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Vascular anomalies (VAs) are a heterogeneous group of vascular malformations and tumors that are frequently encountered in daily practice. While most are benign, malignant vascular tumors exist, as do other nonvascular soft-tissue malignancies that may masquerade as a benign VA. The subtleties of arriving at an accurate diagnosis can be intimidating, as new entities are described and names of conditions have been modified. Therefore, the goal of this article is to describe the classic imaging findings of VAs so that the interventional radiologist can confidently and competently contribute to management decisions, with special attention to ominous imaging features that should prompt biopsy or further imaging workup., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest None declared., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

The purpose of this article is to familiarize the reader with the basic genetics and vascular biology behind the array of vascular anomalies they may encounter in their practice. Individuals with vascular malformations are often referred to multidisciplinary clinics composed of diverse specialists all with the same goal: how to provide the best care possible. The team is typically composed of physicians, nurses, social workers, and technical staff from multiple specialties including diagnostic and interventional radiology, dermatology, hematology/oncology, otolaryngology, plastic surgery, and several additional subspecialties. Imaging plays a crucial role in diagnosis and treatment planning, but increasingly biopsies are needed for more accurate histopathological and genetic information to inform the plan of treatment, as well as for counseling patients and their families on the natural history, heritability, and long-term prognosis of the condition. Understanding the molecular mechanism that gives rise to vascular anomalies is crucial for arriving at the proper diagnosis and choosing among treatment options. As oncological medications are being increasingly repurposed to treat vascular malformations, it is vital for those caring for patients with vascular anomalies to understand how these anomalies develop, and which drug may be appropriate to repurpose for this benign disease., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest None declared., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

Lifestyle and environmental factors are key determinants in disease causality and progression in neurological conditions, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Lack of exercise, poor diet, tobacco smoking, excessive alcohol intake, social determinants of health, concomitant medications, poor sleep and comorbidities can exacerbate MS pathological processes by impacting brain health and depleting neurological reserves, resulting in more rapid disease worsening. In addition to using disease-modifying therapies to alter the disease course, therapeutic strategies in MS should aim to preserve as much neurological reserve as possible by promoting the adoption of a "brain-healthy" and "metabolically-healthy" lifestyle. Here, we recommend self-regulated lifestyle modifications that have the potential to improve brain health, directly impact on disease progression and improve outcomes in people with MS. We emphasise the importance of self-management and adopting a multidisciplinary, collaborative and person-centred approach to care that encompasses the healthcare team, family members and community support groups., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Giovannoni, Ford, Schmierer, Middleton, Stennett, Pomeroy, Fisniku, Scalfari, Bannon, Stross, Hughes, Williams, Josephs, Peel and Straukiene.)