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Adverse pregnancies outcomes present a clinical dilemma in Perinatal medicine. This is partly due to lack of accuracy of current biomarkers to predict high-risk pregnancies at an earlier stage. The placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) carrying extracellular vesicles (EVs), and their cargo have been reported as a source of biomarkers for placental health and an indication of pre-eclampsia progression. We postulate that PLAP is not only placental but also expressed in other fetal organs, suggesting that PLAP + ve EVs are not only a functional indicator of placental function alone. We evaluated PLAP in the placenta, fetal membranes, maternal decidua, myometrial cells, and the EVs derived from them. Various bioanalytical techniques were used to detect PLAP expressions in the cells and EVs. The EVs were characterized by size/quantity, PLAP as a cargo, and canonical EV protein markers. PLAP expression was determined in the chorion trophoblast cells (CTCs) of the fetal membranes and the placental trophoblasts; however, it was absent in the amnion layer of the fetal membranes and the maternal uterine cells used in this study. Using multiple experimental approaches, we further verified the cellular sources of PLAP and confirmed that the EVs from the chorion and placental trophoblasts contain PLAP. Our studies suggest that PLAP is not truly placental. Instead, cells of trophoblast lineage in both fetal membranes and the placenta express PLAP in cells and their EVs. Although PLAP + ve EVs for biomarkers are not exclusively placental, they still represent real-time fetal-specific tissues conditions during pregnancy. • PLAP carrying EVs cannot be considered as placental origin. • The cells of trophoblast lineage in both fetal membranes and the placenta express PLAP in cells and their EVs. • Maternal upper and lower uterine cells do not express PLAP and the EVs are negative for PLAP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seaweeds, an inorganic extractive species in the Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) system, offer the potential for mitigating coastal pollution and a source of nutrition aligning with Sustainable Development Goals. A co-culture strategy was hypothesized to address rising concerns over intensive shrimp farming, limited suitable seaweed cultivation areas, and production optimization. Initially, locally available seaweeds along the Maharashtra coast were screened, followed by co-culture with P. vannamei with selected seaweed to evaluate production performance and physiological responses in zero-water exchange system. The first four-week study was conducted in shrimp wastewater with six different seaweeds, where Gracilaria foliifera performed best with significant (p < 0.05) improvement in nutrient uptake efficiency (Total ammoniacal nitrogen- 64 %, Phosphate- 99.87 %, Nitrite-32 %, Nitrate-13 %) and yield (4.56 kg m−3), enhanced elemental profile, biochemical composition, and pigments. A further optimization study of G. foliifera in shrimp wastewater for 96 h identified the optimal stocking density of 1–3.5 gL−1, based on nutrient uptake efficiency (TAN- 61 %, PO 4 –72 %, NO 2 –48 %, NO 3 –27 %). In the second experiment, considering the highest uptake, G. foliifera stocking density was maintained at 3.5 gL−1, and different stocking densities of P. vannamei (20, 40, 60, 80, 100 nos. m−2) were assessed with two controls, shrimp monoculture and Gracilaria monoculture. Results showed that co-culturing P. vannamei at 20 nos.m−2 followed by 60 nos.m−2 with G. foliifera at 3.5 gL−1 yielded the highest mean weight gain, specific growth rate, and production with low feed conversion ratio, while also improving water quality. The co-culture system also led to lower stress enzyme levels, reduced serum glucose and cholesterol, and normal histological observations in the hepatopancreas compared to monoculture. This study suggests that the co-culture of P. vannamei at 60 nos.m−2 with G. foliifera at 1–3.5 gL−1 proved superior without compromising productivity and physiological responses over monoculture in a sustainable manner. [Display omitted] • G. foliifera excelled over other seaweeds in growth and nutrient uptake. • The optimum stocking density of 1–3.5 gL−1 of G. foliifera showed higher uptake. • Growth and physiological attributes of P. vannamei were improved in co-culture system. • G. foliifera growth was enhanced in the co-culture system compared to monoculture. • Production performance was best with G. foliifera at 1–3.5 gL−1 and P. vannamei at 60 m−2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]