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We present the gluon distribution functions of the pion and kaon in small-x and large-x regions, and compare them with the results obtained from lattice QCD and continuum Schwinger function methods. Whether in the small-x region or the large-x region, our gluon distribution of the pion is consistent with the results of lattice QCD and continuum Schwinger function methods. We also calculate the first four moments of gluon distributions of the pion and kaon at different Q 2 scales. In addition, we present the mass decomposition of the pion and kaon with the dynamical parton distribution functions calculated by the DGLAP equation with parton–parton recombination corrections. The mass structures of the pion and kaon are completely different from that of the proton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • V-Ni@NiMoO 4 /Ni 12 P 5 with a microsphere structure as the supporting framework exhibits excellent cycling stability. • For OER, a low overpotential of only 254 mV is required to achieve a current density of 50 mA cm, with no significant decline observed after 114 h of cycling. • The introduction of phosphorus enhances the electron transfer at the Ni active sites, better activating adsorbates, and thus improving catalytic performance. At present, there are few reports on the micron-sized catalysts for overall water splitting. In this study, phosphating method were used to construct the self-supporting catalyst (V doped Ni microspheres coated by NiMoO 4 /Ni 12 P 5) with microspherical structure, providing a short path and a stable structure to guarantee quick electron transfer and excellent catalytic performance. Hence, oxygen evolution reaction (OER) only needs 254 mV to reach a current density of 50 mA cm−2 in 1.0 mol/L KOH, after 114 h without attenuation. The catalyst can achieve a current densitiy of 10 mA cm−2 with a voltage of only 158 mV for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). When micron scale V-Ni@NiMoO 4 /Ni 12 P 5 is used as both anode and cathode for overall water splitting, the device can operate at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 for more than 200 h of good stability. Its superior catalytic performance can be attributed to the construction of micron size and phosphating. DFT calculations indicate that the introduction of P better activates the adsorbed *OH and H 2 O*, reduces reaction the energy barrier, and improves the catalytic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]