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Breast cancer, a complex global health concern, has predominantly been studied for nuclear DNA variations. However, the role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups in breast cancer susceptibility, especially in Pakistan, remains underexplored. This case-control study investigates the association between mtDNA haplogroups and breast cancer in Pakistan. The study reveals a significant abundance of haplogroup M in breast cancer cases by analyzing breast cancer patients and healthy controls through mitochondrial control region genome sequencing (p < 0.001). Increased frequencies of haplogroups M, H, and R in patients compared to controls suggest their potential role in breast cancer susceptibility. Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) cases are also linked to haplogroup M, showing a statistically significant association with a p-value of 0.002. This suggests a potential meaningful association between haplogroup M and the occurrence of TNBC in the studied population. These findings emphasize the importance of mitochondrial genetics in breast cancer risk among the Pakistani population, offering insights for biomarker discovery and targeted interventions. Recognizing mitochondrial genetics in breast cancer risk assessment holds promise for tailored medicine strategies and may impact global breast cancer research and prevention efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dengue is an arboviral infection predominant in tropical and subtropical areas. It has inhabited the earth for the last few decades affecting almost 50% of the population in developing nations. Dengue infection covers a high range of symptoms for instance mild to acute hemorrhage fever, dengue shock syndrome, and liver dysfunction. Early diagnosis of the disease is crucial for prompt treatment strategies. One of the detection strategies of the infection can be made through viral structural peptides that act as markers for discernment, including Capsid (C) protein. In the proposed research, the structural gene obtained from local isolates was targeted for detection. For this purpose, a bacterial expression system was used to amplify, clone, and express the structural protein C. The expression of structural protein C was examined by SDS PAGE and verified by western blot and dot blot. The acquired antigen was purified which carries the potential for the development of a vaccine against dengue as well as for an in-house diagnostic assay. In this study, an in-house diagnostic ELISA has been compared to a commercially available kit to determine the specificity and sensitivity of the designed diagnostic ELISA. The aim underlying this study was to develop an accurate, error-free, unambiguous, and cost-friendly in-house ELISA, for the detection of antibodies in Pakistan's most prevalent dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV-2). The progress of this research would likewise foreshadow advancements of novel vaccines for future counteraction of dengue infection as C protein is highly immunogenic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]