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Abstract Purpose Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have emerged as transformative tools in the field of radiation oncology, significantly advancing the precision of contouring practices. However, the adaptability of these algorithms across diverse scanners, institutions, and imaging protocols remains a considerable obstacle. This study aims to investigate the effects of incorporating institution-specific datasets into the training regimen of CNNs to assess their generalization ability in real-world clinical environments. Focusing on a data-centric analysis, the influence of varying multi- and single center training approaches on algorithm performance is conducted. Methods nnU-Net is trained using a dataset comprising 161 18F-PSMA-1007 PET images collected from four distinct institutions (Freiburg: n = 96, Munich: n = 19, Cyprus: n = 32, Dresden: n = 14). The dataset is partitioned such that data from each center are systematically excluded from training and used solely for testing to assess the model's generalizability and adaptability to data from unfamiliar sources. Performance is compared through a 5-Fold Cross-Validation, providing a detailed comparison between models trained on datasets from single centers to those trained on aggregated multi-center datasets. Dice Similarity Score, Hausdorff distance and volumetric analysis are used as primary evaluation metrics. Results The mixed training approach yielded a median DSC of 0.76 (IQR: 0.64–0.84) in a five-fold cross-validation, showing no significant differences (p = 0.18) compared to models trained with data exclusion from each center, which performed with a median DSC of 0.74 (IQR: 0.56–0.86). Significant performance improvements regarding multi-center training were observed for the Dresden cohort (multi-center median DSC 0.71, IQR: 0.58–0.80 vs. single-center 0.68, IQR: 0.50–0.80, p 0.05; Freiburg: multi-center 0.78, IQR: 0.53–0.87 vs. single-center 0.71, IQR: 0.53–0.83, p = 0.23). Conclusion CNNs trained for auto contouring intraprostatic GTV in 18F-PSMA-1007 PET on a diverse dataset from multiple centers mostly generalize well to unseen data from other centers. Training on a multicentric dataset can improve performance compared to training exclusively with a single-center dataset regarding intraprostatic 18F-PSMA-1007 PET GTV segmentation. The segmentation performance of the same CNN can vary depending on the dataset employed for training and testing.

The escalating demand for meat driven by the increase of the global population requires substantial advancements in the beef sector. Among the various cattle breeds bred for meat, Black Angus (BA) is renowned for its adaptability and commendable performance in meat production. In contrast with BA, the Romanian Spotted (RS) is a local study breed which constitutes a significant proportion of Romania's livestock and it could become an alternative to BA in a localized market. This study aims to assess the suitability of RS beef to dry-ageing in comparison to BA by investigating the impact of dry-aging (DA) and wet-aging (WA) techniques on two distinct anatomical parts, specifically Longissimus thoracis (LT) and Longissimus lumborum (LL), of each breed. The quality of the aged products was assessed in terms of microbiological characteristics, fatty acid composition and the changes in their values at the end of the ageing process compared with the initially quality of the raw meat. The study showed significant changes in the fatty acid composition profile after ageing, for both types of ageing, and for both breeds. Furthermore, this study highlights the possibility of valorizing local breeds in the production of aged beef.

Abstract Amyloid polymorphism is a hallmark of almost all amyloid species, yet the mechanisms underlying the formation of amyloid polymorphs and their complex architectures remain elusive. Commonly, two main mesoscopic topologies are found in amyloid polymorphs characterized by non‐zero Gaussian and mean curvatures: twisted ribbons and helical fibrils, respectively. Here, a rich heterogeneity of configurations is demonstrated on insulin amyloid fibrils, where protofilament packing can occur, besides the common polymorphs, also in a combined mode forming mixed‐curvature polymorphs. Through AFM statistical analysis, an extended array of heterogeneous architectures that are rationalized by mesoscopic theoretical arguments are identified. Notably, an unusual fibrillization pathway is also unraveled toward mixed‐curvature polymorphs via the widespread recruitment and intertwining of protofilaments and protofibrils. The results present an original view of amyloid polymorphism and advance the fundamental understanding of the fibrillization mechanism from single protofilaments into mature amyloid fibrils.

Abstract Objective Infantile epileptic spasms (IS) are epileptic seizures that are associated with increased risk for developmental impairments, adult epilepsies, and mortality. Here, we investigated coherence‐based network dynamics in scalp EEG of infants with IS to identify frequency‐dependent networks associated with spasms. We hypothesized that there is a network of increased fast ripple connectivity during the electrographic onset of clinical spasms, which is distinct from controls. Methods We retrospectively analyzed peri‐ictal and interictal EEG recordings of 14 IS patients. The data was compared with 9 age‐matched controls. Wavelet phase coherence (WPC) was computed between 0.2 and 400 Hz. Frequency‐ and time‐dependent brain networks were constructed using this coherence as the strength of connection between two EEG channels, based on graph theory principles. Connectivity was evaluated through global efficiency (GE) and channel‐based closeness centrality (CC), over frequency and time. Results GE in the fast ripple band (251–400 Hz) was significantly greater following the onset of spasms in all patients (P central > anterior, Kruskal‐Wallis P

Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), a novel class of glucose-lowering drugs, have revolutionized the management of heart failure with reduced and preserved ejection fraction, regardless of the presence of diabetes, and are currently incorporated in the heart failure guidelines. While these drugs have consistently demonstrated their ability to decrease heart failure hospitalizations in several landmark clinical trials, their cardioprotective effects are far from having been completely elucidated. In the past decade, a growing body of experimental research has sought to address the molecular and cellular mechanisms of SGLT2i in order to provide a better understanding of the off-target acute and chronic cardiac benefits, beyond the on-target renal effect responsible for blood glucose reduction. The present narrative review addresses the direct cardioprotective effects of SGLT2i, delving into the off-target mechanisms of the drugs currently approved for heart failure therapy, and provides insights into future perspectives.

Despite the implementation of equality interventions within higher education, progress towards gender parity in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) remains slow. Male educators often exhibit poorer engagement with diversity initiatives, potentially contributing to persisting gender disparities in STEM given men's longstanding dominance in these programs. Two experiments investigate how equality interventions should be designed to maximize support from male educators. Experiment 1 (N = 72; M[subscript age] = 39.72, SD[subscript age] = 12.33) used virtual reality to manipulate 2 factors among male academics: (1) exposure to gender inequality and (2) virtually taking the perspective of a female scientist. Using self-report and behavioral measures, viewing an empirical presentation outlining the prevalence of gender issues in STEM yielded the greatest support for equality initiatives following successful perspective-taking. Experiment 2 (N = 120; M[subscript age] = 32.48, SD[subscript age] = 10.36) varied two additional factors among male academics: (1) evidence-based methods to reduce gender biases in STEM (i.e., promoting self-efficacy) and (2) blaming male academics for gender inequalities. Promoting self-efficacy and blaming men for disparities led to greater confidence in male academics' ability to address gender inequalities in their field. Notably, higher self-efficacy accounted for greater support for equality initiatives and internal motives to engage with diversity programs. Findings provide an empirical framework and high-tech training tools for promoting engagement with diversity initiatives among male educators, informing development of interventions within higher education to improve student and faculty experiences in STEM.

Schizophyllum commune is a mushroom-forming fungus notable for its distinctive fruiting bodies with split gills. It is used as a model organism to study mushroom development, lignocellulose degradation and mating type loci. It is a hypervariable species with considerable genetic and phenotypic diversity between the strains. In this study, we systematically phenotyped 16 dikaryotic strains for aspects of mushroom development and 18 monokaryotic strains for lignocellulose degradation. There was considerable heterogeneity among the strains regarding these phenotypes. The majority of the strains developed mushrooms with varying morphologies, although some strains only grew vegetatively under the tested conditions. Growth on various carbon sources showed strain-specific profiles. The genomes of seven monokaryotic strains were sequenced and analyzed together with six previously published genome sequences. Moreover, the related species Schizophyllum fasciatum was sequenced. Although there was considerable genetic variation between the genome assemblies, the genes related to mushroom formation and lignocellulose degradation were well conserved. These sequenced genomes, in combination with the high phenotypic diversity, will provide a solid basis for functional genomics analyses of the strains of S. commune.

Tardigrades are unique micro‐organisms with a high tolerance to desiccation. The protection of their cells against desiccation involves tardigrade‐specific proteins, which include the so‐called cytoplasmic abundant heat soluble (CAHS) proteins. As a first step towards the design of peptides capable of mimicking the cytoprotective properties of CAHS proteins, we have synthesized several model peptides with sequences selected from conserved CAHS motifs and investigated to what extent they exhibit the desiccation‐induced structural changes of the full‐length proteins. Using circular dichroism spectroscopy, two‐dimensional infrared spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics simulations, we have found that the CAHS model peptides are mostly disordered, but adopt a more α$$ \alpha $$‐helical structure upon addition of 2,2,2‐trifluoroethanol, which mimics desiccation. This structural behavior is similar to that of full‐length CAHS proteins, which also adopt more ordered conformations upon desiccation. We also have investigated the surface activity of the peptides at the air/water interface, which also mimics partial desiccation. Interestingly, sum‐frequency generation spectroscopy shows that all model peptides are surface active and adopt a helical structure at the air/water interface. Our results suggest that amino acids with high helix‐forming propensities might contribute to the propensity of these peptides to adopt a helical structure when fully or partially dehydrated. Thus, the selected sequences retain part of the CAHS structural behavior upon desiccation, and might be used as a basis for the design of new synthetic peptide‐based cryoprotective materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have emerged as transformative tools in the field of radiation oncology, significantly advancing the precision of contouring practices. However, the adaptability of these algorithms across diverse scanners, institutions, and imaging protocols remains a considerable obstacle. This study aims to investigate the effects of incorporating institution-specific datasets into the training regimen of CNNs to assess their generalization ability in real-world clinical environments. Focusing on a data-centric analysis, the influence of varying multi- and single center training approaches on algorithm performance is conducted. Methods: nnU-Net is trained using a dataset comprising 161 18F-PSMA-1007 PET images collected from four distinct institutions (Freiburg: n = 96, Munich: n = 19, Cyprus: n = 32, Dresden: n = 14). The dataset is partitioned such that data from each center are systematically excluded from training and used solely for testing to assess the model's generalizability and adaptability to data from unfamiliar sources. Performance is compared through a 5-Fold Cross-Validation, providing a detailed comparison between models trained on datasets from single centers to those trained on aggregated multi-center datasets. Dice Similarity Score, Hausdorff distance and volumetric analysis are used as primary evaluation metrics. Results: The mixed training approach yielded a median DSC of 0.76 (IQR: 0.64–0.84) in a five-fold cross-validation, showing no significant differences (p = 0.18) compared to models trained with data exclusion from each center, which performed with a median DSC of 0.74 (IQR: 0.56–0.86). Significant performance improvements regarding multi-center training were observed for the Dresden cohort (multi-center median DSC 0.71, IQR: 0.58–0.80 vs. single-center 0.68, IQR: 0.50–0.80, p < 0.001) and Cyprus cohort (multi-center 0.74, IQR: 0.62–0.83 vs. single-center 0.72, IQR: 0.54–0.82, p < 0.01). While Munich and Freiburg also showed performance improvements with multi-center training, results showed no statistical significance (Munich: multi-center DSC 0.74, IQR: 0.60–0.80 vs. single-center 0.72, IQR: 0.59–0.82, p > 0.05; Freiburg: multi-center 0.78, IQR: 0.53–0.87 vs. single-center 0.71, IQR: 0.53–0.83, p = 0.23). Conclusion: CNNs trained for auto contouring intraprostatic GTV in 18F-PSMA-1007 PET on a diverse dataset from multiple centers mostly generalize well to unseen data from other centers. Training on a multicentric dataset can improve performance compared to training exclusively with a single-center dataset regarding intraprostatic 18F-PSMA-1007 PET GTV segmentation. The segmentation performance of the same CNN can vary depending on the dataset employed for training and testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), a novel class of glucose-lowering drugs, have revolutionized the management of heart failure with reduced and preserved ejection fraction, regardless of the presence of diabetes, and are currently incorporated in the heart failure guidelines. While these drugs have consistently demonstrated their ability to decrease heart failure hospitalizations in several landmark clinical trials, their cardioprotective effects are far from having been completely elucidated. In the past decade, a growing body of experimental research has sought to address the molecular and cellular mechanisms of SGLT2i in order to provide a better understanding of the off-target acute and chronic cardiac benefits, beyond the on-target renal effect responsible for blood glucose reduction. The present narrative review addresses the direct cardioprotective effects of SGLT2i, delving into the off-target mechanisms of the drugs currently approved for heart failure therapy, and provides insights into future perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the growing concern for food safety, the development of fast detection methods with high sensitivity and repeatability of specific food constituents is a huge necessity. In this regard, the electrochemical methods can be an effective way due to certain advantages such as low cost, fast response signal, high sensitivity and ease of use. The detection efficiency of electrochemical sensors mainly depends on the electrochemical characteristics of the electrode materials. Perovskite-based materials are ideal candidates for the development of electrochemical sensors due to their excellent catalytic activity and redox properties. We report herein the synthesis, morpho-structural properties, and electrical performance assessment of Ca doped lanthanum manganite by ultrasonic method with immersed sonotrode in the reaction medium. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses were performed on the synthesized samples. The results indicated a well-crystallized perovskite-type structure, and 29 nm average crystallite sizes. The electron microscopy images showed that the presence of the dopant influenced the surface morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites are a promising class of processable semiconducting materials that combine the favorable properties of the inorganic semiconductor with the flexibility and low-temperature processability of the organic material. Here, we report on the synthesis and investigation of the properties of a novel polymer-perovskite nanoparticles system based on LaMnO3:Ag nanocrystals protected by sodium polyacrylate polymer (PANa). The hybrid material was investigated by various characterization techniques, i.e. Xray diffraction, FT-IR, RAMAN spectroscopyand SEM/EDAX. This type of sensor could meet the humidity detection needs and to assure the food safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water is known to play an important role in collagen self-assembly, but it is still largely unclear how water--collagen interactions influence the assembly process and determine the fibril network properties. Here, we use the H2O/D2O isotope effect on the hydrogen-bond strength in water to investigate the role of hydration in collagen self-assembly. We dissolve collagen in H2O and D2O and compare the growth kinetics and the structure of the collagen assemblies formed in these water isotopomers. Surprisingly, collagen assembly occurs ten times faster in D2O than in H2O, and collagen in D2O self-assembles into much thinner fibrils, that form a more inhomogeneous and softer network, with a fourfold reduction in elastic modulus when compared to H2O. Combining spectroscopic measurements with atomistic simulations, we show that collagen in D2O is less hydrated than in H2O. This partial dehydration lowers the enthalpic penalty for water removal and reorganization at the collagen--water interface, increasing the self-assembly rate and the number of nucleation centers, leading to thinner fibrils and a softer network. Coarse-grained simulations show that the acceleration in the initial nucleation rate can be reproduced by the enhancement of electrostatic interactions. These results show that water acts as a mediator between collagen monomers, by modulating their interactions so as to optimize the assembly process and, thus, the final network properties. We believe that isotopically modulating the hydration of proteins can be a valuable method to investigate the role of water in protein structural dynamics and protein self-assembly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Infantile epileptic spasms (IS) are epileptic seizures that are associated with increased risk for developmental impairments, adult epilepsies, and mortality. Here, we investigated coherence‐based network dynamics in scalp EEG of infants with IS to identify frequency‐dependent networks associated with spasms. We hypothesized that there is a network of increased fast ripple connectivity during the electrographic onset of clinical spasms, which is distinct from controls. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed peri‐ictal and interictal EEG recordings of 14 IS patients. The data was compared with 9 age‐matched controls. Wavelet phase coherence (WPC) was computed between 0.2 and 400 Hz. Frequency‐ and time‐dependent brain networks were constructed using this coherence as the strength of connection between two EEG channels, based on graph theory principles. Connectivity was evaluated through global efficiency (GE) and channel‐based closeness centrality (CC), over frequency and time. Results: GE in the fast ripple band (251–400 Hz) was significantly greater following the onset of spasms in all patients (P < 0.05). Fast ripple networks during the first 10s from spasm onset show enhanced anteroposterior gradient in connectivity (posterior > central > anterior, Kruskal‐Wallis P < 0.001), with maximum CC over the centroparietal channels in 10/14 patients. Additionally, this anteroposterior gradient in CC connectivity is observed during spasms but not during the interictal awake or asleep states of infants with IS. In controls, anteroposterior gradient in fast ripple CC was noted during arousals and wakefulness but not during sleep. There was also a simultaneous decrease in GE in the 5–8 Hz range after the onset of spasms (P < 0.05), of unclear biological significance. Significance: We identified an anteroposterior gradient in the CC connectivity of fast ripple hubs during spasms. This anteroposterior gradient observed during spasms is similar to the anteroposterior gradient in the CC connectivity observed in wakefulness or arousals in controls, suggesting that this state change is related to arousal networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sigmoid diverticulitis is a common disease characterized by a well-standardized diagnostic approach and treatment. Colorectal cancer is the third most common malignancy worldwide, irrespective of gender. In 2020, CRC global-related mortality rate was estimated at 935 173 cases, with an incidence of 9.3% in men and 9.5% in women. The diagnosis of acute diverticulitis is always made by performing a contrast-enhanced-computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen. Current diagnosis guidelines do not recommend the use of a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for further and more precise assessment of a suspected sigmoid diverticulitis diagnosed by CT. Early lower-gastrointestinal (lower-GI) endoscopy is rarely conducted; thus, the diagnosis delay could have a negative impact over the oncological outcome of the disease. Few and scarce data can be found related to this issue, with only a recent Swedish study paying attention towards early identification of neoplastic disease residing on a background of sigmoid diverticulitis, facilitated by MRI. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of systematically performing an abdominal MRI included in the primary assessment of acute diverticulitis already diagnosed by CT, in order to argument in favor of an early lower-GI endoscopy where a positive MRI for neoplasia is found.

Abstract Translating vascular aging research from bench to bedside presents both significant opportunities and challenges. This paper summarizes insights from a roundtable discussion at the Artery 23 conference, featuring perspectives from basic science, clinical trials, regulation, and industry. The main conclusions of the discussion are as follows: basic science research must align with clinical relevance, using appropriate animal models and standardized measurement techniques. Pragmatic and registry-based clinical trials offer viable alternatives to traditional randomized controlled trials, facilitating real-world applicability. The regulatory landscape, particularly for software medical devices, must evolve to keep pace with technological advancements like artificial intelligence. Industry efforts focus on developing devices or solutions for vascular aging assessment and treatment strategies, yet face hurdles in large-scale adoption and reimbursement. Despite significant progress, the development of pharmacological interventions to mitigate vascular aging remains a critical need. This discussion underscores the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration to overcome barriers and translate scientific discoveries into clinical practice effectively.

Oral rehabilitation is a crucial aspect of dental medicine, focusing on restoring and enhancing the function, aesthetics, and overall quality of life for patients with missing or compromised teeth. The use of technology in restorative dentistry has significantly advanced the field, offering various options for dental prostheses, including implant-supported caps, micro-supported dentures, fixed partial dentures, and removable dentures. Increasing the performance of restorations was the major objective of these digital techniques. Computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology is utilized for the production of dentures, record bases, radiographic guides, conversion dentures, and verification jigs. This technology has revolutionized the fabrication process, offering precision and efficiency in creating dental prostheses.

Aim of the study. The emergence of digital technologies, eases the work of the dental technician and reduces the actual working time in reproduction the dental morphology, but at the same time, the use of a large number of devices can increase the degree of error of the final restoration in the absence of appropriate adjustments. For this reason, this study made a comparison between the classic wax-up method and the digital one to see the degree of accuracy now. Materials and methods. Starting from a model with intact morphology in the area of maxillary premolars and molars, the removal of the upper 1st molar and the grinding of the neighboring teeth were carried out. The restoration of the morphology was carried out by analog but also digital wax-up. Analysis was performed in 26 landmarks and relevant statistical differences were checked using Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney tests. Results. The largest variations were recorded in the case of analog wax-up, statistical significance p

Aim of the study In the field of digital dentistry, Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) systems have changed the fabrication of prosthetic restorations by fulfilling both the aesthetic requirements and mechanical performance. This study aims to highlight, by conducting a chromatic evaluation of zirconium oxide when altering the sintering parameters Materials and methods Four groups of zirconium oxide each group formed by 5 copings were made through milling and Exocad digital design software. The design was completed and the files were processed with the Zeno 4030 M1 milling machine (I-MES Wieland). Following milling, the copings were sintered in HTS MIHM-VOGT furnace at a maximum sintering temperature of 1650°C and heating rates of 30°C/min or a rapid rate of 90°C/min. Controlled cooling prevented rapid temperature decrease, thereby minimizing internal stress. Modifications of time and temperature parameters were applied to groups 2, 3, and 4. Chromatic analysis of the specimens was registered with the Vita Easy Shade spectrophotometer. Results It was found that adjustments in sintering temperature and timing are significantly affecting the chromatic outcomes of the non-metallic zirconium structures. Temperature adjustments facilitate the coalescence of zirconium oxide particles and the formation of a robust structure, with changes in it affecting the optical behaviour of the structure. Deviations from the optimum temperature and sintering timing parameters negatively affect the shade. Conclusions In conclusion, milled and sintered zirconium oxide structures can achieve aesthetic excellence, provided by the sintering protocol when the temperatures and sintering furnaces are accurately calibrated.

Abstract Mobile applications hold promise to foster sustainable mobility behavior, but evaluations of their effectiveness are subject to a number of empirical challenges. We conduct a randomized controlled trial with three distinctive features: unobtrusive tracking of the control group, limited sample attrition, and a representative sample. In our study, 410 participants track their mobility behavior over a 5 week period. After 1 week, the treatment group engages with the user interface of the “Swiss Climate Challenge App”. The user interface combines information on individual $$\hbox {CO}_2$$ CO 2 emissions with gamification features. We find a treatment effect that implies a $$9.8\%$$ 9.8 % reduction in emissions caused by access to the mobile application. While we lack the statistical power to exclude a zero average effect, we find statistically significant emission reductions in the second half of the intervention period, among subjects in medium population density areas, and among men. Our findings suggest that mobile applications could generate considerable net benefits, but larger studies will be needed for validation.

A group of wall painting fragments discovered at Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa, an important Roman archeological site located in the former Roman province of Dacia (Romania), have been investigated with the aim of defining the material composition of their pictorial layers and exploring the pictorial technology used. In order to preserve the integrity of the murals and minimize sampling, an array of non- and micro-invasive techniques has been employed, including X-ray fluorescence, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and hyperspectral imaging. In accordance with previous studies, the identified color palette was mainly based on iron-rich earth pigments (red and yellow ochres, green earth) and carbon-based blacks (soot/charcoal, bone black). Egyptian blue, lazurite, some lead-based pigments, and potentially indigo were also identified (in complex mixtures) on the uppermost paint layers, typically applied a secco over the a fresco background. The presence of expensive pigments and the existence of a red preparatory drawing, documented for the first time in the region, indicate that the original wall paintings had elaborate schemes and, secondly, reflect the patron’s wealth and social status. Hyperspectral imaging was able to retrieve some faded paint layers in certain cases, helping to recover lost decorative details, an indicator of a more complex polychromy compared to what we see today. The obtained results add important contributions to the limited corpus of data regarding the technical know-how of decorative polychrome painting on plaster found in Roman archeological sites in Romania.

he current business environment is characterized by high competition between companies as well as global challenges and growing technological progress. Businesses must constantly adapt to changes in the business environment, changes in the market environment and the constantly changing requirements of customers. The purpose of this article is to point out the major gaps across eight former communist East-European countries in what regards the innovation: Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia. In order to compare the trends in hat regards innovation in Eastern European countries we have first collected data for four innovation indicators for each East European country, separately for each field of activity. We have computed variation coefficients that revealed the fields of activity with the highest and/or lowest gaps across selected countries. Our conclusion is that Eastern Europe is increasingly becoming a hotspot for innovation, with countries in the region making significant progress in various aspects of innovation-driven development. By leveraging their strengths, addressing challenges, and capitalizing on opportunities, Eastern European countries can further enhance their innovation performance, competitiveness, and sustainable growth in the global innovation landscape.

This study explores the profound transformation of the healthcare sector through digitalisation, enhanced by the COVID-19 pandemic. The adoption of digital technologies in medical assistance is analysed, from data management to the implementation of telemedicine, highlighting its benefits and the encountered challenges. The study emphasizes the way how digitalisation has improved the access to medical information, how it has facilitated the communication between patients and healthcare service providers and contributed to increasing the efficiency of clinical processes. Moreover, the importance of digital literacy and its impact on patients and medical professionals is discussed. The conclusions of this study suggest that digital technologies are essential for responding to the emerging needs in public healthcare in a fast and efficient manner, however, they require an adequate policy and adequate strategies for a successful integration.

The paper traces how the light source and light color influence the regenerative processes and morphogenesis in vitro cultures of Rebutia heliosa. To establish the vitroculture of R. heliosa, some explants from young plants, either buds or rounds cut from young stems and cross-sectioned were considered. The culture medium consisted of: macroelements and Fe EDTA Murashige-Skoog (1962), microelements Heller (1953), a mineral mixture to which the following vitamins were added: pyridoxine HCl, thiamine HCl and nicotinic acid (each 1 mg/l, each), m-inositol – 100 mg/l, sucrose – 20 g/l and agar-agar 7 g/l, without growth phytoregulators.The variable element was the lighting source. Fluorescent tubes and LEDs (monochrome but differently coloured) have been used: blue (λ = 470 nm), yellow (λ = 580 nm), green (λ = 540 nm), red (λ = 670 nm) as well as LED`s emitting white light (λ = 510 nm) at a luminous intensity of 1000 lux. The evolution of R. heliosa vitro cultures was monitored for 90 days and analyzed their reaction variability. Based on the comparative study, the following can be stated: the light of fluorescent tubes is more suitable for the morphogenesis of R. heliosa vitroplants, but the processes of regeneration and organogenesis are directly influenced by the source and color of light influenced, thus rhizogenesis and caulogenesis is favored by the presence of green and red light emitted by LEDs, while the white and yellow light of fluorescent tubes favors the caulogenesis and callusogenesis processes.

The concept “Molar Incisor Hypomineralization” (MIH) was introduced in 2001 to specify enamel hypomineralization impacting one or more permanent first molars, commonly accompanied by the involvement of one or more permanent incisors. The severity of carious lesions can be influenced and exacerbated by alterations in the structure of enamel and dentin. Consequently, MIH syndrome (Molar Incisor Hypomineralization syndrome) may pose a significant health concern for pediatric, adolescent, and young adult patients, as well as their tutors or caregivers, and for both pediatric and general dental practitioners. MIH syndrome is gaining considerable attention amongst worldwide clinicians and pediatric dentists as a result of its extensive clinical impact on oral health and quality of life and its various consequences (immediate, medium and long term) on the dental arch development, occlusion and psychological impact on the pediatric patient.

The decisive role of chronic occlusal trauma in causing tissue stress is widely recognized. It could be the condition that facilitates bacterial infection of the periodontium and the transformation of saprophytic flora into opportunistic pathogens. Abnormal stressors such as malocclusion, parafunctions, and lingual dysfunction are present in the vast majority of cases of chronic gingival and periodontal inflammation. Treatment involving occlusal balancing by selective occlusal adjustment generates enormous changes in dental and periodontal areas regarding microcirculation, leading to improved tissue tropism and, consequently, bacterial dynamics. This study aimed to determine the benefits of treating periodontitis patients with combined occlusal adjustment and oral hygiene procedures compared to oral hygiene procedures used alone. The results show that one month after treatment, the bacterial flora of patients in group 2, treated by occlusal adjustment and dental hygiene procedures, showed a significantly higher cocci content than Group 1, treated only by oral hygiene. This difference reached an extremely high significance level (p

Creating Communicative Context Through the Use of Emoji and Politeness in Online Academic Written Interactions. The current study aims to provide a glimpse into the way higher education students and language instructors establish rapports in the academic written communication framework through the use of emoji and online face-work strategies. Contextualisation cues are created in order to regulate transaction based communicative exchanges that result in positive outcomes, subsequently fostering an inclusive culture. Linguistic display of online discourse is fraught with perils that may impede on appropriate written academic interactions occurring between instructors and students. Negotiation of identity becomes a main objective, as there are differences in status, power and various degrees of communicative achievement between interactants. The study shares results obtained from a questionnaire administered to 92 Romanian undergraduate students offering a framework for embedding emoji and face-work in online identity negotiation via written communication. It aims to offer a digital pedagogical competence approach to cater for the emotional needs of learners whose identities as digital natives take additional effort to create in the context of using transversal skills. The main findings of the study suggest that emoji and face work enable foreign language students to better manipulate their self-image when communicating online. Crearea contextului comunicativ prin folosirea emoji și a politeții în interacțiuni scrise în mediul online academic. Studiul de față își propune să ofere o analiză a modului în care studenții și instructorii de limbă modernă din mediul academic stabilesc conexiuni în cadrul secvențelor de comunicare scrisă prin recurgerea la emoji și strategii de gestionare a imaginii de sine online (Engl. Face-work). Indiciile de contextualizare sunt folosite cu scopul de a regla secvențele comunicative tranzacționale asociate cu soluționări discursive pozitive, contribuind implicit la crearea unei culturi de tip inclusiv. Manifestările lingvistice ale discursului online sunt adeseori pline de substraturi potențial problematice care pot influența negativ comunicarea scrisă dintre profesori și studenți. Negocierea identității devine un obiectiv principal în contextul în care se conturează diferențe de status academic, putere decizională precum și niveluri diferite de performanță comunicativă din partea participanților. Studiul de față prezintă rezultatele obținute în urma administrării unui chestionar online studenților din învățământul academic (92 de participanți dintr-o universitate românească, nivel licență), sugerându-se un cadru în care negocierea identității online în registrul scris include emoji și strategii de gestionare a imaginii de sine. Propunerea autorilor este aceea de a oferi o abordare pedagogică a competenței digitale care sprijină nevoile emoționale ale studenților ale căror identități de nativi digitali se conturează cu un efort suplimentar în contextul folosirii competențelor transversale. Cuvinte-cheie: negocierea identității, discurs online, emoji, politețe pragmatică, strategii de gestionare a imaginii de sine, comunicare scrisă, context, învățare socio-emoțională. Article history: Received 14 March 2024; Revised 28 May 2024; Accepted 09 September 2024; Available online 30 September 2024; Available print 30 September 2024.

This study aimed to evaluate the degree of periodontal involvement in subjects with and without bruxism, with generalized chronic periodontitis of varying severity grades, and to assess the effects of occlusal correction therapy in association with non-surgical periodontal therapy on periodontal status. The following periodontal parameters were analyzed: probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), Papilar bleeding index (PBI) and Plaque Index (PI), and X-rays, at the initial (pre-therapeutic) moment and at 3 months after therapy completion. The present study demonstrated that bruxism generates significant clinical changes in a periodontopathic environment. High values of periodontal attachment loss, recessions, missing teeth, tooth mobility, and furcation lesions translate into major losses of periodontal tissue in patients with periodontal disease and bruxism. Periodontal therapy, combined with occlusal correction and bruxism therapy, resulted in statistically significant improvements in periodontal parameters. Thus, occlusal trauma therapy in patients with bruxism becomes an absolute necessity in periodontal therapy.

The purpose of this article is to illustrate the clinical and technological steps of making a fixed prosthesis, using the substative method and a combination of materials – zirconia and ceramics – which are a sure guarantee for an optimal functional restoration. Digital technologies are used more and more frequently in dental practice due to their multiple advantages: reduced working time, the use of a wide range of materials, with good mechanical resistance and longevity, high precision of prostheses, increased comfort for the patient. These digital methods can be used to create a wide range of laboratory prosthetic elements, from temporary devices to metal, ceramic, or zirconia frameworks, crowns and bridges, and partial and complete dentures. Current concepts in fixed prosthetics are increasingly oriented towards all-ceramic processes becaus metal-ceramic prostheses no longer suffice to meet the demands of patients seeking aesthetic excellence and extreme perfection.

The orofacial region are often affected by a diverse spectrum of bacterial, viral, fungal, chlamydial, rickettsial, protozoal, and helminthic infections. Diagnosis of oral candidiasis is often made with a thorough history and the clinical examination findings. Some laboratory investigations can also be used as adjuncts to confirm the clinical presentation. Candida pathogens in a smear taken directly from the lesion are commonly identified using Gram staining or periodic acid Schiff staining, or by culturing the pathogen in Sabaraud’s dextrose agar. Regardless of the prevalence, incidence, and the advancement of treatment strategies, orofacial infections, either local or the manifestations of a generalized infection, may cause significant discomfort and suffering. Oral clinicians need to be equipped with up-to- date knowledge of the clinical pictures of new infections, approaches in accurate identification of orally limited infections vs oral manifestations of underlying systemic diseases. Treatment of oral candidiasis is primarily based on the identification of underlying predisposing factors and correcting them.

It is important for patients to understand that these conditions can be treated, but the success of treatment greatly depends on their level of oral hygiene. Selecting the appropriate toothbrush and mastering the correct brushing technique to effectively remove dental plaque while avoiding any potential damage to the gums. In addition to toothbrushes, there are other devices available for comprehensive dental cleaning, such as floss, interdental sticks, interdental brushes, and oral irrigators. Currently, self-care recommendations for dental implants are primarily based on existing knowledge regarding natural teeth cleaning. Patient education on oral hygiene is an important component of their overall treatment. Maintaining a regular oral hygiene routine is essential for taking care of our mouths, ensuring healthy teeth, and achieving fresh breath. In conclusion, biofilm disruption mechanical methods integrated is indispensable for comprehensive oral healthcare.

The heritage science sector is facing a critical need for accessible and comprehensive data resources to facilitate research, preservation efforts, and interdisciplinary collaboration. The concept of FAIR data management involves embracing principles and practices that ensure that data are Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable. This work presents an overview of the latest updates on the INFRA-ART Spectral Library, an open access spectral database of cultural-heritage-related materials that was designed as a digital support tool for heritage research specialists that work with (portable) non- or minimally invasive spectroscopic techniques such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF), attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, or Raman spectroscopy, among others. The database is an ongoing compilation of high-quality curated data that currently incorporates primary ATR-FTIR and XRF spectra and a preliminary dataset of Raman and short-wave infrared (SWIR) reflectance spectra on over 900 different materials typically found in painted works of art. For increased and sustainable accessibility, the database follows the European Commission’s recommendations on access to scientific information, as well as the FAIR guiding principles on research data that result from publicly funded research. The INFRA-ART Spectral Library is registered as a resource within the Open Science Cloud (EOSC) Portal and is among the services offered by the Romanian hub within E-RIHS (European Research Infrastructure for Heritage Science) DIGILAB.

Osteosarcoma malignancy currently represents a major health problem; therefore, the need for new therapy approaches is of great interest. In this regard, the current study aims to evaluate the anti-neoplastic potential of a newly developed phosphinic acid derivative (2-carboxyethylphenylphosphinic acid) and, subsequently, to outline its pharmaco-toxicological profile by employing two different in vitro human cell cultures (keratinocytes—HaCaT—and osteosarcoma SAOS-2 cells), employing different techniques (MTT assay, cell morphology assessment, LDH assay, Hoechst staining and RT-PCR). Additionally, the results obtained are compared with three commercially available phosphorus-containing compounds (P1, P2, P3). The results recorded for the newly developed compound (P4) revealed good biocompatibility (cell viability of 77%) when concentrations up to 5 mM were used on HaCaT cells for 24 h. Also, the HaCaT cultures showed no significant morphological alterations or gene modulation, thus achieving a biosafety profile even superior to some of the commercial products tested herein. Moreover, in terms of anti-osteosarcoma activity, 2-carboxyethylphenylphosphinic acid expressed promising activity on SAOS-2 monolayers, the cells showing viability of only 55%, as well as apoptosis features and important gene expression modulation, especially Bid downregulation. Therefore, the newly developed compound should be considered a promising candidate for further in vitro and in vivo research related to osteosarcoma therapy.

Abstract In Romania, huge quantities of gangue material from the mining activity practiced in the past were improperly stored and led to the pollution of the environment. Thus, this work is framed to manage the sterile dump of the “Radeș” mine (Alba, Romania) through a 12-week phytoremediation process. The efficient use of Robinia pseudoacacia was studied through the implementation, at the laboratory level, of a phytoremediation experiment based on various variants prepared by mixtures of gangue material, uncontaminated soil, and dehydrated sludge. The prepared variants, all planted with R. pseudoacacia, were watered with tap water, potassium monobasic phosphate, and enzyme solution. The bioconcentration and translocation factors for lead showed values ˂ 1, which indicates a potential presence of an exclusion system for Pb or a reduced Pb bioavailability since the R. pseudoacacia accumulates high concentrations of metals absorbed on and inside the roots. For copper, both factors had values > 1 indicating the suitability of R. pseudoacacia to readily translocate copper into the epigean organs. In the investigated experimental conditions, the highest efficiency in the removal of copper (93.0%) and lead (66.4%) by plants was obtained when gangue material was not mixed with other materials and wetted with enzymatic solution.

Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) emerge due to an irregular immune response towards self- and non-self-antigens. Inflammation commonly accompanies these conditions, with inflammatory factors and inflammasomes playing pivotal roles in their progression. Key concepts in molecular biology, inflammation, and molecular mimicry are crucial to understanding AID development. Exposure to foreign antigens can cause inflammation, potentially leading to AIDs through molecular mimicry triggered by cross-reactive epitopes. Molecular mimicry emerges as a key mechanism by which infectious or chemical agents trigger autoimmunity. In certain susceptible individuals, autoreactive T or B cells may be activated by a foreign antigen due to resemblances between foreign and self-peptides. Chronic inflammation, typically driven by abnormal immune responses, is strongly associated with AID pathogenesis. Inflammasomes, which are vital cytosolic multiprotein complexes assembled in response to infections and stress, are crucial to activating inflammatory processes in macrophages. Chronic inflammation, characterized by prolonged tissue injury and repair cycles, can significantly damage tissues, thereby increasing the risk of AIDs. Inhibiting inflammasomes, particularly in autoinflammatory disorders, has garnered significant interest, with pharmaceutical advancements targeting cytokines and inflammasomes showing promise in AID management.

Background and aim. This study aims to explore the most widely used methods for managing patients who are completely edentulous to determine the intermaxillary relations, also known as the centric relation and vertical dimension of occlusion. Material and methods. The information sources have been identified through searches of medical databases. A 20-year search frame, from 2001 to 2021 was performed. The terms “occlusal vertical dimension”, “totally edentulous”, “complete denture”, and “centric relation” were searched. The selected articles were acquired in full text, and two different authors resolved differences through conversation before evaluating them for inclusion. Results. Following the application of the search strategy, 514 articles were identified. 172 papers were screened after duplicate records were removed. Selecting the studies to be considered for inclusion in the first stage required considering their titles, abstracts, and studies’ significance to the study purpose. After obtaining the complete texts of the remaining twenty-seven papers, their relevance was evaluated. Conclusion. The relationship between the maxillary and mandibular arches is still established by the centric relation in occlusal examination and prosthetic treatment. Many methods with low variability and high intra-technical repeatability are available for recording centric relation. There is no one standard technique for recording the vertical dimension of occlusion; instead, the clinician must choose the most comfortable approach.

Chronic periodontitis is a disease caused by several factors; therefore, it can be called a multifactorial disease. Such risk factors include smoking, diabetes, genetics, depression, and stress. Depression is one of the chronic conditions with the highest prevalence worldwide. There is evidence to support the association between psychological disorders and the physiological and behavioral precursors of caries and periodontal disease, suggesting that such a connection may exist. Antidepressant and anxiolytic medication have been associated with decreased salivary flow and poor oral hygiene. The present study aimed to examine the local inflammatory status of patients with periodontal disease and no other systemic conditions and patients with periodontal disease and depression. Between February 2024 and March 2024, we conducted this study on 40 patients aged 20 and 48, evaluating the Quigley Hein Plaque Index, the GI Index of Löe and Silness, and the PBI Index. Analyzing the obtained results, we observed that the values of the periodontal parameters, such as the hygiene index, the gingival inflammation index, and the papillary bleeding index, were significantly higher in the group of patients with periodontal disease and depression compared to the group of patients with only periodontal disease.

Patients with osteoporosis exhibit a nearly twofold higher diagnosis rate of periodontitis compared to the general population, indicating osteoporosis is a potentially significant risk factor for periodontitis development. This study explored changes in periodontal and radiological parameters after systemic alendronate use in osteoporotic patients with periodontal disease. Sixty-four post-menopausal adults diagnosed with osteoporosis and periodontal disease were divided into two groups: Group A, without bisphosphonate therapy, and Group B, receiving alendronate (70mg/week) for 12 months. Both groups underwent non-surgical periodontal treatment. Parameters including plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), and radiographic infrabony defect depth (IBD) were evaluated at baseline and after 12 months. Oral administration of alendronate at 70 mg/week for 12 months was found to be safe and effective in enhancing the outcomes of non-surgical periodontal therapy both clinically and radiologically. This suggests alendronate could be a valuable adjunctive treatment for managing periodontal disease in osteoporotic patients.

Abstract Background New guidelines for cluster headache clinical trials were recently published. We welcome these new guidelines and raise additional considerations in trial methodologies. Main body We present non-inferiority trials to overcome ethical issues with placebo use, and additionally discuss issues with trial recruitment. Conclusions We highlight some possible issues and solutions to be considered with the recently published cluster headache trial guidelines.