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AbstractIntroduction: Water is a basic and important resource for human development and economic growth. Water is also important for the agricultural sector. On the one hand, the lack of water and on the other hand, the increase in water demand for different parts of the society, has faced most of the developing countries with a serious and important problem. Water for the agricultural sector is decreasing and scarce every day. Also, with the increase in population, the demand and consumption of water in rural areas and especially in the agricultural sector has increased. Lack of water has caused various problems in different regions. The purpose of this research was to Identifying the consequences of water reduction in Zanjan township from the perspective of farmers with wells.Methods: The current research was a quantitative and applied research. The statistical population of this research was farmers have wells in Zanjan township (N=8017). The sample size was estimated to be 367 people based on Cochran's formula. The sampling method was multi-stage cluster sampling. Data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts and researchers in the field of water management and the reliability of the research tool was confirmed by using the pilot tet and calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α = 0.94). Findings: Using the results of exploratory factor analysis, the consequences of water shortage in the rural areas of Zanjan township from the perspective of farmers summarize in six factors including the increase of plant and animal diseases, change of agricultural land use and weakening of villagers financial ability, dryness and reduction of water in fountain and rivers and reduction of pastures and the area under cultivation of agricultural products, the lowering of level of underground water resources and the reduction of the water supply of wells, reducing the incentive to invest in agriculture and increasing soil erosion, water and soil salinity and increasing disputes and conflict in the village. These six factors were able to explain 63.48 of the total variance of the impacts of water shortage.

To make adaptive decisions, we build an internal model of the associative relationships in an environment and use it to make predictions and inferences about specific available outcomes. Detailed, identity-specific cue-reward memories are a core feature of such cognitive maps. Here we used fiber photometry, cell-type and pathway-specific optogenetic manipulation, Pavlovian cue-reward conditioning and decision-making tests in male and female rats, to reveal that ventral tegmental area dopamine (VTA DA ) projections to the basolateral amygdala (BLA) drive the encoding of identity-specific cue-reward memories. Dopamine is released in the BLA during cue-reward pairing; VTA DA →BLA activity is necessary and sufficient to link the identifying features of a reward to a predictive cue but does not assign general incentive properties to the cue or mediate reinforcement. These data reveal a dopaminergic pathway for the learning that supports adaptive decision-making and help explain how VTA DA neurons achieve their emerging multifaceted role in learning., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature America, Inc.)