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Radiation injuries, particularly those resulting from therapeutic or accidental exposure, present complex challenges for medical management. These injuries can manifest localized skin damage or extend to deeper tissues, presenting as various clinical entities that require treatment strategies, ranging from conservative management to complex surgical interventions. Radiation treatment constitutes a fundamental component of neoplastic management, with nearly two out of three oncological instances undergoing it as an element of their therapeutic strategy. The therapeutic approach to radiation injury consists of expanding prophylactic measures while maintaining the efficacy of treatment, such as conservative treatment or local debridement followed by reconstruction. The armamentarium of reconstructive methods available for plastic surgeons, from secondary healing to free tissue transfer, can be successfully applied to radiation injuries. However, the unique pathophysiological changes induced by radiation necessitate a careful and specialized approach for their application, considering the altered tissue characteristics and healing dynamics. The therapeutic strategy is guided by both the severity and progression of the injury, with the primary aim of restoring functionality and aesthetic aspects while simultaneously minimizing the risk of complications. This paper explores the various conditions encompassed by the term "radiation injury," reviews both non-surgical and surgical therapeutic strategies for managing these injuries, and highlights the unique challenges associated with treating irradiated tissues within specific oncological contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melanoma is one of the most aggressive forms of skin cancer. While most melanomas have a discernible primary site, a small subset, approximately 3.2%, present as a metastatic disease without an identifiable primary origin, a condition known as melanoma of unknown primary (MUP). Unusual cases of primary melanoma have also been previously reported in the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tracts. MUP typically is found in lymph nodes, subcutaneous sites, and visceral organs, with hypotheses about its origin including spontaneous primary tumor regression and ectopic melanocytes. MUP presents unique challenges in diagnosis and treatment due to the absence of a detectable primary tumor. Understanding its genetic and molecular features, epidemiology, prognostic factors, and treatment options is crucial for optimizing patient care and outcomes in this subset of melanoma patients. We conducted an extensive literature review triggered by a case report of a patient with suspected MUP. A 51-year-old woman was transferred from another hospital where an incision was performed for a suspected superinfected hematoma of the left thigh. Since the patient showed high leukocytosis and redness and swelling of the thigh, local debridement, drainage, and excisional biopsy of the tumor mass were performed in our unit in the emergency setting, and the tumor was taken for histopathology evaluation. Intraoperatively, the mass appeared nonspecific. The permanent histopathology report established a diagnosis of melanoma, with tumor proliferation also involving lymphoid tissue, and despite broad clinical and imagistic assessments, the primary melanoma could not be identified. Clinicians must be aware of the varied clinical manifestations of malignant melanoma, especially in cases of occult melanoma where the primary site is not evident. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Buschke–Löwenstein tumor (BLT), also known as giant condyloma acuminatum, is a rare, exophytic tumor, arising from pre-existing warty lesions associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, particularly strains 6 and 11, which are considered to have low oncogenic potential. BLT presents as a large, cauliflower-like growth typically affecting the penis, vulva, vagina, perineum, scrotum, anus, and perianal area. Despite being a benign lesion, BLT is locally aggressive with a high recurrence rate, and can potentially undergo malignant transformation into squamous cell carcinoma, contributing to an overall mortality rate of 20–30%. The primary treatment is complete surgical excision with wide margins, frequently requiring complex reconstructive techniques for defect coverage. We report on a 68-year-old patient, with multiple comorbidities, who presented with a two-year history of a large exophytic tumor in the genital region, affecting the penis, along with progressive erectile dysfunction and urinary problems. The tumor was surgically excised with oncological safety margins, and reconstruction was performed using advancement and rotation flaps from the scrotum and intact penile skin. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of Giant Condyloma (Buschke–Löwenstein tumor), showing acanthosis, papillomatosis, parakeratosis, and koilocytic cell collections, with positive immunohistochemical staining for p16, p63, and ki67. Postoperatively, the patient had a good clinical outcome and a complete surgical cure. This case highlights the critical need for timely intervention and comprehensive management strategies in treating giant condyloma, given its potential for local invasion and substantial impacts on patient quality of life. Early diagnosis and thorough surgical excision are crucial for effective management and to reduce the high recurrence, morbidity and malignant transformation risk associated with this condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Severe burns pose significant therapeutic challenges due to their complex pathophysiology, the potential for life-threatening complications, long-term sequelae and the need for a multidisciplinary approach. In this retrospective study, we aimed to comprehensively analyze burns involving over 50% of the total body surface area (TBSA) treated in our institution over six years. Materials and methods: We performed a retrospective study including 91 patients. The following epidemiological and clinical characteristics were documented: age, sex, comorbidities, admission modality, mechanism of injury, TBSA burned, burn depth, presence of inhalation injury, outcome, length of stay and associated costs. Results: In the study group, subjects had a mean age of 54.4 years (24-93), with a male-to-female ratio of 2.5:1. The median percentage of TBSA burned was 70% (50-99%) and 93.4% of patients had third-degree burns. Inhalation injury was present in 71.4% of patients. Flame burns occurred in 90.1% of patients. Prediction scores were assessed, with 60.4% of patients having an ABSI score above 12. Mortality in our study group was 84.61% and 39.5% of patients died in the first week after burn injury. The most frequent systemic complications were respiratory complications (95.6%), followed by cardiocirculatory (93.4%), metabolic (84.6%), hematological (74.7%), renal (64.8%), hepatic (59.3%) and infectious complications (38.4%). Conclusions: Managing major burns is a highly complex process, which requires specialized care and infrastructure to improve outcomes. Extensive burns, especially over 50% TBSA, have high morbidity and mortality, with factors like age, severity and inhalation injury affecting prognosis. A multidisciplinary approach is essential for treatment, addressing not only the burns but also systemic complications to prevent multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Burn injuries are the most severe type of trauma, with complex biological consequences associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Prompt recognition and management of burn-related complications are imperative for improving the vital and functional prognosis of the patient. Changes in biological parameters can be essential determinants in the prognosis of the burned patient. Thrombocytopenia in critically ill patients is linked to an elevated risk of mortality. We sought to investigate the significance of thrombocytopenia in severely burned patients while considering the limited available data in the literature. Materials and methods: A two-year retrospective study was conducted on 90 patients with severe burns admitted to our Burn Centre. Demographic data, burn lesion characteristics, and daily total blood counts, including platelet assessment, complications, and mortality, were recorded and analyzed. Results: Patients with extensive burns in our study had a poor prognosis based on their Abbreviated Burn Severity Index score (ABSI), age, percentage of total body surface area (TBSA) burned, presence of third-degree burns, and inhalation injuries. Regardless of the moment, patients with thrombocytopenia in our study died significantly more frequently. Compared with the survivors, the platelet count was significantly lower at any given time in the non-survivors group. Significant statistical associations between thrombocytopenia and ABSI score, burn surface area, presence of third-degree burns, and inhalation injuries were identified at different timeframes post-burn injury. Sepsis was encountered in one-third of the patients. Thrombocytopenia was more frequent in patients with sepsis who did not survive compared to survivors and did not normalize until the time of death. Conclusions: Thrombocytopenia represents an early indicator of severe complications and outcome predictor in severely burned patients. It is correlated with recognized negative prognostic factors and also with sepsis occurrence. Future research efforts should focus on refining early detection parameters and interventions to improve the prognosis of burn patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field of transplantation, including the specialized area of vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA), has been transformed since the first hand transplant in 1998. The major challenge in VCA comes from the need for life-long immunosuppressive therapy due to its non-vital nature and a high rate of systemic complications. Ongoing research is focused on immunosuppressive therapeutic strategies to avoid toxicity and promote donor-specific tolerance. This includes studying the balance between tolerance and effector mechanisms in immune modulation, particularly the role of costimulatory signals in T lymphocyte activation. Costimulatory signals during T cell activation can have either stimulatory or inhibitory effects. Interfering with T cell activation through costimulation blockade strategies shows potential in avoiding rejection and prolonging the survival of transplanted organs. This review paper aims to summarize current data on the immunologic role of costimulatory blockade in the field of transplantation. It focuses on strategies that can be applied in vascularized composite allotransplantation, offering insights into novel methods for enhancing the success and safety of these procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]