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Software firms are increasingly adopting an open source strategy, allowing them to leverage the effort exerted by the open source community toward improving software quality. In addition to embracing a proprietary or fully open source strategy, several firms choose a partial openness strategy wherein only certain parts of the code are open source while the rest is proprietary. Specifically, when adopting a partial openness strategy, a firm may choose to make the core software code open source while keeping the extension software code proprietary or keep the core proprietary and make the extension open source. When making decisions related to different openness strategies, firms need to take into account the level of effort they are exerting toward the improvement of the quality of software, the level of engagement of the open source community, and pricing. Hence, the decisions related to a firm's openness strategy are not straightforward. While this is an important question for many firms, it has not been analyzed in the literature. In this research, we attempt to fill this important gap by analyzing different openness strategies in the context of resource allocation for fixing defects. Specifically, using a game-theoretic model, we explore when a firm should make its software fully open source or partially open source and when it should keep it proprietary. Our results show that when the baseline demand for the firm increases with the extent of openness, the firm should either make its software fully open or keep it proprietary and, importantly, should not rely on partial openness. Next, in scenarios where customers are highly sensitive to security risks, the demand loss to efficiency gain ratio has an important role in determining a firm's optimal openness strategies. These findings provide important insights to firms on how to effectively plan their openness strategies and also establish a basis for future research on the topic of partial openness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has seen a rise in racial discrimination against Asian communities, notably the Chinese population. Despite growing research on various aspects of the pandemic, there is a notable gap in understanding its behavioral impact regarding racial discrimination. This study delves into the manifestations of COVID-19-related racial discrimination and antidiscrimination efforts on online platforms using large-scale data sets from Yelp.com and SafeGraph. We specifically examined how the pandemic affected Chinese restaurants compared with non-Chinese ones at different pandemic phases. Our findings are significant; the pandemic triggered an immediate surge in racial discrimination, resulting in a substantial decrease in customers visiting Chinese restaurants. Importantly, we applied advanced text mining and machine learning techniques to analyze user behavior, consistently revealing that increased discrimination prompted users to take antidiscrimination actions on online platforms. This research highlights a tangible form of racial discrimination through reduced patronage of Chinese restaurants and underscores the capacity of consumers to combat discrimination on online platforms. It calls for targeted policy interventions to address and prevent racial discrimination, particularly in the context of public health crises. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to an increase in cases of racial discrimination against Asians, especially Chinese people. Despite an emerging stream of studies investigating various aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic, research on the behavioral consequences of racial discrimination during the pandemic remains scarce. In this work, we examined how racial discrimination stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent anti-discrimination were manifested on online platforms. By combining difference-in-differences analyses on two large-scale panel data sets from Yelp.com and SafeGraph and two controlled experiments, we explored the impact of COVID-19 on Chinese restaurants relative to non-Chinese restaurants at different phases of the COVID-19 pandemic. We found that the COVID-19 pandemic led to an immediate increase in racial discrimination, which was reflected in a significant drop in the customer patronage frequency of Chinese restaurants as compared with that of non-Chinese restaurants. Furthermore, analyses using multiple behavioral indicators generated by text mining and machine learning techniques consistently suggested that increased discrimination triggered anti-discrimination actions of customers on online platforms after the COVID-19 outbreak. This study contributes to the literature on racial discrimination by investigating a subtle but more factual form of racial discrimination evidenced by the customer patronage of Chinese restaurants as well as user-generated content by demonstrating that consumers can fight discrimination on online platforms. History: Paul Pavlou, Senior Editor; Yan Huang, Associate Editor. Funding: The authors are grateful for the financial support of the Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province [Grant 2023A1515010823]; the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grants 72102099 and 71832010]. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2021.0568. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has opened up possibilities for product design collaborations between device providers and customers. To enable an environment of cocreation, device providers are now renting 3D printers via the 3D-as-a-Service (3DaaS) model. Although prior research has examined pricing and quality issues in the traditional manufacturing setup, these studies have not analyzed such decisions in the 3D printing supply chain setting, where end users possess the ability to customize product designs. Therefore, several important questions remain unanswered from the perspective of the 3D printing device provider. For example, what is the appropriate pricing model for providing 3DaaS? How do factors such as the extent of design customization and the complexity influence the pricing strategy of the 3DaaS firm? Our analysis shows that if the customers' impact on the product quality is relatively high or low, the pay-per-build pricing model generates a higher profit than the fixed-fee pricing model. Interestingly, we also find that if customers frequently print highly intricate product designs, the firm might choose the pay-per-build pricing model, only if the likelihood of design failure for these complex structures is low. Otherwise, the firm might opt for the fixed-fee pricing model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent studies, it has been shown that under optimal dual pulse irradiation, it is possible to generate anomalous relativistic temperature (> 500 keV) electron emission even with mJ/pulse lasers at 1/100th of the relativistic intensity when micrometer droplets of methanol are used as a high repetition rate target. In this paper, we present the results of doping these droplets with CH3I to bring out a 30-fold enhancement in electron emission. Experiments and simulations presented here find a route to enhance electron emission driven by two plasmon decay instability. Improving compact laser plasma based sources of MeV electrons, x-ray emission schemes that use a high repetition rate, and mJ/pulse laser systems is important not only for basic science but also applications of imaging and radiography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article inspects the structural and optical properties of Dy3+ activated SrNb2O6 phosphors for solid state lighting applications. The structural properties are studied by XRD, FTIR, XPS and Raman spectroscopies. XRD data are further utilized to perform Rietveld refinement and model the structure. The band gap of the samples is evaluated to ensure the utility and found to decrease upon incorporation of the Dy3+ ions. The photoluminescence excitation spectra recorded at an emission wavelength of 572 nm shows several excitation peaks in the near-UV region. Afterward, the excitation wavelengths of 350, 366 and 387 nm are utilized to excite the sample, and emission spectra are recorded. The luminescence intensity is optimized in terms of Dy3+ concentration and the optimum luminescence is derived at 4 mol% Dy3+ concentration. The calculated decay times are evaluated for different energy levels and are observed to reduce on increasing doping concentration. Photometric studies reveal the CIE color coordinates in the yellowish–white region and CCT values less than 5000 K. The derived outcomes recommend the utilization of prepared phosphor materials as a single-phase warm white light emitting candidate for solid-state lighting for indoor appliances and display devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MeV temperature electrons are typically generated at laser intensities of 1018 W cm−2. Their generation at non-relativistic intensities (~1016 W cm−2) with high repetition rate lasers is cardinal for the realization of compact, ultra-fast electron sources. Here we report a technique of dynamic target structuring of micro-droplets using a 1 kHz, 25 fs, millijoule class laser, that uses two collinear laser pulses; the first to create a concave surface in the liquid drop and the second, to dynamically-drive electrostatic plasma waves that accelerate electrons to MeV energies. The acceleration mechanism, identified as two plasmon decay instability, is shown to generate two beams of electrons with hot electron temperature components of 200 keV and 1 MeV, respectively, at an intensity of 4 × 1016 Wcm−2, only. The electron beams are demonstrated to be ideal for single shot high resolution (tens of μm) electron radiography. Typically, mJ lasers generate 50 keV temperature plasma electrons. Here, the authors use mJ laser pulses to chisel a liquid droplet surface and generate an electron temperature of 1 MeV, a feat previously possible only with 100 times more powerful lasers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leader–member exchange (LMX) is critical to service-oriented organizational citizenship behavior (SOOCB). This research investigates a mediation–moderation model theorizing the influence of employee envy and psychological empowerment on the LMX and SOOCB relationship. Using survey data acquired from 559 hotel frontline employees and analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM), this study reveals that LMX reduces employee envy and contributes to SOOCB, albeit indirectly, as employee envy was found to have an indirect influence on the relationship between LMX and SOOCB. To address the negative influence of employee envy, the findings suggest that psychological empowerment should be cultivated as it strengthens the effect of LMX in reducing employee envy and thus enabling LMX to exert an indirect influence on SOOCB when employee envy is mitigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]