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In this paper, a mathematical ordinary differential tumor-immune model is proposed based on an immune checkpoint inhibitor, which is an innovative method for tumor immunotherapies. Two important factors in tumor-immune response are the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1. The model consists of three populations: tumor cells, activated T cells and anti-PD-1. By analyzing the dynamics of the model, it is found that there is always a unique tumor-free equilibrium and at most two tumor interior equilibria. The nonexistence of nontrivial positive periodic orbits is established by using the new Dulac function, and then a global dynamics of the model is obtained. The conclusions of our analysis show that increasing the possibility of T cells killing tumor cells (p), early detection of tumor cells, or the use of PD-1 inhibitors to activate T cells are effective in eliminating tumor cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high solubility and low intrinsic electronic conductivity are the key challenges for application of organic materials in electrochemical energy storage. Herein, a functionalized porphyrin complex of [5,15‐Bis(ethynyl)‐10,20‐diphenylporphinato]nickel(II) (NiDEPP) is proposed as new cathode material for alkali metal ion batteries. Owing to the in‐situ electropolymerization, NiDEPP became extremely stable after initial cycling. Therefore, the NiDEPP electrode delivers remarkable reversible capacity of 153 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1, a high specific energy density of 459 Wh kg−1 and extremely stable cyclability for 4000 cycles with negligible capacity decay in organic lithium batteries. It can further be cycled upto 10000 cycles. Due to the bipolar capability of porphyrin ring, this cathode can also be extended in both sodium and potassium based organic cells. Similar charge storage mechanism enables highly reversible capacity and long‐term cycling stability. This study would open a pathway toward new organic electrodes with long cycling life and high energy densities for renewable charge storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catalytic hydrogenation of nitriles represents an efficient and sustainable one‐step synthesis of valuable bulk and fine chemicals. We report herein a molecular cobalt electrocatalyst for selective hydrogenative coupling of nitriles with amines using protons as the hydrogen source. The key to success for this reductive reaction is the use of an electrocatalytic approach for efficient cobalt‐hydride generation through a sequence of cathodic reduction and protonation. As only electrons (e−) and protons (H+) as the redox equivalent and hydrogen source, this general electrohydrogenation protocol is showcased by highly selective and straightforward synthesis of various functionalized and structurally diverse amines, as well as deuterium isotope labeling applications. Mechanistic studies reveal that the electrogenerated cobalt‐hydride transfer to nitrile process is the rate‐determining step. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microencapsulation of paraffin with melamine formaldehyde shell (Pn@MF) shows the drawbacks of low thermal conductivity. Hence, we constructed SiO2 shells on Pn@MF phase change microcapsules by interfacial polycondensation to obtain Pn@MF@SiO2 double‐shelled microcapsules. The effect of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) contents on the performance of Pn@MF@SiO2 was discussed in detail. As the TEOS contents increased, the thermal conductivity of Pn@MF@SiO2 gradually increased, reaching up to 0.376 W m−1 K−1. The Pn@MF@SiO2 have exhibited superior leakage‐proof properties and thermal reliability through double‐shelled protection, and the highest reduction in leakage rate reached 45.06 % compared to Pn@MF microcapsules. The Pn@MF@SiO2‐3 with the lowest enthalpy still exhibit a latent heat storage capacity of more than 176 J/g, which displayed outstanding latent heat storage/release capability and good anti‐permeable property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meconopsis integrifolia (Maxim.) Franch. is used extensively in traditional Tibetan medicine for its potent anti‐inflammatory properties. In this study, six cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) inhibitors were purified from M. integrifolia using high‐speed counter‐current chromatography guided by ultrafiltration liquid chromatography (ultrafiltration‐LC). First, ultrafiltration‐LC was performed to profile the COX‐2 inhibitors in M. integrifolia. The reflux extraction conditions were further optimized using response surface methodology, and the results showed that the targeted COX‐2 inhibitors could be well enriched under the optimized extraction conditions. Then the six target COX‐2 inhibitors were separated by high‐speed countercurrent chromatography with a solvent system composed of ethyl acetate/n‐butanol/water (4:1:4, v/v/v. Finally, the six COX‐2 inhibitors, including 21.2 mg of 8‐hydroxyluteolin 7‐sophoroside, 29.6 mg of 8‐hydroxyluteolin 7‐[6′''‐acetylallosyl‐(1→2)‐glucoside], 42.5 mg of Sinocrassoside D3, 54.1 mg of Hypolaetin 7‐[6′′′‐acetylallosyll‐(l→2)‐3′′‐acetylglucoside, 30.6 mg of Hypolaetin 7‐[6′′′‐acetylallosyll‐(l→2)‐6′′‐acetylglucoside and 17.8 mg of Hypolaetin were obtained from 500 mg of sample. Their structures were elucidated by 1H‐NMR spectroscopy. This study reveals that ultrafiltration‐LC combined with high‐speed counter‐current chromatography is a robust and efficient strategy for target‐guided isolation and purification of bioactive molecules. It also enhances the scientific understanding of the anti‐inflammatory properties of M. integrifolia but also paves the way for its further medicinal applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a common microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). With the increasing prevalence of DM worldwide, the incidence of DKD remains high. If DKD is not well controlled, it can develop into chronic kidney disease or end-stage renal disease (ESRD), which places considerable economic pressure on society. Traditional therapies, including glycemic control, blood pressure control, blood lipid control, the use of renin-angiotensin system blockers and novel drugs, such as sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, mineralocorticoid receptor inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, have been used in DKD patients. Although the above treatment strategies can delay the progression of DKD, most DKD patients still ultimately progress to ESRD. Therefore, new and multimodal treatment methods need to be explored. In recent years, researchers have continuously developed new treatment methods and targets to delay the progression of DKD, including miRNA therapy, stem cell therapy, gene therapy, gut microbiota-targeted therapy and lifestyle intervention. These new molecular therapy methods constitute opportunities to better understand and treat DKD. In this review, we summarize the progress of molecular therapeutics for DKD, leading to new treatment strategies.