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This article applies object detection to CCTV video material to investigate the potential of using machine learning to automate behavior tracking. This study includes video tapings of two captive Bornean orangutans and their behavior. From a 2 min training video containing the selected behaviors, 334 images were extracted and labeled using Rectlabel. The labeled training material was used to construct an object detection model using Create ML. The use of object detection was shown to have potential for automating tracking, especially of locomotion, whilst filtering out false positives. Potential improvements regarding this tool are addressed, and future implementation should take these into consideration. These improvements include using adequately diverse training material and limiting iterations to avoid overfitting the model.

Introduction and Objectives: Hyponatremia is associated with ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, primary bacterial peritonitis, and increased mortality. However, the information about incidence and factors associated with hyponatremia in ambulatory patients with compensated cirrhosis is scarce. The aim of the study was to estimate the incidence and associated factors to the development of hypervolemic hyponatremia. Materials and Patients: Ambulatory patients with compensated cirrhosis seen at Medical Center Siglo XXI were selected. All variables included in Child-Pugh Index and in the MELD Score and the types of treatment diet were analyzed. Hyponatremia was considered when serum concentration of sodium was

Long Interspersed Element-1 (LINE-1 or L1) is an autonomous transposable element that accounts for 17% of the human genome. Strong correlations between abnormal L1 expression and diseases, particularly cancer, have been documented by numerous studies. L1PD (LINE-1 Pattern Detection) had been previously created to detect L1s by using a fixed pre-determined set of 50-mer probes and a pattern-matching algorithm. L1PD uses a novel seed-and-pattern-match strategy as opposed to the well-known seed-and-extend strategy employed by other tools. This study discusses an improved version of L1PD that shows how increasing the size of the k-mer probes from 50 to 75 or to 100 yields better results, as evidenced by experiments showing higher precision and recall when compared to the 50-mers. The probe-generation process was updated and the corresponding software is now shared so that users may generate probes for other reference genomes (with certain limitations). Additionally, L1PD was applied to other non-human genomes, such as dogs, horses, and cows, to further validate the pattern-matching strategy. The improved version of L1PD proves to be an efficient and promising approach for L1 detection.

A recent study published data on the growth performance, relative weights of the organs of the gastrointestinal tract, liver histology, serum biochemistry, and hematological parameters for turkey poults fed an experimental diet contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and humic acids (HA) extracted from vermicompost. The negative effects of AFB1 (250 ng AFB1/g of feed) were significantly reduced by HA supplementation (0.25% w/w), suggesting that HA might be utilized to ameliorate the negative impact of AFB1 from contaminated diets. The present study shows the results of the remaining variables, as an extension of a previously published work which aimed to evaluate the impact of HA on the intestinal microbiota, gut integrity, ileum morphometry, and cellular immunity of turkey poults fed an AFB1-contaminated diet. For this objective, five equal groups of 1-day-old female Nicholas-700 turkey poults were randomly assigned to the following treatments: negative control (basal diet), positive control (basal diet + 250 ng AFB1/g), HA (basal diet + 0.25% HA), HA + AFB1 (basal diet + 0.25% HA + 250 ng AFB1/g), and Zeolite (basal diet + 0.25% zeolite + 250 ng AFB1/g). In the experiment, seven replicates of ten poults each were used per treatment (n = 70). In general, HA supplementation with or without the presence of AFB1 showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the number of beneficial butyric acid producers, ileum villi height, and ileum total area, and a significant reduction in serum levels of fluorescein isothiocyanate–dextran (FITC-d), a marker of intestinal integrity. In contrast, poults fed with AFB1 showed a significant increase in Proteobacteria and lower numbers of beneficial bacteria, clearly suggesting gut dysbacteriosis. Moreover, poults supplemented with AFB1 displayed the lowest morphometric parameters and the highest intestinal permeability. Furthermore, poults in the negative and positive control treatments had the lowest cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity response. These findings suggest that HA supplementation enhanced intestinal integrity (shape and permeability), cellular immune response, and healthier gut microbiota composition, even in the presence of dietary exposure to AFB1. These results complement those of the previously published study, suggesting that HA may be a viable dietary intervention to improve gut health and immunity in turkey poults during aflatoxicosis.

Oropouche fever, a debilitating illness common in South America, is caused by Oropouche virus (OROV), an arbovirus. OROV belongs to the Peribunyaviridae family, a large group of RNA viruses. Little is known about the biology of Peribunyaviridae in host cells, especially assembly and egress processes. Our research reveals that the small GTPase Rab27a mediates intracellular transport of OROV induced compartments and viral release from infected cells. We show that Rab27a interacts with OROV glycoproteins and colocalizes with OROV during late phases of the infection cycle. Moreover, Rab27a activity is required for OROV trafficking to the cell periphery and efficient release of infectious particles. Consistently, depleting Rab27a's downstream effector, Myosin Va, or inhibiting actin polymerization also hinders OROV compartments targeting to the cell periphery and infectious viral particle egress. These data indicate that OROV hijacks Rab27a activity for intracellular transport and cell externalization. Understanding these crucial mechanisms of OROV's replication cycle may offer potential targets for therapeutic interventions and aid in controlling the spread of Oropouche fever. Author summary: Since its identification in the early 1960s, Oropouche virus (OROV) has caused over 30 epidemics in Central and South America, infecting an estimated half a million people. Environmental changes, urbanization, and increased travel increase the risk of OROV spreading beyond its endemic regions. The lack of vaccines and specific antiviral treatments highlights the urgent need to better understand OROV biology. Previous research shows that OROV assembles in the Golgi complex of human cells, forming vesicular compartments that transport viral particles to the cell periphery, leading to virus spread. Our findings reveal that OROV hijacks the Rab27 GTPase and its effector, the motor protein Myosin Va, to facilitate viral egress. Specifically, we show that Rab27a associates with OROV glycoproteins and, along with Myosin Va, is found in viral-induced compartments at late infection stages. Depleting Rab27a or Myosin Va, or expressing defective Rab27a mutants, compromises the release of infectious viral particles. We propose that vesicles containing OROV exploit Rab27a/Myosin Va-mediated transport to competently reach the cell periphery and fuse with the plasma membrane, enabling their release and viral transmission to other cells. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying OROV replication will be crucial for developing future anti-OROV drugs, which are currently unavailable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recent study published data on the growth performance, relative weights of the organs of the gastrointestinal tract, liver histology, serum biochemistry, and hematological parameters for turkey poults fed an experimental diet contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and humic acids (HA) extracted from vermicompost. The negative effects of AFB1 (250 ng AFB1/g of feed) were significantly reduced by HA supplementation (0.25% w/w), suggesting that HA might be utilized to ameliorate the negative impact of AFB1 from contaminated diets. The present study shows the results of the remaining variables, as an extension of a previously published work which aimed to evaluate the impact of HA on the intestinal microbiota, gut integrity, ileum morphometry, and cellular immunity of turkey poults fed an AFB1-contaminated diet. For this objective, five equal groups of 1-day-old female Nicholas-700 turkey poults were randomly assigned to the following treatments: negative control (basal diet), positive control (basal diet + 250 ng AFB1/g), HA (basal diet + 0.25% HA), HA + AFB1 (basal diet + 0.25% HA + 250 ng AFB1/g), and Zeolite (basal diet + 0.25% zeolite + 250 ng AFB1/g). In the experiment, seven replicates of ten poults each were used per treatment (n = 70). In general, HA supplementation with or without the presence of AFB1 showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the number of beneficial butyric acid producers, ileum villi height, and ileum total area, and a significant reduction in serum levels of fluorescein isothiocyanate–dextran (FITC-d), a marker of intestinal integrity. In contrast, poults fed with AFB1 showed a significant increase in Proteobacteria and lower numbers of beneficial bacteria, clearly suggesting gut dysbacteriosis. Moreover, poults supplemented with AFB1 displayed the lowest morphometric parameters and the highest intestinal permeability. Furthermore, poults in the negative and positive control treatments had the lowest cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity response. These findings suggest that HA supplementation enhanced intestinal integrity (shape and permeability), cellular immune response, and healthier gut microbiota composition, even in the presence of dietary exposure to AFB1. These results complement those of the previously published study, suggesting that HA may be a viable dietary intervention to improve gut health and immunity in turkey poults during aflatoxicosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background . Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a rare genetic skin disorder characterized by fragility of skin with appearance of acute and chronic wounds. The aim of this study was to determine the economic burden and the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of patients with epidermolysis bullosa (EB) in Spain from a societal perspective. Methods . We conducted a cross-sectional, retrospective study including 62 patients with EB (62% dystrophic, 9.6% junctional, 3.2% Kindler syndrome, and 26% with simplex EB). Data were collected from questionnaires completed by patients or their caregivers. The costs were estimated, including not only direct healthcare costs but also direct non-healthcare costs and productivity losses. We compared severe EB (Dystrophic, Junctional EB and Kindler syndrome) to non-severe EB (simplex EB) using as reference year 2022. HRQoL was measured by generic (EQ-5D) and specific (QoLEB) questionnaires. Results The average annual cost for an EB patient was €31,352. Direct healthcare costs represented 17.2% of the total cost, direct non-healthcare costs (mainly informal care costs) 71.3% and productivity losses 11.5% of the total cost. Participants in the severe EB group had a slightly higher average cost than participants in the non-severe EB group (€31,706 vs. €30,337). Direct healthcare costs and non-healthcare costs were higher in the severe EB group (€6,205 vs. €3,024 and €23,148 vs. €20,113) while productivity losses were higher in the non-severe EB group (€7,200 vs. €2,353). The mean utility index score, where the maximum value possible is one, was 0.45 for patients with severe EB (0.76 for their caregivers) and 0.62 for those with non-severe EB (0.77 for their caregivers). Conclusions . The social economic burden of EB, resulting from the high direct non-healthcare cost of informal care, and from the loss of productivity, accentuates the importance of not restricting cost analysis to direct healthcare costs. This substantiates that EB, particularly severe EB represents a significant hidden cost that should be revealed to society and should be considered in the support programmes for people who suffer from this disease, and in the economic evaluation of new treatments.

Resumen: Antecedentes y objetivo: La hiperpotasemia (HK) es una alteración electrolítica en la concentración de iones potasio (K+), cuyo riesgo aumenta en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) o insuficiencia cardiaca (IC) y/o en pacientes en tratamiento con inhibidores del sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona (iSRAA). Los nuevos quelantes orales de K+ ofrecen un tratamiento seguro y eficaz para mantener la normopotasemia en estos pacientes. El objetivo del análisis es estimar el coste-efectividad del ciclosilicato de sodio y zirconio (CSZ) para el tratamiento de la HK crónica en pacientes con ERC o IC vs. tratamiento estándar (poliestireno sulfonato cálcico y modificaciones del estilo de vida) desde la perspectiva del Sistema Nacional de Salud (SNS) español. Materiales y métodos: Se utilizaron dos modelos de microsimulación que reflejan la historia natural de la ERC y de la IC. En ambos modelos se realizó una simulación de forma individual de los niveles de K+. Con base en la eficacia (reducción de los niveles de K+), la calidad de vida de los pacientes (utilidades según estado de salud, y disutilidades de los eventos derivados de cada patología y los eventos adversos [EA] del tratamiento) y a los costes contemplados (coste del tratamiento para la HK, del tratamiento con iSRAA y su modificación, de los estados de salud, del manejo de los eventos derivados de cada patología, de los episodios de HK, y de los EA del tratamiento) (€, 2022), se obtuvieron resultados de beneficio clínico (años de vida ajustados por calidad [AVAC]) y costes. Se empleó un horizonte temporal de toda la vida del paciente y se aplicó una tasa de descuento del 3% para costes y resultados. Resultados: El CSZ resulta una opción más efectiva en ambas patologías, con una diferencia de AVAC de 0,476 en ERC, y de 0,978 en IC vs. tratamiento estándar, y supone un coste incremental de 3.616 € y 14.749 €, respectivamente, obteniéndose un ratio coste-utilidad incremental (RCUI) de 7.605 €/AVAC en ERC y 15.078 €/AVAC en IC. Conclusiones: El CSZ es una alternativa con una buena relación coste-efectividad para el tratamiento de la HK en pacientes con ERC o IC, teniendo en cuenta los valores de eficiencia de referencia empleados habitualmente en España. Abstract: Background and objective: Hyperkalemia (HK) is an electrolyte disturbance in the concentration of potassium ions (K+), whose risk increases in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) or heart failure (HF) and/or in patients being treated with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASi). The new oral K+ chelators offer a safe and effective treatment to maintain normokalemia in these patients. The objective of the analysis is to estimate the cost-effectiveness of sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (SZC) for the treatment of chronic HK in patients with CKD or HF versus standard treatment (calcium polystyrene sulfonate and lifestyle modifications) from the perspective of the Spanish National Health System. Materials and methods: Two microsimulation models reflecting the natural history of CKD and HF were used. In both models, K+ levels were simulated individually. Based on efficacy (reduction of K+ levels), quality of life of patients (utilities according to health states, and disutilities of events derived from each pathology and adverse events [AEs] of treatment) and costs considered (cost of treatment for HK, of RAASi treatment and its modification, health states, management of events derived from each pathology, HK episodes, and AEs treatment) (€, 2022), clinical benefit (quality-adjusted life years [QALYs]) and cost results were obtained. A time horizon of the patient's lifetime was used and a discount rate of 3% was applied for costs and outcomes. Results: SZC is a more effective option in both pathologies, with a difference in QALYs of 0.476 in CKD and 0.978 in HF compared to standard treatment, and it represents an incremental cost of € 3,616 and € 14,749, respectively, obtaining an incremental cost-utility ratio of € 7,605 /QALY in CKD and € 15,078 /QALY in HF. Conclusions: SZC is a cost-effective alternative for the treatment of HK in patients with CKD or HF, taking into account the reference efficiency values commonly used in Spain.

Abstract Introducion The concept of a window of opportunity in hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) management suggests that early initiation of biological therapy leads to better outcomes, though its timing remains uncertain. Methods We conducted a retrospective observational multicenter study, including consecutive patients with moderate to severe HS who initiated secukinumab treatment following prior failure with systemic antibiotics or adalimumab. Therapeutic burden was defined as the sum of previous systemic treatment cycles and previous major surgical interventions for HS. Patients were followed up for 24 weeks. Main outcomes were safety and effectiveness, assessed through the proportion of patients achieving HS Clinical Response (HiSCR) and a 55% reduction in International HS Severity Score System (IHS4-55). Additionally, potential predictors of response to secukinumab were studied. Analysis was performed on an intention-to-treat basis. Results A total of 67 patients (33 men, 34 women) were included, with a mean age of 41.55 (11.94) years and a mean baseline IHS4 of 17.88 (11.13). The mean therapeutic burden was 6.06 (3.49). At week 24, 10.45% (7/67) of patients experienced adverse events, with three leading to treatment discontinuation. At week 24, 41.79% (28/67) of patients achieved HiSCR, and 44.78% (30/67) of patients achieved IHS4-55. HiSCR could not be calculated in 12 patients with a baseline AN count

Abstract Background What factors, processes and mechanisms regulate invasive processes and their effects? This is one of the main questions addressed by the ecology of biological invasions. Ligustrum lucidum, a tree species native to East Asia, became an aggressive invader of subtropical and temperate forests around the world. We analyzed here the L. lucidum invasion in Uruguayan forests to determine the factors controlling two stages of the invasive process, the establishment, and the dominance. Establishment was assessed by the occurrence, measured in 1525, 1 × 1 km-cells, and dominance by remotely measuring the L. lucidum coverage at the forest canopy in 5554, 1 × 1 km-cells. The occurrence and dominance were modeled using Generalized Linear Models in function of independent environmental and geographic variables. Results Ligustrum lucidum has become established in 13.4% of the Uruguayan forests and has dominated the forest canopy in 1.2%. Our models explained 45% and 35% of the occurrence and dominance spatial variance respectively and detected in both cases strong diffusion patterns from the S-SW region to rest of Uruguay. Occurrence increased mainly in function of urban areas, and with the proximity to towns, probably because L. lucidum trees planted in gardens are seed sources, and near railways and highways, that could function as biological corridors. Occurrence also increased in loamy soils and near rivers, suggesting moisture conditions are favorable for establishment. Dominance increased with reduced forest area, in high productive soils and at higher altitudes. Moreover, dominance increased near urban areas, roads, and railways, as well as in highly afforested landscapes, and in loamy and low-rockiness soils. Conclusions The invasion of Uruguayan forests by L. lucidum is in the spread and impact stages, currently in expansion from the invasion focus on the S-SW region, where the oldest urbanizations are settled, towards the rest of the country. The geographic proximity to the invasion focus is currently the main predictor of both L. lucidum establishment and dominance. Additionally, whereas establishment is manly facilitated by human infrastructures improving propagule pressure and dispersion, dominance is enhanced in small or fragmented forest patches, in rich-nutrient soils, and at higher altitudes, suggesting ecosystem resistance is also operating.

Abstract External eye appearance in avian taxa has been proposed to be driven by social and ecological functions. Recent research in primates suggests, instead, that, photoprotective functions are important drivers of external eye appearance. Using similar methods, we examined the variation in external eye appearance of 132 parrot species (Psittaciformes) in relation to their ecology and sociality. Breeding systems, flock size and sexual dimorphism, as well as species’ latitude and maximum living altitude, and estimated UV-B incidence in species’ ranges were used to explore the contribution of social and ecological factors in driving external eye appearance. We measured the hue and brightness of visible parts of the eye and the difference in measurements of brightness between adjacent parts of the eye. We found no link between social variables and our measurements. We did, however, find a negative association between the brightness of the inner part of the iris and latitude and altitude. Darker inner irises were more prevalent farther away from the equator and for those species living at higher altitudes. We found no link between UV-B and brightness measurements of the iris, or tissue surrounding the eye. We speculate that these results are consistent with an adaptation for visual functions. While preliminary, these results suggest that external eye appearance in parrots is influenced by ecological, but not social factors.

Since his beginnings, Jaime Rosales has directed seven feature films: The Hours of the Day (2003), Solitary Fragments (2007), Tiro en la cabeza (A Shot in the Head) (2008), Dream and Silence (2011), Beautiful Youth (2014), Petra (2018) and Wild Flowers (2022). In his films, the maternal-filial bond becomes the strongest factor in the lives of his characters, but in almost all of his films this bond is treated in parallel with paternal-filial relationships –which this research focuses on. Rosales portrays various models of fatherhood, some clearly failed and others in the light of positive construction. This study aims to analyse, through qualitative and filmic analysis, the design and evolution of these characters, to search for a pattern of fatherhood with common characteristics, to determine if it is a personal theme in the films of Rosales, and to investigate cinematographic resources that specifically make an original portrait of fatherhood. In this sense, we discover that in Rosales’ cinema, the father’s gaze hardly meets that of the son, daughter, or couple, and for this, the director uses various visual strategies such as polyvision, the subjective shot, or panoramic shots to ensure that these gazes, in fact, almost never meet.

Summary: Background: Surgical care holds significant importance in healthcare, especially in low and middle-income countries, as at least 50% of the 4.2 million deaths within the initial 30 days following surgery take place in these countries. The Lancet Commission on Global Surgery proposed six indicators to enhance surgical care. In Colombia, studies have been made using secondary data. However, strategies to reduce perioperative mortality have not been implemented. This study aims to describe the fourth indicator, perioperative mortality rate (POMR), with primary data in Colombia. Methods: A multicentre prospective cohort study was conducted across 54 centres (hospitals) in Colombia. Each centre selected a 7-day recruitment period between 05/2022 and 01/2023. Inclusion criteria involved patients over 18 years of age undergoing surgical procedures in operating rooms. Data quality was ensured through a verification guideline and statistical analysis using mixed-effects multilevel modelling with a case mix analysis of mortality by procedure-related, patient-related, and hospital-related conditions. Findings: 3807 patients were included with a median age of 48 (IQR 32–64), 80.3% were classified as ASA I or II, and 27% of the procedures had a low-surgical complexity. Leading procedures were Orthopedics (19.2%) and Gynaecology/Obstetrics (17.7%). According to the Clavien–Dindo scale, postoperative complications were distributed in major complications (11.7%, 10.68–12.76) and any complication (31.6%, 30.09–33.07). POMR stood at 1.9% (1.48–2.37), with elective and emergency surgery mortalities at 0.7% (0.40–1.23) and 3% (2.3–3.89) respectively. Interpretation: The POMR was higher than the ratio reported in previous national studies, even when patients had a low–risk profile and low-complexity procedures. The present research represents significant public health progress with valuable insights for national decision-makers to improve the quality of surgical care. Funding: This work was supported by Universidad del Rosario and Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología grant number CTO-057-2021, project-ID IV-FGV017.

The data presented in this article are part of a very extensive project on studies of solutions of halogenated compounds with alkanes, esters, alcohols, etc. The contribution presented focuses on original data regarding binaries formed by dibromomethane with a set of 21 alkyl esters and with 6 alkanes. The data show a database on changes in volume and on the energy experienced in the mixing processes, with a contribution of more than 900 points (x1,yE=hE or vE). The provided information is original and was measured in the laboratory at a constant temperature of 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure. Brominated compounds are of interest in various industrial applications, such as pharmaceutical, chemical, agriculture, and others. As these compounds are typically found in solution the information provided has significant value. In addition, scientists use this information for theoretical purposes to develop behavioural theories.

This paper investigates the impact of ammonia (NH3) kinetics on the ignition mechanism of dimethyl ether (DME), a topic minimally addressed in existing literature, by utilizing a hypothetical NH3 representative species with identical thermodynamic properties and atomic mass to actual NH3, yet remaining inert during reactions, thereby distinguishing the kinetic effects from thermal and dilution influences. Kinetic analysis via zero-dimensional (0D) idealized reactor calculations shows that DME ignition in the ammonia-air atmosphere is still primarily governed by peroxy kinetics, yet ammonia kinetics significantly modify the ignition reaction pathways of DME. Specifically, during the low-temperature oxidation preparation stage, ammonia oxidation yields nitrogen-containing species that (e.g., NO2, NO, NH2), through CN reactions, reduce the flux in the keto-hydroperoxides (KET) formation pathway in DME. The NH3 oxidation pathway also competes for OH radicals, which disfavors DME ignition. The rapid decomposition of KET during the low-temperature heat release (LTHR) stage emits a substantial amount of OH radicals, increasing temperature and causing the shift from chain branching to chain propagation pathways in DME oxidation, leading to significant CH2O production and decreased reaction reactivity. This shift also promotes the hydrogen‑oxygen reaction mechanism, transitioning the controlling mechanism from the KET mechanism to the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-loop mechanism. The LTHR stage further enhances CN reactions in the CH3 pathway, favoring NO production and increasing the flux of NO and HO2 reactions releasing OH radicals. Moreover, the ammonia oxidation pathway, characterized by HO2 radical consumption and concurrent OH radical and H2O2 generation, significantly influences the H2O2-loop system, resulting in a diminished reaction flux in the H → HO2 → H2O2 mechanism during the thermal ignition preparation stage. In summary, these findings underscore the significance of CN interactions in the NH3/DME ignition process and highlight the necessity of considering CN interactions in mixed fuels between ammonia and other high-reactivity fuels (e.g., diesel with higher carbon atoms), for accurate ignition prediction.

Abstract Understanding the movements and mortality of individuals across different life stages is crucial for the effective conservation of wild populations. We used data from 32 Egyptian vultures (Neophron percnopterus) tagged with GPS transmitters as nestlings in three Iberian breeding areas to study their dependence period, migration routes, movements in Africa, and mortality at each stage. Our results show no significant differences in the timing of nest departure or the duration of the dependence period between individuals of different sexes or breeding nuclei. Most juveniles migrated to sub‐Saharan Africa in their first year, but some (3 of 32, 9.4%) remained in the Iberian Peninsula. Individuals that migrated to Africa did so annually, while those remaining in Iberia never migrated to the Sahel, indicating distinct migratory and non‐migratory strategies. Non‐migratory individuals consistently moved northward during the breeding season to their natal territories. Siblings did not coordinate their migration strategy or timing. All juveniles showed extensive overlap in the vast areas used in Africa, where females arrived before males, and in the Iberian Peninsula. Our study also revealed that no juveniles died immediately after fledging, but that none of the tagged individuals lived more than 7 years or were recruited as breeders. Although most casualties occurred during the longer stay in the Sahel, the mortality rate was highest during the few days of the first migration. Our results show that despite small variations in movement patterns between breeding nuclei and sexes, Egyptian vultures face similar challenges during the years before recruitment as breeders, mostly determined by their migratory strategy. These findings are relevant for designing conservation strategies, both in breeding areas and, more importantly, in wintering areas and along migration pathways. Such strategies will significantly impact the entire Iberian population of this endangered species.

Industrial parks are the important carriers to promote regional innovation and economic development. The policy preferences of the government, the support orientation of the industrial park and the innovation willingness of the enterprises in the park play a significant role in promoting the high-quality development of the industrial parks. In order to clarify the decision-making process of each subject, this paper constructs a triple evolutionary game model between the government, industrial park and enterprises in the park, Matlab software is used to conduct simulation research, and the strategy selection of each subject in the process of promoting high-quality development of the park is analyzed, as well as the influence of variables on the evolutionary game. Through numerical simulation, this study finds that the strategy choice of the government and the industrial park is influenced by the cost of innovation management for enterprises. In addition, the innovation willingness of enterprises is affected by the policy preference of the government and the support orientation of the industrial park, the excessive tax preference of the government will lead to negative innovation behaviors of the enterprises, the “inward incentives” support orientation of the industrial park can stimulate the enterprises’ innovation willingness on “active innovation”, the enterprises behavior of “active innovation” will strengthen the “inward incentives” support orientation of the industrial park in turn. The difference of the benefits and the costs between the two support orientations by the industrial park will lead to the equilibrium points stabilized at different strategy combinations. Based on these findings, countermeasures and suggestions are proposed in this study.

Class demonstrations where the lecturer's hand motor actions are observable generally have a positive effect on the learning of motor skills because they trigger an effortless process of embodied simulations. Whether the learning of cognitive skills is likewise affected by such visualisations is yet to be investigated and might depend on the learning content as well as other factors. This study aimed to investigate whether showing the lecturer's hand via a document camera during an introductory financial accounting class affects student learning (transfer performance), cognitive load responses, and note-taking behaviour compared to a writing pad where the lecturer's hand is not visible. The study utilised a quasi-experimental design in an in-person setting, with a pre-test and post-test comparison of two groups of participants: one group that viewed a lecture video without the lecturer's hand being visible (n = 509), and another group that viewed the same lecture with the lecturer's hand being visible (n = 571). The results showed that the with-hand group had a significantly higher increase in test scores compared to the without-hand group. However, the visibility of the hand did not significantly impact cognitive load or note-taking behaviour. The findings have important practical implications for education, as incorporating non-verbal cues such as the lecturer's hand may effectively enhance learning cognitive skills.

Presentacion del dossier sobre historia de la industria en Mexico durante los siglo XIX y XX.

Abstract Primate faces provide information about a range of variant and invariant traits, including some that are relevant for mate choice. For example, faces of males may convey information about their health or genetic quality through symmetry or facial masculinity. Because perceiving and processing such information may have bearing on the reproductive success of an individual, cognitive systems are expected to be sensitive to facial cues of mate quality. However, few studies have investigated this topic in non-human primate species. Orang-utans are an interesting species to test mate-relevant cognitive biases, because they are characterised by male bimaturism: some adult males are fully developed and bear conspicuous flanges on the side of their face, while other males look relatively similar to females. Here, we describe two non-invasive computerised experiments with Bornean orang-utans (Pongo pygmaeus), testing (i) immediate attention towards large flanges and symmetrical faces using a dot-probe task (N = 3 individuals; 2F) and (ii) choice bias for pictures of flanged males over unflanged males using a preference test (N = 6 individuals; 4F). In contrast with our expectations, we found no immediate attentional bias towards either large flanges or symmetrical faces. In addition, individuals did not show a choice bias for stimuli of flanged males. We did find exploratory evidence for a colour bias and energy efficiency trade-offs in the preference task. We discuss our null results and exploratory results in the context of the evolutionary history of Bornean orang-utans, and provide suggestions for a more biocentric approach to the study of orang-utan cognition.

Objectives. The study aimed to analyze external load indicators with the incidence of non-contact hamstring injuries. Material and methods. A non-experimental correlative, retrospective cohort study was carried out. The data were collected from 31 professional male soccer players over the course of one season. The following load indicators were examined: duration (D), total distance travelled (TDT), distance travelled at high intensity (DTHI) > 20km/h, number of efforts between 20-25 km/h (NE 20-25km/h), distance travelled at more than 25km/h (DR+25km/h), number of sprints greater than 25km/h (NE > 25km/h), number of accelerations greater than 1m/s² (Acc), and number of minor decelerations at -1m/s² (Dcc). Only non-contact hamstring injuries were included in the analysis. For the multivariate analysis, we applied a logistic regression model, where a value of P < 0.05 was established both for the statistical significance of the model (X²) and for each of the regressor variables (X²), the confidence interval level was 95%. Results. Two injuries were recorded and diagnosed: injury grade 2 and muscle fatigue. The load indicators analyzed did not show a significant correlation with hamstring injury. Therefore, no association was found between external load and hamstring injury in professional soccer players. Conclusions. The logistic regression model (p > 0.05) did not present statistical significance. Consequently, none of the external load variables monitored explain the rate of non-contact hamstring injuries in this population.

Abstract Water quality is one of the most relevant issues related to water management, with water pollution and access to clean water for drinking and irrigation being common issues in developing countries. Groundwater is an available water source, especially where surface sources are scarce or unsuitable. In this sense, studies to improve knowledge of aquifers should be undertaken where information on groundwater resources is not available. In the current study, 50 groundwater samples were collected from rural and urban wells used by local communities for human consumption and to irrigate local crops. Several indices for drinking water and irrigation use have been used for the assessment of water quality. Conversely, the carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic human health risks due to exposure to heavy metals in the groundwater were estimated, as were the predominant hydrochemical characteristics. The groundwater water quality index (GWQI) shows values 1, whereas As and Mn had a higher contribution to the HI. The Piper trilinear diagram shows that hydrochemical facies of Ca2+ and HCO3 − are significantly dominant. By contrast, weathering of rocks and atmospheric precipitation is the dominant factors regulating the chemistry of groundwater in the aquifer system of La Mojana. Our findings indicate that there are significant potential noncarcinogenic health risks for local populations exposed to groundwater.

AbstractAim: The objective of this prospective study was to evaluate the accuracy of cephalometric analyses acquired through manual tracing and the Eyes of AITM AI-driven web-based program.Materials and Methods: This prospective study employed randomization conducted via computer software, with a determined sample size of 150 cases. Inclusion criteria encompassed good quality lateral cephalograms available in both digital and print formats, absence of artifacts that might hinder anatomical point location, and presence of a clear calibration ruler for magnification determination. Exclusion criteria included lateral cephalograms with identifiable motion artifacts, resolution disparity, or insufficient contrast, as well as those exhibiting positional errors indicated by ear rod markers. Each lateral cephalogram underwent tracing and analysis using the manual method, as well as Eyes of AITM software. Following landmark plotting, linear and angular measurements of Steiner, Downs, McNamara, and Jefferson analyses were calculated.Results: A comparison of thirty-six cephalometric measurements of Steiner, Downs, McNamara, and Jefferson analyses obtained from manual tracing and AI-driven Eyes of AITM revealed a Concordance Correlation Coefficient (CCC) value above 0.76 for all parameters, indicating strong agreement between manual and AI-driven cephalometric measurements. Furthermore, a CCC value exceeding 0.9 was observed for twenty-eight parameters, indicative of very strong agreement.Conclusion: Automated lateral cephalometric measurements obtained from Eyes of AITM are accurate when compared to manual measurements.

BackgroundGlobally, clinical hypothyroidism affects an estimated 0.5 to 5% of the population, while subclinical hypothyroidism affects 5-20%. Limited data is available on the prevalence of thyroid disease within the Mexican population. The objective of this study was to describe the characteristics of people screened for hypothyroidism in Mexico during 2022 using the Zulewski scale.MethodsA cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data obtained from a digital survey administered by an e-Health platform. This study included participants of all genders, aged 18 years and older (n = 31,449). Descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) were sued to describe the data. Differences between groups were assessed through the chi-square or Fischer’s exact test. Information gathered was subjected to hierarchical segmentation analysis to explore trends and patterns. Statistical significance was set as

El sector textil peruano, destacado por su dinamismo y relevancia económica, alberga numerosas pymes dedicadas a la producción y exportación de textiles. En el actual contexto global, la competitividad se vuelve vital para la supervivencia de estas empresas. Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar la competitividad en las pymes exportadoras del sector textil en Perú, abordando aspectos clave como calidad de productos, eficiencia operativa, acceso a mercados internacionales, innovación, y capacidad financiera. Se empleó un enfoque metodológico cuantitativo, utilizando cuestionarios con escalas tipo Likert para recopilar información. Los resultados muestran que las empresas medianas destacan en calidad y diseño de productos, mientras que las grandes tienen mayor acceso a mercados internacionales y capacidad financiera. No se observaron diferencias significativas en eficiencia operativa e innovación entre los distintos tamaños de empresas. Estas correlaciones destacan la importancia de la calidad de productos y la capacidad financiera para la competitividad de las pymes textiles peruanas.

Background. A possible effect of live weight on digestion capacity and starch and nitrogen utilization in cattle has been suggested, however, to our knowledge, this effect has not been evaluated by direct testing. This becomes especially relevant when finishing diets are used, which are characterized by their high percentages of starch and nitrogen Objective: To study the possible effect of live weight (BW) on digestion and utilization of two treatments corn, dry rolled (DR) and steam-flaked (SF). Results. Microbial N and microbial efficiency were not affected by the live weight by corn processing interaction. PV decreased linearly (P

Los pinos tropicales son importantes por la cantidad de madera que producen en periodos cortos de tiempo. Para ello, se requieren de funciones alométricas para predecir la altura total de los árboles, ya que es una de las variables indispensables para calcular el volumen total y comercial. El objetivo de la investigación fue desarrollar una función alométrica local y una generalizada para modelar la relación altura total-diámetro normal (at–dn) de Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis y del hibrido Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis × Pinus tecunumanii en la Sierra Norte de Puebla, México. Para analizar las relaciones se usaron 1 232 pares de datos de at–dn. Se ajustaron modelos alométricos con tres parámetros con el 80% de los datos y se validaron con el 20%. El mejor modelo fue el que presentó el menor sesgo promedio, raíz del error medio cuadrático y Criterio de Información de Akaike, así como el de mayor coeficiente de determinación ajustado. Los modelos explicaron más del 58.55% de la variabilidad en la at observada en los árboles. El modelo Logístico y de Weibull obtuvieron los mejores desempeños en el ajuste y validación, y estimaron con menor incertidumbre la at de los pinos tropicales. Las funciones alométricas ajustadas son confiables para predecir la at de los árboles, por lo que puede contribuir al manejo sustentable de plantaciones comerciales de pinos tropicales en la región de estudio.

El estudio partió de una revisión teórica, con el objetivo de exponer datos estadísticos acerca de la industria del calzado en Ecuador, con miras a establecer recomendaciones que promuevan la recuperación económica del sector a través de su capacidad para generar estrategias que fomenten la competitividad. La metodología se fundamentó en el uso del método descriptivo y analítico del contexto teórico, mediante fuentes primarias y secundarias. Este análisis, permitió conocer la importancia de la competitividad y la necesidad de crear avances sostenibles a largo plazo, reorientándola y reinventándola; esto, tomando en cuenta diferentes enfoques debido a que el entorno está desarrollándose y cambiando de manera constante e ininterrumpida. En definitiva, la pandemia ha llevado a las empresas del sector a actualizarse e incrementar sus estrategias de productividad, sin embargo, hace falta un gran proceso para que las empresas alcancen niveles de competitividad ideales para el sector.

Environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitors from sugarcane bagasse are a promising alternative to mitigate corrosion problems. These inhibitors are obtained from natural compounds present in the residual biomass of bagasse, such as tannins, phenols, and organic acids. Studies have shown that bagasse extracts exhibit significant corrosion inhibition effects on various metals (steel, zinc, aluminium) in acidic and neutral media, acting through the formation of protective layers on metal surfaces, modifying the chemistry of the medium or inhibiting electrochemical corrosion reactions. This work reviews the state-of-the-art of eco-friendly corrosion inhibitors from sugarcane bagasse in environments relevant to the transport of CO2, including their composition, mechanisms of action, extraction and purification methods, performance evaluation techniques, and comparisons with conventional inhibitors. Future perspectives are also addressed, such as process optimization, mechanistic understanding, environmental impact assessment and interdisciplinary collaborations to drive the development and successful implementation of these sustainable inhibitors in various industries.

Cell movement is known to be fundamental to many processes that take part in the overall functioning of life itself. Regeneration of damaged tissue, tumor growth or the creation of life itself through embryogenesis rely mainly on the individual and collective movement of cells. Due to the importance of such phenomena, increasing research activity has been dedicated to them, but many are the questions that still remain, specially when focusing on the movement of clusters and networks of cells as a whole. We present a new approach to take advantage of Machine Learning tools (Artificial Neural Networks) in order to predict the position and velocity of a cell in a certain moment in time, given the properties of said cell and the environment surrounding it. The results show a high level of accuracy for the analyzed video sequence, which implies that the studied properties greatly influence the decisions taken by cells regarding its movement.

Second-growth forests represent the largest area of forest in southern Mexico and can provide relevant information on how their structural attributes in are linked to anthropogenic factors and for their forest management. However, a knowledge gap remains at national level with little scientific literature available. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the structure and tree richness of second-growth forests in the south of Quintana Roo State, México. With stratified sampling through participatory mapping of local collaborators, secondary tropical forests of 7, 15, 27, 37, and ≥ 48 to 80 years (y) old-growth were identified. We categorized forests into three successional stage classes: 5-20 y (Class I; forests of 7 and 15 y); 25-40 y (Class II; forests of 27 and 37 y), and old-growth forest (Class III; forests 48-80 y). In each forest (7, 15, 27, 37, 48, and 80 y of time since abandonment [tSA]) three plots were randomly chosen and established within the forest. Each age class was composed of two forests and six sample plots. In total there were 18 plots of 500 m2 each. Subsequently, we: i) calculated the land use intensity (LUI) to which the sites were subjected, ii) described the following structural attributes: floristic similarity, true diversity (effective number of species), stem density, and basal area (AB), and iii) evaluated if tSA and LUI influence the aforementioned structural attributes. Tree diversity was characterized with Hill numbers associated with observed species richness (0D), richness of equally abundant species (1D), and dominant species (2D). Forest structure was analyzed by density (number of trees ha−1) and distribution of stems by diameter class ha−1 and basal area (BA, m2 ha−1). The second-growth forest was derived from the milpa agricultural system under moderate land use intensity (LUI index = 0.02 - 0.1). Floristic structure was at least similar between Class I and Class III. Forest age and LUI do not affect tree composition of the forests (p ≥ 0.1667). However, these two factors affected stem density and BA. Only the species richness (0D) of second-growth forest and old-growth forest was influenced by tSA (p = 0.0002). In second-growth forests, Classes I and II, 78 species (0D) were recorded, 8 and 8 exclusive species, 28 and 36 equally abundant species (1D), and 15 to 24 dominant species (2D). In the old-growth forest, Class III, 70 species were recorded, and 38 and 26 equally abundant (1D) and dominant species (2D), as well as 5 exclusive species. The density of stems decreased with increasing forest age and increasing BA. Second-growth forest and old-growth forest all showed a high density of small diameter stems. These results indicate that second-growth forests are important tree species reservoirs (including those for timber purposes), comparable to old-growth or mature forests, and therefore they are relevant not only as biodiversity conservation areas or carbon sinks, but also for planned sustainable forest management.

The scarcity of pictorial reconstructions focusing on Quaternary flora and vegetation prompts a reevaluation of traditional zoocentrism in future paleoartistic research. Here we present paleoartistic renderings depicting vegetation landscapes around the Orce Archaeological Zone (OAZ), encompassing sites dating from 1.6 to 1.2 million years ago during the Early Pleistocene of the Guadix-Baza Basin in southern Spain. Four pieces are based on fossil pollen data from Venta Micena 1 (VM1), Barranco León (BL), and Fuente Nueva 3 (FN3). The artwork considers altitudinal belt distribution, taxonomic and structural diversity, extinct taxa in the Iberian Peninsula post-Early Pleistocene, and those previously extinct at higher latitudes in Europe. This essay visually represents the coexistence of mesophytic, thermophytic, and xerophytic plant communities within a glacial refugium of woody species. Lastly, employing a non-conventional iconographic approach, we portray a female Homo individual in the forest refugium to draw up on possible adaptive traits of these early Europeans.

The world population is expected to reach 9.8 billion by 2050 according to a report by the United Nations. The global demand for alternative proteins from different sources, such as microalgae, mycoproteins, insects, cell-based, cultured meat, meat substitutes, dairy alternatives, and fungi-based proteins, is projected to reach USD 290 billion by 2035. Due to their similar characteristics, offered at a relatively more affordable cost than animal proteins, alternative plant-based proteins are experiencing significant global demand. In recent years, industrial production of microalgal biomass has received attention due to its rich content of quality proteins, lipids, fatty acids, and pigments, whose products are of commercial interest in the field of food technology and engineering. Microalgae can be grown easily in open and closed systems for biomass and high-value products. Spirulina and Chlorella have the outstanding ability to accumulate protein and have already been used in meat substitutes, food products, feed, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals. Here, we review the current literature, including new insights into the patent landscape about algal protein wholistically for its quality, culture conditions, recovery, and potential applications for food uses, and discuss its potential to find alternative protein sources for global needs.

Introduction: The Acute Organic Change of Character (AOCC) is an organic mental disorder subtype in which perception, thought, mood and personality impairment predominate. It consists in a change in the individual's general behaviour or attitude, which is shown to be closely associated with or caused by an underlying organic process, and which is rapidly resolved when the organic noxious agent is eliminated (Pintor et al. Journal of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Disorders 4 (2020): 354-358). Objectives: To describe the importance of taking AOCC diagnosis into consideration and the role of liaison psychiatrists in AOCC management by presenting two AOCC cases admitted to the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed two AOCC cases in patients followed by our hospital's liaison psychiatry unit during the summer of 2023. We also searched for previous case reports of AOCC using a PubMed query. Results: Case 1: A 50-year-old male who suffered a polytrauma with diffuse axonal injury (DAI). His relatives and the referring medical team observed a change in his behaviour consisting in irritability, suspicion, hostility and impatience. No cognitive impairment nor fluctuation in the described symptoms were observed. At the time of discharge character changes were still present due to DAI slow and unpredictable clinical course. Symptomatic treatment with risperidone 6mg/day and quetiapine 100mg/day was administered achieving a satisfactory clinical response. Case 2: A 47-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes who suffered an infectious cellulitis that spread causing sepsis. The patient began to appear disruptive with verbose and tangential speech during her admission. No cognitive impairment nor fluctuation in the described symptoms were observed. Symptomatic treatment with risperidone 10mg/day and olanzapine 5mg/day was administered achieving a satisfactory clinical response. At the time of discharge character changes described before were almost resolved. Conclusions: The clinical presentation of both cases suggested organic mental disorders in which a change in general behaviour predominates. Liaison psychiatrists play a key role in AOCC management by recognizing the clinical pattern, helping if needed with psychopharmacological treatment and ensuring a good understanding of the disorder both by the referring medical team and the patient's relatives. To our knowledge, it would be of great importance to achieve a better understanding of this clinical condition which to date we consider to be underdiagnosed. Disclosure of Interest: None Declared [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SfM (structure from motion) photogrammetry is a technique developed in the field of computer vision that enables the generation of three-dimensional (3D) models from a set of overlapping images captured from disparate angles. The application of this technique in the field of cultural heritage, particularly in the context of megalithic monuments, is inherently challenging due to the spatial constraints of these environments and the usual limitations posed by their architectural design, which often results in poor lighting conditions. This article presents an accurate and cost-efficient methodology for the study and documentation of rock art, which has been applied to three megalithic monuments in the Iberian Peninsula: one in Spain and two in Portugal. The three working environments are complex, but the combination of techniques used and improvements such as rendering for the enhancement of engravings and the creation of 3D stop-motion models made it possible to integrate all the information in 3D formats that allow its universal dissemination. This not only preserves the heritage in graphic form but also makes it accessible to the public, both for study and for virtual visits.

Stress significantly affects the health, welfare, and productivity of farm animals. We performed a longitudinal study to evaluate stress’s effects on pig performance, feeding behavior, and fecal microbiota composition. This study involved 64 Duroc pigs during the fattening period, divided into two experimental groups: a stress group (n = 32) and a control group (n = 32). Stressed groups had less space and were mixed twice during the experiment. We monitored body weight, feed efficiency, feeding behavior, and fecal microbiota composition. Compared to the control group, the stressed pigs exhibited reduced body weight, feed efficiency, fewer feeder visits, and longer meal durations. In the fecal microbiota, resilience was observed, with greater differences between groups when sampling was closer to the stressful stimulus. Stressed pigs showed an increase in opportunistic bacteria, such as Streptococcus, Treponema and members of the Erysipelotrichaceae family, while control pigs had more butyrate- and propionate-producing genera like Anaerobutyricum, Coprococcus and HUN007. Our findings confirm that prolonged stress negatively impacts porcine welfare, behavior, and performance, and alters their gut microbiota. Specific microorganisms identified could serve as non-invasive biomarkers for stress, potentially informing both animal welfare and similar gut-brain axis mechanisms relevant to human research.

The Japanese plum tree (Prunus salicina Lindl.) is mainly cultivated in temperate areas of China and some European countries. Certain amounts of wood (from pruning works) are generated every year from this crop of worldwide commercial significance. The main objective of this work was to value this agricultural woody residue, for which the chemical composition of pruning wood extracts from six Japanese plum cultivars was investigated, and the antiproliferative activity of extracts and pure phenolics present in those extracts was measured. For the chemical characterization, total phenolic content and DPPH radical-scavenging assays and HPLC‒DAD/ESI‒MS analyses were performed, with the procyanidin (−)-ent-epicatechin-(2α→O→7,4α→8)-epicatechin (5) and the propelargonidin (+)-epiafzelechin-(2β→O→7,4β→8)-epicatechin (7) being the major components of the wood extracts. Some quantitative differences were found among plum cultivars, and the content of proanthocyanidins ranged from 1.50 (cv. ‘Fortune’) to 4.44 (cv. ‘Showtime’) mg/g of dry wood. Regarding the antitumoral activity, eight wood extracts and four phenolic compounds were evaluated in MCF-7 cells after 48 h of induction, showing the wood extract from cv. ‘Songold’ and (‒)-annphenone (3), the best antiproliferative activity (IC50: 424 μg/mL and 405 μg/mL, respectively).

This article follows-up on our recently published work, which evaluated the impact of the addition of an alfalfa leaf-derived adsorbent in the aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-contaminated diet in regard to the production parameters, blood cell count, serum biochemistry, liver enzymes, and liver histology of turkey poults. This paper presents complementary results on microbial community, ileal morphology, barrier function, and immunity. For this purpose, 350 1-day-old female turkey poults were randomly distributed into five groups: (1) Control, AFB1-free diet; (2) AF, AFB1-contaminated diet at 250 ng/g; (3) alfalfa, AFB1-free diet + 0.5% (w/w) adsorbent; (4) alfalfa + AF, AFB1-contaminated diet at 250 ng/g + 0.5% (w/w) adsorbent; and (5) YCW + AF, AFB1-contaminated diet at 250 ng/g + 0.5% (w/w) commercial yeast cell wall-based adsorbent (reference group). In general, in the AF group, the growth of opportunistic pathogens was promoted, which lead to gut dysbacteriosis, mainly influenced by Streptococcus lutetiensis. Conversely, a significant increase in beneficial bacteria (Faecalibacterium and Coprococcus catus) was promoted by the addition of the plant-based adsorbent. Moreover, the AF group had the lowest villus height and a compromised barrier function, as evidenced by a significant (p < 0.05) increase in fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC-d), but these negative effects were almost reversed by the addition of the alfalfa adsorbent. Furthermore, the AF + YCW and alfalfa + AF groups exhibited a significant increase in the cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity response compared to the rest of the experimental groups. Taken together, these results pointed out that the alfalfa counteracts the adverse effects of AFB1 in poults, facilitating the colonization of beneficial bacteria and improving the barrier function of the turkey poults.

Pigs are a social species, and they establish hierarchies for better use of resources and to reduce conflicts. However, in pig production, the opportunities for growth can differ between dominant and subordinate animals. In the present study, a system was tested to perform a dominant versus subordinate test in growing pigs to investigate how the hierarchy affects feeding behaviour, growth, and gut microbiota assessed in faeces. Sixty-four animals housed in eight different pens were used, with four castrated males and four females in each one, weighing 18 kg at arrival and maintained during the whole growing period, until 140 kg. Three stool samples were obtained from the animals directly from the anus to avoid contamination of the faeces 58, 100, and 133 days after the start of the study to investigate the microbiota composition. The dominant animals had higher gains during the growing period than the subordinates. In addition, they were performing more visits to the feeder throughout the day. Differential abundance patterns were observed in five bacterial genera, with Oliverpabstia, Peptococcus, and Faecalbacterium being more abundant in dominant animals and Holdemanella and Acetitomaculum being overrepresented in subordinate ones. This microbial biomarker accurately classified dominant versus subordinate groups of samples with an AUC of 0.92.

Resumen: Se detalla una propuesta doble para crear, organizar y desarrollar, de forma secuencial, dos organizaciones responsables de la evaluación de la eficiencia de tecnologías y políticas sanitarias en España, y el diseño que podrían tener. Serían una pieza clave en un proceso de reformas organizativas en el Sistema Nacional de Salud. La primera, que podría ser de inmediata adopción, se denominaría Oficina de Evaluación de la Eficiencia de los Medicamentos, sería un órgano funcionalmente independiente adscrito a la Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios, y se circunscribiría a la evaluación de la eficiencia de los medicamentos. La segunda, llamada Comisión Nacional de Evaluación en el Ámbito de la Salud, se configuraría como autoridad administrativa independiente y evaluaría las tecnologías y posiblemente las políticas públicas sanitarias. La independencia funcional, la suficiencia de medios y su anclaje sobre valores de buen gobierno son las características definitorias de esta doble propuesta. Abstract: We describe in detail a twofold proposal for the creation, organization and sequential development of two bodies responsible for evaluating the efficiency of health technologies and policies in Spain and its possible design. It would constitute a key element in the process of re-organising the National Health System. The first, which could be adopted immediately, would be called the Office for the Evaluation of the Efficiency of Medicines, would be attached to the Spanish Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices as a functionally independent body and limited to evaluating the efficiency of medicines. The second, the National Health Evaluation Commission, in the form of an independent administrative body, would evaluate health technologies and possibly public health policies. Functional independence, adequate resources and anchoring in the values of good governance are the defining characteristics of this dual proposal.

The development of meat analogues focuses on sustainable production and requires attention to their nutritional, physicochemical, and sensory values. Anchovy protein isolate (API) is a novel and potential binding agent in the development of meat analogues. This study aimed to produce API and evaluate the physical, proximate, and sensory qualities of patty meat analogue (PMA) with the addition of API. The preparation method for API uses pH-shifting. The ratios of API added to the meat analogues were 0 % (F0), 4 % (F1), 8 % (F2), and 12 % (F3) per textured vegetable protein (TVP) weight. Furthermore, PMA was analysed for physical, proximate, and sensory properties. API had 87.23 % dry basis (db) protein content. The amino acid composition of API generally complied with the nutritional requirements of adults and children. The addition of API significantly affected the physical properties, proximate composition, and sensory (taste) qualities of PMA (p

Introduction: In Spain and other European countries, patients coming to the emergency room (ER) are usually classified as "organic" or "psychiatric" on arrival, but this may be complicated when psychiatric history is present as the focus can be misplaced (Leeman. IJPM 1975;6(4):544-40; Alam et al. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 2017;40(3):425–33). Objectives: To describe three cases seen in the psychiatric emergency room (PER) in which triage errors occurred and to review whether it is widespread for psychiatric patients with organic pathology or in need of medical care to be wrongly triaged. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed three cases seen in the PER of Hospital Clínic in July 2023 in which triage errors happened. Triage error was considered when patients triaged directly to the PER presented symptoms that either needed medical treatment or required medical clearance before being considered purely psychiatric. Results: Case 1: A 27-year-old woman with history of depressive syndrome was triaged for a speech disturbance that had occurred fifteen minutes after intercourse. After being evaluated, she was referred to neurology where she was diagnosed with an acute ischaemic stroke in left middle cerebral artery territory, requiring thrombectomy and posterior admission to neurology. Case 2: A 50-year-old man with history of alcohol use disorder was brought to the PER after saying that "he was seeing people doing magic" at home. When evaluated, significant distal tremor, tachycardia and hypertension were observed, being compatible with withdrawal symptoms, so he was transferred to the ER. There he was monitored and treated, finally requiring admission to internal medicine due to persistent symptoms. Case 3: A 26-year-old man with history of substance use disorder was triaged for loss of consciousness and "spasms". After evaluation, he was transferred to the ER, where organic screening was carried out, being oriented as a probable tonic-clonic seizure and discharged with outpatient follow-up. Conclusions: The cases presented are instances in which somatic diseases in patients pre-labelled with psychiatric histories were wrongly assumed to be recurrences of their psychiatric disorders. In all cases, they needed to be re-examined by the corresponding medical specialty and required diagnostic tests, in two cases hospital admission was needed. Emergency physicians and emergency psychiatrists often disagree on how to medically clear patients (Alam et al. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 2017;40(3):425–33; Janiak et al. JEM. 2012;43(5):866–70), some authors have even proposed protocols for doing this in a more systematic way (Shah et al. JEM. 2012;43(5):871–5). To avoid a delay in diagnosis and treatment and the consequences that may result from it, establishing guidelines for proper triage of patients with psychiatric history should be considered. Disclosure of Interest: None Declared [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]