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This work reports the synthesis of molybdenum based manganese oxide nanomaterials named as (CH1‐CH5) via a facile hydrothermal approach. Nanomaterials were characterized through Powder XRD, SEM, BET, UV‐Vis, Photoluminescence, and FTIR analysis. Structural characterization revealed triclinic crystal structure of nanomaterials having particle sizes in the range of 23.08–52.7 nm with very low levels of microstrain levels (<0.05) and dislocation densities. Surface areas were found to be in the range of 42.37–52.32 m2/g with mesoporous structures and solid bar and cross surface morphology. Optical band gaps (Eg) calculated from absorption data was found to be in the range of 4.65–4.75 eV for direct transitions whereas 4.60–4.74 eV for indirect transitions. The Eg calculated from emission data was found to be in the range of 2.42–2.67 eV. Absorption edge broadening was investigated by urbach energy (EU) calculated to be in the range of 1.23–1.51 eV whereas fermi energy (Ef) were obtained as 4.66–4.72 eV. Refractive index (n) was calculated to be in the range of 0.13–0.21 whereas high values obtained for real and imaginary parts of dielectric constants (ϵ) indicating polarization relaxation in synthesized materials. The calculated structural and optical characteristics indicates that these materials can be potential candidates for optoelectronic and catalytic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous metabolic disorder that poses significant health and economic challenges across the globe. Polysaccharides, found abundantly in edible plants, hold promise for managing diabetes by reducing blood glucose levels (BGL) and insulin resistance. However, most of these polysaccharides cannot be digested or absorbed directly by the human body. Here we report the production of antidiabetic oligosaccharides from cress seed mucilage polysaccharides using yeast fermentation. The water-soluble polysaccharides extracted from cress seed mucilage were precipitated using 75% ethanol and fermented with Pichia pastoris for different time intervals. The digested saccharides were fractionated through gel permeation chromatography using a Bio Gel P-10 column. Structural analysis of the oligosaccharide fractions revealed the presence of galacturonic acid, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, glucose and arabinose. Oligosaccharide fractions exhibited the potential to inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. The fraction DF73 exhibited strong inhibitory activity against α-amylase with IC50 values of 38.2 ± 1.12 µg/mL, compared to the positive control, acarbose, having an IC50 value of 29.18 ± 1.76 µg/mL. Similarly, DF72 and DF73 showed the highest inhibition of α-glucosidase, with IC50 values of 9.26 ± 2.68 and 50.47 ± 5.18 µg/mL, respectively. In in vivo assays in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice, these oligosaccharides significantly reduced BGL and improved lipid profiles compared to the reference drug metformin. Histopathological observations of mouse livers indicated the cytoprotective effects of these sugars. Taken together, our results suggest that oligosaccharides produced through microbial digestion of polysaccharides extracted from cress seed mucilage have the potential to reduce blood glucose levels, possibly through inhibition of carbohydrate-digesting enzymes and regulation of the various signaling pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Aspergillus fumigatus effectively controls root-knot nematodes in Solanum melongena. • Frequency of root galls dropped by 6.8-fold in A. fumigatus colonized seedlings. • Fungus colonized seedlings had higher levels of SA indicating SA dependent response. • The fungus secreted a number of nematocidal phenols and alkaloids. Because of the endophytic fungi's ability to improve host plant fitness and boost their defense they have been used as to control root knot nematode (RKN) infection. RKNs induce root galls by altering growth pattern in the cell elongation zone, thereby obstructing nutrient transport to various parts of the plant. This project was designed to control RKN infestation in Solanum melongena by utilizing plant-friendly endophytic fungi. Garlic plants were used to isolate endophytic fungi which were then screened for their potential to inhibit RKN in S. melongena. Based on its namatocidal potential, the endophyte strain, named GR was selected and identified to be Aspergillus fumigatus with the help of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) segment of the rRNA genes. The fungus had the ability to release indole acetic acid (IAA), salicylic acid (SA), phenols and flavonoids. The potential endophytes were assessed for the biocontrol of RKN in S. melongena seedlings grown in pots. The isolated strain conferred resistance to RKN penetration, leading to a substantial reduction in the frequency of root galls by 6.8-fold than the control. In comparison to control, endophyte-associated seedlings exhibited a 50 % increase in SA levels, indicating a SA-dependent defense against RKN. The activity of catalase and ascorbic acid was also boosted to suppress ROS generated in the RKN infested seedlings. The culture of the endophytic isolate contained nematicidal phenol (p-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, Calycosin) and an alkaloid (Cyclopenin). These findings suggest that the isolated endophyte confers resistance to RKN in Solanum melongena by modulating host physiology and releasing nematicidal substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Fuel cells have a lot of potential as clean and effective methods for converting energy. • There are numerous ways of synthesizing AuNPs, including as chemical reduction, electrochemical deposition, and green synthesis techniques. • AuNPs' catalytic characteristics may be tuned by carefully controlling their size, shape, and surface structure. • The structure and composition of AuNPs may be better understood using advanced characterization methods. • A sustainable energy future will be made possible by ongoing research and innovation, which will additionally open the path for the effective use of AuNPs in fuel cell applications. The increasing global emphasis on renewable and sustainable energy sources has accelerated the exploration and adoption of fuel cells as an appropriate substitute. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the utilization of gold (Au) nanoparticles as highly efficient catalysts for the oxygen reduction process (ORR) in fuel cells. The utilization of Au nanoparticles has gained significant attention in recent years due to their distinctive electrochemical properties and remarkable stability. These characteristics have positioned them as a prominent candidate in this particular field. The demand for alternative catalysts has been driven by the high cost, restricted availability, and inadequate long-term durability of platinum. The examination additionally explores the impact of particle size, morphology, and alloying with other metals on the catalytic efficacy of gold nanoparticles. The present study additionally encompasses the identification and subsequent discussion of the challenges encountered in the field, as well as the strategies implemented to mitigate these challenges. Noteworthy among these strategies are the enhancement of the catalyst's resistance to poisons and the augmentation of its stability during operational circumstances. Through an in-depth analysis of this review, researchers gain valuable insights and identify potential avenues for future investigation. The objective is to advance the utilization of Au nanoparticle catalysts in fuel cell technology, positioning them as a viable, high-performing, and environmentally sustainable solution to meet the energy requirements of tomorrow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]