SWB), emotional (EWB) and functional (FWB) wellbeing were measured pre-procedure and at day 1, day of discharge (mean = 2.4 days), 7, 14 and 28 days after M-PHP therapy. Wilcoxon signed-rank test gauged QoL domain changes., Results: Baseline FACT-G median (IQR) scores were 101.8 (21.8). QoL scoring significantly decreased immediately after the procedure [day 1; 85 (27.5); P  = 0.002] and gradually improved over time. By day 28, QoL almost returned to pre-procedure levels [100.3 (13.8); P  = 0.31]. Subscore analysis revealed that the initial drop in QoL at day 1 post-procedure was attributable to the PWB (28 vs. 24; P  = 0.001) and FWB domains (26 vs. 18.5; P  < 0.001). By day 28 there was a statistically significant improvement in EWB ( P  = 0.01)., Conclusion: QoL following M-PHP decreases immediately after therapy and is not significantly different from baseline by the day of discharge. By day 28 there is improved emotional well-being. This study could help to optimize the time between treatment cycles when combined with toxicity data and blood count recovery., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Effective respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccines have been developed and licensed for elderly adults and pregnant women but not yet for infants and young children. The RSV immune state of the young child, i.e., previously RSV infected or not, is important to the conduct and interpretation of epidemiology studies and vaccine clinical trials. To address the need for sensitive assays to detect immunologic evidence of past infection, we developed, characterized, and evaluated 7 assays including 4 IgG antibody enzyme immunoassays (EIAs), two neutralizing antibody assays, and an IFN-γ EliSpot (EliSpot) assay. The four IgG EIAs used a subgroup A plus subgroup B RSV-infected Hep-2 cell lysate antigen (Lysate), an expressed RSV F protein antigen (F), an expressed subgroup A G protein antigen (Ga), or an expressed subgroup B G protein (Gb) antigen. The two neutralizing antibody assays used either a subgroup A or a subgroup B RSV strain. The EliSpot assay used a sucrose cushion purified combination of subgroup A and subgroup B infected cell lysate. All seven assays had acceptable repeatability, signal against control antigen, lower limit of detection, and, for the antibody assays, effect of red cell lysis, lipemia and anticoagulation of sample on results. In 44 sera collected from children >6 months after an RSV positive illness, the lysate, F, Ga and Gb IgG EIAs, and the subgroup A and B neutralizing antibody assays, and the EliSpot assays were positive in 100%, 100%, 86%, 95%, 43%, and 57%, respectively. The Lysate and F EIAs were most sensitive for detecting RSV antibody in young children with a documented RSV infection. Unexpectedly, the EliSpot assay was positive in 9/15 (60%) of PBMC specimens from infants not exposed to an RSV season, possibly from maternal microchimerism. The Lysate and F EIAs provide good options to reliably detect RSV antibodies in young children for epidemiologic studies and vaccine trials., Competing Interests: LA has done paid consultancies on RSV vaccines for AstraZeneca, Bavarian Nordic, GSK, and Janssen and on influenza virus vaccines for Pfizer. His laboratory is currently receiving funding through Emory University from Pfizer for RSV surveillance and maternal infant studies and from Advac, Sciogen and Vernagen for RSV vaccine-related studies. LA is co-inventor on several CDC or Emory patents or patent filings on the RSV G protein and its CX3C chemokine motif relative to immune therapy and vaccine development and a patent filing for use of RSV platform VLPs with the F and G proteins for vaccines. EA has consulted for Pfizer, Sanofi Pasteur, GSK, Janssen, Moderna, and Medscape, and his institution receives funds to conduct clinical research unrelated to this manuscript from MedImmune, Regeneron, PaxVax, Pfizer, GSK, Merck, Sanofi-Pasteur, Janssen, and Micron. He serves on a safety monitoring board for Kentucky BioProcessing, Inc. and Sanofi Pasteur. He serves on a data adjudication board for WCG and ACI Clinical. His institution has also received funding from NIH to conduct clinical trials of COVID-19 vaccines. EA is currently an employee of Moderna, Boston, MA. CR has received institutional research support from Pfizer Inc., BioFire Inc., GSK plc, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, MedImmune, Micron Technology Inc., ModernaTX, Inc., Merck & Co., Inc., Novavax, PaxVax, Regeneron, Sanofi Pasteur, and from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Institutes of Health. She is coinventor of patented RSV vaccine technology which has been licensed to Meissa Vaccines, Inc. CM is currently employed by Kaiser Permanente, Atlanta, GA, United States. JY is currently employed by Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, United States. AJ is employed by The Emmes Company, Rockville, MD, United States. EA is currently employed by Moderna, Boston, MA. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Anderson, Jadhao, Hussaini, Ha, McCracken, Gibson, Yildirim, Yi, Stephens, Korski, Kao, Sun, Lee, Jaunarajs, Rostad and Anderson.)