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Simple Summary: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a common leukemia characterized by an accumulation of lymphocytes in the blood and lymphoid organs. Disease presentation is highly variable as many patients do not initially require any treatment, and a watch and wait strategy remains the standard of care for up to 50% of patients. However, for those with a progressive disease, chemotherapy is the standard treatment and has improved over the years, increasing the survival of patients. We analyze here age-specific relative survival trends in CLL through 50 years up to 2020s in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden using the NORDCAN database. The large age-specific survival differences in 1972–76 almost disappeared by 2017–21. While 5-year survival in younger patients exceeded 90%, for those diagnosed at age 80–89-years, survival improved later, reaching 90% in Denmark and less in the other countries. Survival in Denmark is probably among the best in the world, which could be achieved by boosting survival even among the oldest patients. Most Nordic survival rates were better than those in the USA. Background: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a common hematological malignancy with highly variable clinical presentation. Many patients never require any treatment but for the others, chemotherapy, immunochemotherapy, and newer targeted therapies have changed the treatment landscape. Diagnostic age influences the applied treatment, and we thus wanted to analyze age-specific survival trends through 50 years up to 2020s. Methods: We used 1- and 5-year relative survival from the NORDCAN database, with data from Denmark (DK), Finland (FI), Norway (NO), and Sweden (SE). Because of the variable presentation of CLL, we also considered incidence and mortality trends. For comparison, US SEER data were used. Results: The large age-specific survival differences in 1972–76 almost disappeared by 2017–21. While 5-year survival in younger patients exceeded 90%, for those diagnosed at age 80–89 years, survival reached 90% in DK and SE women, 80% in NO and SE men, but only 50% in FI. DK 5-year overall survival for men was 92.4%, and for women, it was 96.3%. These survival figures were higher than age-group-specific US survival data. Conclusions: The DK data are probably global top figures for national survival which could be achieved by boosting survival even among the oldest patients. The qualification to these figures and international comparisons is that survival needs to be considered in terms of incidence, which is high in DK and NO. Low survival of the FI 80–89-year-old patients, even in the first year after diagnosis, may suggest delayed diagnosis, which should call for a closer national scrutiny. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In multiple myeloma (MM), advancements in treatments and toxicity management have enhanced survival rates. This, coupled with shifting age demographics in MM, necessitates an updated understanding of infection risks in MM patients compared to the general population. Using Swedish population-based registries, we investigated the incidence of infections in 8,672 Swedish symptomatic MM patients diagnosed 2008-2021 and 34,561 matched controls. Overall, MM patients had a 5-fold risk (hazard ratio (HR) = 5.30; 95%, Confidence Interval = CI 5.14-5.47) of developing any clinically significant infection compared to matched controls. Bacterial infections represented a 5-fold (HR 4.88; CI 4.70-5.07) increased risk, viral and fungal infections 7-fold compared to controls. The 1st year after MM diagnosis the risk of infections compared to controls was 7 -fold (HR 6.95; CI 6.61-7.30) and remained elevated up to 5 years after the myeloma diagnosis. The risk of infection compared to controls remained 5-fold in MM patients with follow-up till 2022. Preceding MM diagnosis, the risk compared to matched controls was significantly increased up to four years before MM diagnosis (HR1.16; CI 1.05-1.28). Among MM patients, 8% had died within 2 months of diagnosis and infection contributed to 32% of all deaths. After 1 year, 20% MM patients had died, and infection-related mortality was 27%. Our data constitute the largest population-based study to date on the risk of infections compared to the normal population in the era of modern MM therapies and confirms that infections still represent a major threat to patients and underscores importance of preventive strategies.

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