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Given increasing adoption of social housing for pre-weaned dairy calves, we conducted a systematic review to summarize existing literature describing effects of social housing management factors on behavior, performance, and health of dairy calves. Included articles addressed interventions applied to pre-weaned, socially housed dairy calves, encompassing age at introduction to social housing, group composition (size, stocking density, within-group age range, stability), and housing environment (space allowance, enrichment provision). Outcome measures addressed behavior, including social behavior, locomotor behavior, feeding behavior, abnormal oral behavior, and behavioral responses during tests; performance, including body measurements and weight gain; and health, including clinical health scores and mortality rate. We conducted searches initially targeting any study where dairy calves were housed socially, using Web of Science and PubMed, and subsequently identified a total of 46 relevant studies. Studies investigating age at introduction to pairs or small social groups of 3 to 7 calves (8 experimental studies) suggested possible behavioral and performance benefits, with no negative effects, of earlier introduction to small groups. Earlier introduction to larger groups (assessed in 6 experimental studies and 4 cross-sectional studies) appeared to increase latency to use an automated milk feeder with short-term negative effects on milk intake, yet no evidence of growth effects and variable health effects. Studies investigating effects of group size (assessed in 8 experimental studies and 6 cross-sectional studies) suggested that small social groups may facilitate increased feeding time, with neutral or positive effects on growth and health. Other aspects of group composition, including within-group age range, group stability, and feeder stocking density, were assessed in few experimental studies (7 total), with some results suggesting behavioral benefits of reducing competition for feed and maintaining stable groups. Experimental and cross-sectional studies yielded conflicting findings with respect to health effects of group composition, but results generally suggested possible health risks associated with larger group sizes and within-group age ranges, management factors consistent with the use of dynamic groups. Increasing space allowance (assessed in 6 experimental studies and 6 cross-sectional studies) increased locomotor activity/play behavior and had neutral or positive health effects. Provision of enrichment items (e.g., brushes, combinations of items for oral manipulation; assessed in 5 studies) was found to reduce cross-sucking. Overall, this review describes varied dairy calf social housing management practices which have implications for behavior, performance, and health. Further work is needed to address gaps in knowledge, including long-term effects and variability at the individual and group level, and to establish the external validity of these findings in commercial settings., (The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of the American Dairy Science Association®. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).)

Background: Teriflunomide has been associated with an increased risk of hypertension. Real-world studies including adequate control groups are lacking. We hypothesized that patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) treated with teriflunomide would be at higher risk of developing hypertension than those treated with dimethyl fumarate., Methods: We conducted a cohort study linking the Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry with national health registries during a 10-year period. Teriflunomide ( N = 2656) and dimethyl fumarate ( N = 2237) exposure was defined by the first treatment record lasting ⩾ 3 months, at which time follow-up started. We included 4893 adult patients without hypertension at baseline. Hypertension was defined as an International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision code for hypertension and by dispensed prescription drugs identified by the respective Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical codes. We used multivariable-adjusted Cox regression., Results: We found 40.6 (teriflunomide) and 13.1 (dimethyl fumarate) hypertension events per 1000 person-years. Compared to dimethyl fumarate-treated patients, patients treated with teriflunomide had a higher risk of developing hypertension (adjusted hazard ratio = 2.80; 95% confidence interval = 2.19-3.56). The number needed to harm was 16 and 9 at 3 and 5 years of follow-up, respectively., Conclusion: We found an increased risk of hypertension in adult patients with MS treated with teriflunomide., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: Elisabeth Framke has nothing to disclose. Finn Sellebjerg has served on scientific advisory boards for, served as consultant for, received support for congress participation or received speaker honoraria from Alexion, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck, Novartis, Roche, and Sanofi Genzyme. His laboratory has received research support from Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, and Sanofi Genzyme. Morten Stilund has served on scientific advisory boards for, received support for congress participation or received speaker honoraria from Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, and Sanofi Genzyme. Henrik Boye Jensen has served on advisory boards for Merck and Roche, and as a speaker for Biogen. Zsolt Illes has received speakers’ honoraria and/or research grants from Biogen, Roche, Sanofi, Novartis, Merck, Alexion, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lundbeckfonden, Jascha Fonden, Scleroseforeningen, has been member of advisory boards at Alexion, Biogen, Sanofi, Merck, Roche, Novartis, has been member of adjudication relapse (clinical endpoint) committees in phase 3 trials, and has been principal investigator in studies sponsored by Biogen, Merck, and Sanofi. Tobias Sejbaek has served on scientific advisory boards for, served as consultant for, received support for congress participation or received speaker honoraria from, Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, and Sanofi. His research group has received research support from Biogen, Merck, Roche, and Sanofi. Michael Broksgaard Jensen has served on scientific advisory boards, served as a consultant, received support for congress participation or received speaker honoraria from Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, and Teva. Jakob Schäfer has been member of advisory boards at Merck, Sanofi and received speaker honoraria from Merck and Novartis, has received support for congress participation from Merck, Sanofi, and Roche. Peter Vestergaard Rasmussen has served on scientific advisory boards, served as consultant, received support for congress participation or received speaker honoraria from Alexion, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck, Novartis, Roche, and Sanofi Genzyme. Jeppe Romme Christensen has received speaker honoraria from Biogen. Arkadiusz Weglewski served on scientific advisory boards for Merck, Roche, Sanofi. He has also received conference travel support from Biogen, Merck, Roche, Sanofi, and Novartis and speaker honoraria from Roche, Merck, and Sanofi. Sivagini Prakash received support for congress participation and honoraria from Merck, Sanofi Genzyme, Biogen, Roche. Melinda Magyari has served on scientific advisory board, as consultant, received support for congress participation or speaker honoraria from Biogen, Sanofi, Roche, Novartis, Merck, Alexion, Bristol Myers Squibb. The Danish MS Registry received research support from Biogen, Genzyme, Roche, Merck, Novartis. Matthias Kant, Nasrin Asgari, and Lena Christina Roug have nothing to disclose.

Background: For Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI), faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is currently recommended for patients with three or more CDI episodes. A recent randomised controlled trial (RCT) show that FMT may be considered early, defined as intervention during the first or second CDI episode., Aim: The aim was to investigate hospital costs of FMT as a complementary treatment compared with current standard care in patients with first or second CDI., Findings: Compared with standard care for first or second CDI, patients randomised to FMT had €1,645 lower hospital costs over 26 weeks owing to fewer admissions and hospital contacts and less medication use. In the sensitivity analyses, FMT remained cost-effective as long as the treatment cost of FMT stayed below approximately €1,572 per component, corresponding to a total cost of FMT treatment (two components) of €3,144., Conclusion: FMT was cost-effective with both lower costs and greater effectiveness than current standard care involving vancomycin monotherapy. The findings were robust to sensivity analyses, with a threshold cost for one FMT treatment consisting of two components of €3,144., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)