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This article aims to: (1) explain the ethical politics and the origins of the Kweekschool establishment policy; (2) analyze the educational system and programs offered at Kweekschool; (3) examine the influence of Kweekschool on the social transformation of the native (bumiputra) community. This study employs a historical research method. The findings indicate that: (1) The ethical politics, formalized by Queen Wilhelmina in 1901, led to the implementation of the Kweekschoolplan in 1927, which facilitated the establishment of Kweekschool as a response to the need for local teachers; (2) Kweekschool offered various educational programs aimed at training different categories of teachers, including those for rural schools and for Vervolg schools; (3) The ethical politics contributed to a social transformation within the bumiputra community, as Kweekschool graduates, who formed the educated elite, played a significant role in the emergence of nationalist movements that contributed to Indonesia's struggle for independence.

Naturally colored cotton can be a highly sustainable alternative to conventional cotton which entails huge consumption of water, energy, and chemicals in scouring, bleaching and dyeing. The objective of this study was to investigate the yarn properties of one of the most commonly grown Gossypium hirsutum cotton and naturally colored Gossypium arboreum cotton grown in Pakistan. Eighteen different samples of ring-spun yarn were developed using the two cotton types, in three different yarn counts (Ne 16, Ne 20, Ne 24), each with three different twist multipliers (TM: 4.00, 4.25, 4.50). Different yarn properties of all yarn samples were investigated as per standard test methods. Result comparisons show that tenacity and elongation of conventional cotton yarns was about 42% and 10 % higher as compared to that of colored cotton respectively. Similarly, hairiness, CVm and total imperfections of colored cotton yarns were 11%, 25%and 320 % higher as compared to conventional cotton respectively. Comparative analysis reveals that although yarns made from Gossypium hirsutum cotton are superior in terms of strength, elongation and uniformity. However, the properties of naturally colored Gossypium arboreum cotton yarn are good enough for making different textile products which do not require too high mechanical strength and uniformity such as knitwear, woven casuals, and home textiles like bed linen and curtains. It seems that the natural color genes of cotton suppress its strength and fiber length properties which reduced yarn tenacity, and increased yarn unevenness, imperfections, and hairiness.

IntroductionIsaria cicadae, a historically valued edible and medicinal fungus in China, has been experiencing a critical decline in abundance due to ecological degradation and overexploitation. Understanding its potential distribution is essential for promoting sustainable harvesting practices.MethodsThis study utilizes the MaxEnt model, combined with known distribution records and 22 environmental variables, to predict the potential distribution of I. cicadae under three representative emission scenarios (CMIP6: SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5) for the 2050s and 2070s.ResultsThe analysis identifies seven key environmental variables influencing the habitat suitability of I. cicadae: the mean temperature of the driest quarter (bio09), the mean temperature of the wettest quarter (bio08), precipitation in the wettest month (bio16), the mean diurnal range (bio02), isothermality (bio03), elevation, and slope. Currently, I. cicadae is mainly found in the provinces of Yunnan, Sichuan, Hunan, Hubei, Guizhou, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Fujian, Anhui, and Zhejiang, with Yunnan and Sichuan having the largest areas of high suitability at 25.79 × 104 km2 and 21.36 × 104 km2, respectively.DiscussionJiangxi, Hunan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Fujian, and the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region are identified as primary regions of high suitability. This study aims to further elucidate the impact of the environment on the distribution of I. cicadae from a geographical perspective and provide theoretical insights for the future cultivation and conservation strategies of this species.

BackgroundThere is indication that the fallopian tubes might be involved in ovarian cancer pathogenesis and their removal reduces cancer risk. Hence, bilateral salpingectomy during hysterectomy or sterilization, so called opportunistic salpingectomy (OS), is gaining wide acceptance as a preventive strategy. Recently, it was discussed whether implementation of OS at other gynecologic surgery, e.g., cesarean section, endometriosis excision or myomectomy and even at non-gynecologic abdominal surgery such as cholecystectomy or appendectomy for women with completed family could be feasible. This modeling analysis evaluated the clinical and economic potential of OS at gynecologic and abdominal surgeries.Methods and findingsA state transition model representing all relevant health states (healthy, healthy with hysterectomy or tubal ligation, healthy with other gynecologic or non-gynecologic abdominal surgery, healthy with hysterectomy and salpingectomy, healthy with salpingectomy, healthy with hysterectomy and salpingo-oophorectomy, ovarian cancer and death) was developed and informed with transition probabilities based on inpatient case numbers in Germany (2019). Outcomes for women aged 20-85 years were simulated over annual cycles with 1,200,000 million individuals. We compared four strategies: (I) OS at any suitable abdominal surgery, (II) OS only at any suitable gynecologic surgery, (III) OS only at hysterectomy or sterilization, and (IV) no implementation of OS. Primary outcome measures were prevented ovarian cancer cases and deaths as well as the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). Volume of eligible interventions in strategy I was 3.5 times greater than in strategy III (286,736 versus 82,319). With strategy IV as reference, ovarian cancer cases were reduced by 15.34% in strategy I, 9.78% in II, and 5.48% in III. Setting costs for OS to €216.19 (calculated from average OS duration and operating room minute costs), implementation of OS would lead to healthcare cost savings as indicated by an ICER of €-8,685.50 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained for strategy I, €-8,270.55/QALY for II, and €-4,511.86/QALY for III. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated stable results over a wide range of input parameters with strategy I being the superior approach in the majority of simulations. However, the extent of cancer risk reduction after OS appeared as the critical factor for effectiveness. Preventable ovarian cancer cases dropped to 4.07% (I versus IV), 1.90% (II versus IV), and 0.37% (III versus IV) if risk reduction would be 0.73). ICER of strategies I and II was lower than the 2× gross domestic product per capita (GDP/C) (€94,366/QALY, Germany 2022) within the range of all tested parameters, but strategy III exceeded this threshold in case-risk reduction was 0.65). The study is limited to data from the inpatient sector and direct medical costs.ConclusionsBased on our model, interdisciplinary implementation of OS in any suitable abdominal surgeries could contribute to prevention of ovarian cancer and reduction of healthcare costs. The broader implementation approach demonstrated substantially better clinical and economic effectiveness and higher robustness with parameter variation. Based on a lifetime cost saving of €20.89 per capita if OS was performed at any suitable abdominal surgery, the estimated total healthcare cost savings in Germany could be more than €10 million annually.

Cybersecurity, complimenting authentication, has become the backbone of the Internet of Things. In the authentication process, the word authentication is of the utmost importance, as it is the door through which both Mr. Right Guy and Mr. Wrong Guy can pass. It is the key to opening the most important and secure accounts worldwide. When authentication is complete, surely there will be passwords. Passwords are a brain-confusing option for the user to choose when making an account during the registration/sign-up process. Providing reliable, effective, and privacy-preserving authentication for individuals in mobile networks is challenging due to user mobility, many attack vectors, and resource-constrained devices. This review paper explores the transformation and modern mobile authentication schemes, categorizing them into password, graphical, behavioral, keystroke, biometric, touchscreen, color, and gaze-based methodologies. It aims to examine the strengths and limitations focused on challenges like security and usability. Standard datasets and performance evaluation measures are also discussed. Finally, research gaps and future directions in this essential and emerging area of research are discussed.

In recent years, the growth of utilizing rural microgrids (RMGs) has been accompanied by various challenges. These necessitate the development of appropriate models for optimal generation in RMGs and RMGs’ coordination. In this paper, two distinct models for RMGs are presented. The first model includes an islanded rural microgrid (IRMG) and the second model consists of three RMGs that are interconnected with one another and linked to the distribution network. The proposed models take into account the uncertainty in load, photovoltaics (PVs), and wind turbines (WTs) with consideration of their correlation by using a scenario-based technique. Three objective functions are defined for optimization: minimizing operational costs including maintenance and fuel expenses, reducing voltage deviation to maintain power quality, and decreasing pollution emissions from fuel cells and microturbines. A new optimization method, namely the Improved Multi-Objective Crow Search Algorithm (IMOCSA), is proposed to solve the problem models. IMOCSA enhances the standard Crow Search Algorithm through three key improvements: an adaptive chaotic awareness probability to better balance exploration and exploitation, a mutation mechanism applied to the solution repository to prevent premature convergence, and a K-means clustering method to control repository size and increase algorithmic efficiency. Since the proposed problem is a multi-objective non-linear optimization problem with conflicting objectives, the idea of the Pareto front is used to find a group of optimal solutions. To assess the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed models, they are implemented in two different case studies and the analysis and results are illustrated.