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Carvacrol (CA) is a phenolic monoterpene renowned for its diverse pharmacological benefits, particularly its cardioprotective effects. Concurrently, phenolic acids have also demonstrated promise in mitigating drug-induced cardiotoxicity. Focusing on combating doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity (DIC), the research aims to synthesize novel cardioprotective agents by combining CA with 3-hydroxybenzoic acid (3HA). Doxorubicin, an anticancer drug, poses cardiovascular risks as its adverse effect, prompting the exploration of hybrid compounds. Various linker molecules, including alkyl and acyl with different carbon lengths, were investigated to understand their impact on bioactivity. In vitro testing on the DOX-induced H9c2 cell death model revealed the effectiveness of a CA conjugate in preserving cardiomyocyte viability. In silico analysis highlighted favorable drug-like properties and low toxicity of the conjugate. This study sheds light on molecular hybridization's potential in developing cardioprotective agents, emphasizing CA's pivotal role in combating DIC., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

The potentially wide application of Phenolic acids (PAs) in industries was severely limited by their inadequate solubility and stability in polar/non-polar media. To overcome these limits, studies on the enzymatic esterification of PAs with glycerol were carried out to reach a yield of 95% of phenolic acid glycerols (PAGs) under the following reaction conditions: 1:150 molar ratio of PAs to glycerol; 25% of Lipozyme 435 relative to the weight of total substrates; 80°C, 500 rpm, 86.7 kPa and 10 h. Three resulting PAGs including caffeoyl glycerol (CG), feruloyl glycerol (FG), and p-hydroxycinnamoyl glycerol (p-HCG) were confirmed by MS, 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR. Among them, CG showed a comparative free radical scavenging ability to CA, indicating its potential use as a water-soluble antioxidant alternative to CA for food and cosmetic applications.